110 module1 2
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Scientific Notation 1,000,000 = 1 million
![Page 2: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Scientific Notation 1,ooo,ooo = 1 million = 1 x 106
Move the decimal point to a value between 1 and 10
1 000 000. ------> 1 x 106
Move the
Decimal 6 places to the
left
![Page 3: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Scientific Notation
There are 0.0000001 H+ ions in a neutral solution
![Page 4: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Scientific Notation
There are 0.0000001 H+ ions in a neutral solution
= 1 x 10-7 H+ ions
![Page 5: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scientific Notation Format:
450,000 = 4.5 x 105
0.000073 = 7.3 x 10-5
Number between 1 and 9.99
Power of Ten10 x 10 x 10 x . . .x
![Page 6: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Scientific Notation
NaCl crystal
Distance Na+ .. Cl–
0.000000000278 m
![Page 7: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Scientific Notation
NaCl crystal
Distance Na+ .. Cl–
0.000000000278 m
= 2.78 x 10-10 m
![Page 8: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Scientific Notation
US National Debt (2016)
$18, 200,000,000,000
![Page 9: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Scientific Notation
US National Debt (2016)
$18, 200,000,000,000
= $1.82 x 1013
![Page 10: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Scientific Notation
Scientific calculators
8.978+01 = 8.978 x 101
= 89.78
5.0627 E+15= 5.0627 x 1015
= 5,062,700,000,000,000
![Page 11: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Significant Figures
How do you know how many decimal places to use?
All of the digