11-ICAL, Aussois, 11-ICAL, Aussois, June 22-25, 2009June 22-25, 2009

PAn morphology in phylogenetic PAn morphology in phylogenetic perspectiveperspective

Laurent SAGARTLaurent SAGART

CNRS, ParisCNRS, Paris

Sagart, L. (2004) Sagart, L. (2004) The higher phylogeny The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai.Tai-Kadai. Oceanic LinguisticsOceanic Linguistics 43,2 43,2 (2004): 411-444.(2004): 411-444.

updated updated inin

Sagart, L. (2008) Sagart, L. (2008) The expansion of The expansion of setaria farmers in east asia: a linguistic setaria farmers in east asia: a linguistic and archaeological modeland archaeological model. In Sanchez-. In Sanchez-Mazas A, Blench R, Ross M, Peiros I, Lin Mazas A, Blench R, Ross M, Peiros I, Lin M, eds. M, eds. Past human migrations in East Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and geneticsand genetics, 133-157. Routledge , 133-157. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, Studies in the Early History of Asia, London: Routledge. London: Routledge.

Higher An phylogeny based on numerals

Luilang

Saisiat

Pazeh

Favorlang

Taokas

Atayal

Sediq

Thao

Siraya

Hoanya

Papora

Tsou

Saaroa

Kanabu

Bunun

Rukai

Kavalan

Ketagalan

Paiwan

Puyuma

Amis

PMP

FATK

puluq

walu, Siwa

enem

lima

pitu

PAn

Pathway of Pathway of An An

settlement of settlement of TaiwanTaiwan

PMP

PAN

pitu '7'

lima '5'

enem '6'

walu '8', Siwa '9'

puluq '10'

NE Formosan

Malayo-Polynesian, Tai-Kadai

This paperThis paper

Three morphological innovationsThree morphological innovations

I. Replacement of 3rd person I. Replacement of 3rd person pronounspronouns

►Ross (2006)Ross (2006)►Two reconstructible sets:Two reconstructible sets:

The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)

►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular *ni-Cia*ni-Cia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia

The *sia setThe *sia set(Atayal, MP)(Atayal, MP)

►nominative singularnominative singular *sia*sia►nominative pluralnominative plural *sia*sia►genitive singulargenitive singular *nia*nia►genitive plural genitive plural *nia*nia

►The *Cia set is analytical, unbalancedThe *Cia set is analytical, unbalanced►The *sia set is synthetic, balancedThe *sia set is synthetic, balanced►signs that phonological reduction and signs that phonological reduction and

analogy have played a roleanalogy have played a role

The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)

►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular *ni-Cia*ni-Cia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia

The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)

►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nCianCia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia

The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)

►nominative singularnominative singular *Cia*Cia►nominative pluralnominative plural *Cia*Cia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nsiansia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia

The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)

►nominative singularnominative singular **siasia►nominative pluralnominative plural **siasia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nsiansia►genitive plural genitive plural *ni-a-Cia*ni-a-Cia

The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)

►nominative singularnominative singular **siasia►nominative pluralnominative plural **siasia►genitive singulargenitive singular **nsiansia►genitive plural genitive plural **nsiansia

The *Cia setThe *Cia set(Saisiat, Pazeh)(Saisiat, Pazeh)

►nominative singularnominative singular **siasia►nominative pluralnominative plural **siasia►genitive singulargenitive singular **niania►genitive plural genitive plural **niania

This sequence of changes

completed after divergence of Saisiat and Pazeh

II. Loss of *-en in PF II. Loss of *-en in PF /perfective/perfective

Patient focus perfective verbs: Patient focus perfective verbs:

►Paz, Sai, Thao, Sir:Paz, Sai, Thao, Sir: <in>V-en<in>V-en►Elsewhere:Elsewhere: <in>V<in>V

Which is PAn ? Which is PAn ?

Loss of *-enLoss of *-en

►motivation is simplificationmotivation is simplification►Perf PF verbs common in discoursePerf PF verbs common in discourse►decrease marking of common formsdecrease marking of common forms►without loss of a distinction:without loss of a distinction:►no verbs marked simply with <in>no verbs marked simply with <in>

motivation for gain of *–en ?motivation for gain of *–en ?

Prohibition of *-en in PF - PERF verbs

►fixed after the divergence of Pazeh, Saisiat, Thao and Siraya

III. extension of ki- III. extension of ki- prefixation to verb rootsprefixation to verb roots

Teng, S. and E. Zeitoun (ms c. 2005) Teng, S. and E. Zeitoun (ms c. 2005) The The passive ki- in Rukai, Paiwan and passive ki- in Rukai, Paiwan and Puyuma: borrowing, shared innovation Puyuma: borrowing, shared innovation or parallel development?or parallel development?

ki- + noun > ‘get N’, ‘collect ki- + noun > ‘get N’, ‘collect N’N’

►Saisiat Saisiat kaehoey kaehoey ‘tree, wood, brushwood’ ‘tree, wood, brushwood’ vs. vs. ki-kaehoey ki-kaehoey ‘gather brushwood’, ‘gather brushwood’,

►Kanakanavu Kanakanavu tamemi tamemi ‘sweet potato’ vs. ‘sweet potato’ vs.

ki-tamemi ki-tamemi ‘gather sweet potatoes’‘gather sweet potatoes’,,►Puyuma Puyuma daqidaqiŋŋ 'a share' vs. 'a share' vs. ki-daqiki-daqiŋŋ

'claim one's share' 'claim one's share'

ki + verb > get ‘V-ed’ki + verb > get ‘V-ed’

►Nanwang Puyuma Nanwang Puyuma bekas bekas ‘to interrogate’ ‘to interrogate’ vs. vs. ki-bekas ki-bekas ‘to get interrogated’‘to get interrogated’

►Tona Rukai Tona Rukai avase avase ‘to rob’ vs. ‘to rob’ vs. ki-avaseki-avase ‘to get robbed’‘to get robbed’

►PaiwanPaiwan seqasseqas ‘to cut’ vs. ‘to cut’ vs. ki-seqas ‘ki-seqas ‘cut cut oneselfoneself’’

►Rukai, Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Rukai, Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Amis, MPPuyuma, Amis, MP

parallel of English ‘get’

►originally from Old Norse getan ‘to obtain, reach’

►transitive verb taking nominals as its objects.

►development of ‘get V-ed’ is mid-17th c. (OED).

Three morphologic

al innovations

This tree

►not fully compatible with numerals-based tree: need to allow prohibition of *-en to

happen twice (Atayalic, Enemish)

►but tells a very similar story: homeland in NW Formosa settlement of west coast precedes

settlement of south and east coast MP subgroups with SE coast.

Converging evidence for this scenario

►archaeology: west coast neolithic older than east coast neolithic

►Gray’s computational method (when Chinese is the sole outgroup)

►population genetics...?

Thank you Thank you

for your attentionfor your attention