11. s free state to republic to eu
DESCRIPTION
Ireland from 1932 to 2009 De Valera World War II Joining the EUTRANSCRIPT
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Free State to Republic to EU
Era of De Valera
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1932 Election Issues
Fianna Fáil• Free IRA prisoners,• Abolish the Oath of allegiance• Reduce power of Governor-
General and Senate.• Protectionist policies,
industrial development • Improvements in housing and
social security benefits.
Cumann na nGaedheal• Record of stable
government• Allege communist
nature of Fianna Fáil• [No solution for
depression]
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1932
Party Leader Seats % First Preference
VotesCumann na nGaedheal Cosgrave 56 35.2
Fianna Fáil De Valera 72 44.5Farmers 3 2.0Labour 7 7.7Other 15 10.6
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Anglo-Irish Trade War
• Ireland refuses to make payments to UK under Land Acts– Asks for repayment of £400 million excess taxation
during the 19th century• Tariffs on imports• Revoke Oath of Allegiance• Appoint Irish Governor-General
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Retaliation and Counter-retaliation
• UK imposes 20% tariff on Irish agriculture• Ireland imposes duties on UK coal and other
products• Irish farmers/herders refuse (are unable) to
pay rates and annuities– Government impounds and auctions off cattle
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Industry
• Control of Manufactures Act - Majority ownership of Irish companies limited to Irish citizens.– Flight of large companies
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Agriculture
• Encouragement of tillage vs. pasturage – Offsets population
migration to cities
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Settlement
• 1935 Agreement to trade cattle for coal• 1938 Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement– Lift duties except on new industries– One time payment – Return ports to Irish control
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Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act
• 1935 Established citizenship for those born in Southern Ireland or Northern Ireland after 1922
• UK continued to recognize Irish citizens as British subjects until the passing of the Ireland Act 1949, which acknowledged “citizens of the Republic of Ireland
• 2004 Constitutional amendment restricts rights
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Head of state
1922-1927 By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.
1927-1937 By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.
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1937 Constitution
• Define the Ireland (Éire) as the whole island of Ireland, its islands and the territorial seas’– Revoked after 1998 Belfast agreement
• Passed by plebiscite 685,105 to 526,945
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“Fundamental rights”
• Prohibit abortion except in case of threat to life of the mother– Right to travel and right to obtain information
about services available abroad• Prohibit divorce– Removed 1996
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Women (Article 41)
Subsection 1: In particular, the State recognises that by her life within the home, woman gives to the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved.Subsection 2: The State shall, therefore, endeavour to ensure that mothers shall not be obliged by economic necessity to engage in labour to the neglect of their duties in the home.
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1937 Religion Section 2: The State recognises the special position of
the Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church as the guardian of the Faith professed by the great majority of the citizens.
Section 3: The State also recognises the Church of Ireland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Methodist Church in Ireland, the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland, as well as the Jewish Congregations and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution.
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Current Constitution
• Freedom of religion– Current law also forbids discrimination in
employment and services on grounds of gender (& transsexuals), marital status, family status, sexual orientation, age, disability, race (& nationality) and membership of the Traveller community, as well as religion (or lack thereof).
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King
• Not mentioned in 1937 Constitution• Head of State not mentioned• External Relations Act gives George VI power
to:– Accredit ambassadors– Sign treaties
• 1948 Republic of Ireland Act
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Irish Literature and Art
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Poets
• Patrick Kavanagh, (1904-1967)• John Hewitt (1907-1987) Ulster• Seamus Heaney (1939- ) Ulster
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Novelists
• James Joyce (1882-1941)• Elizabeth Bowen (1899-1973)• Cathal Ó Sándair (1922–1996) Irish language
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Playwrights
• Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) Waiting for Godot• Brendan Behan (1923-1964)• Brian Friel (1929- ) Dancing at Lughnasa
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Women Artists
• Kathleen Fox (1880-1963)• Margaret Clarke (1884-1961)• Estella Solomons (1882-1962)• Gabriel Hayes (1909-1978)
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The Arrest of Countess Markievicz, Kathleen Fox, 1916
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Kathleen FoxChinese Reflections Pink, Red and Yellow Flowers
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Margaret Clarke
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Estella Solomons
Sitting on the Sand Dunes
The Artist’s Sister
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Gabriel Hayes
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Domhnall Ó Murchadha,Madonna and Child
1970
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WW II “The Emergency” in the South
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“The Emergency”
• Army in 1938– 5915 Permanent Defense Forces Members;
4945 Members of the Reserve Force; 9525 Members of the Volunteer Force
• Plans for 37,500 cut in half• Emergency powers – internment, censorship
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US Connection
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Ireland – US
• Ireland impacted by naval blockades• 1941 Aiken mission to get food and arms• Refuses to back UK or offer ports in return for
unification• Lobbies Irish-American groups• Offered food but not weapons
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Northern Ireland - Blitz
• Four separate attacks• 1,100 deaths• 56,000 houses damaged (53% of entire
housing stock) • 100,000 temporarily homeless • £20 million damage
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Harland and Wolff Aircraft Factory
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Belfast, City Hall
Before After
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Collateral damage
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German Representative, Dublin
• Not initially a Nazi Party member
• Honored neutrality
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Irish Soldiers in WW II
Officers Other ranks Total
South 3,493 24,347 27,840
North 2,414 24,165 26,579
Army: End of 1944
About 5,000 deserted the British Army to return to IrelandAbout 5,000 deserted the Irish Army to enlist in Britain
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Discreet neutrality
• Share intelligence with MI5• U-Boat sightings• Repatriate downed airmen
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Flight over the South
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German refugees Three Fates
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Northern Ireland – War Economy+
• Ship and aircraft construction• Mechanization of agriculture• Parachutes, uniforms, tents• Yanks are coming!
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After the War – 1945 NI election
• Pro-Union– Ulster Unionist 34– Labour 3
• Nationalist 10
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Jewish Lord Mayors
• Yogi Berra “Only in America”• 1555 William Annyas, Youghal, Co. Cork• 1956 Robert Briscoe, Dublin– Veteran of war of Independence
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Elections
• 1949 39 Unionist; 9 Nationalist• 1953 39 Unionist: 9 Nationalist
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IRA Revival
Ultimate aim – disband separate governments of north and southImmediate aim – overthrow British institutions in Northern Ireland • 1954 raid on Gough barracks• 1956 “Operation Harvest”• 1956-62 Border campaign internments by
governments in north and south
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New Directions in the Republic
• Seán Lemass, Taoiseach 1959 - 1966 • 1958 Free trade• Play down role of Britain in partition• Encourage cross-border cooperation• Continue rhetoric on partition
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Rural Progress?
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Mechanization
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From Protection to Free Trade
T. K. Whitaker• 1956-69 Secretary of
the Department of Finance
• Liaison with N. Ireland
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Ireland and Europe1961 EEC application suspended– Concern about economic ability– Concern about neutrality (NATO)– Concern about UK
1965 Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement1967 Resubmission 1972 Approved by existing members– Referendum 84.6% for
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Effects on Ireland
• Reversal of out migration• Aid– Development of West– CAP: 1973 to 2008 Irish farmers receive nearly €44
billion • Multinationals
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Employment gains (1989-1997)Sector Job Gain/Loss %Agriculture –29,000 –18Building 26,400 26Manufacturing 55,900 26Market services -total 165,100 37
Distribution 32,800 19Insurance, finance, business services
26,100 50
Transport, communication 18,100 28
All 248,500 23
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Emigration
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Emigration-Immigration
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Where do they come from?
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Birth rate
• 1973 22.5• 1983 19.1• 1993 13.8• 2003 15.5• 2009 16.8
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Reversal of Decline
Marriage• 1957 14,700; 1966 16,800; 1971 22,000• Age of marriage (1961-73) 30.6 to 27.2 for
males, 26.9 to 24.8 for females.Living standards• 50% increase in 1960s• Return of educated families in 70s
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1987 Single European Act
• Single market• Four freedoms– People– Goods– Services– Capital
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Effects on Ireland
• Ireland as low-cost manufacturing base• Remove government subsidies for Irish Steel,
Aer Lingus and Telecom Eirean– New competitors Ryanair and Esat Telecom
• Establish Ireland and financial services center
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EU and International Trade
• 1973 55% of exports to UK• 2008 16.5% of exports to UK
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Trade
Exports • Machinery and transport
equipment• Computers• Chemicals• Agri-food, cattle, beef, dairy
products.
Imports• Data processing equipment• Machinery• Chemicals• Petroleum and petroleum
products• Textiles and clothing.
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Major Companies
CRH: Construction - Raw Materials
Ryanair Holdings: Airlines
Kerry Group: Food Processing
Dargson Oil
Aryzta AG: Food Processing
Elan Corp: Biotechnology & Drugs
DCC: Oil & Gas Operations
Bank of Ireland
Smurfit Kappa Group Public: Containers & Packaging
Paddy Power: Casinos & Gaming
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Large Employers
• Intel, Co. Kildare ~4,000• Hewlett-Packard• IBM ~3,000• Dell Moved to Poland• GlaxoSmithKline, Cork 1,450
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Largest Companies - NI
• Moy Park – food processing• Tesco – supermarkets• Bombardier Aerospace• Asda –supermarkets• Translink – public transport
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Euro and Ireland
• 1992 Maastricht Treaty– Referendum 68.7% for ratification
• 2002 Irish pound phased out• Facilitate trade• Isolate Ireland from inflation of UK pound
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EU and Life
• Increased travel• Educational opportunities abroad• Improved environment• European Small Claims Court• Cheaper phone calls – Standardized phone chargers in 2012
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Changing Face of Ireland
• What is the second language of Dublin?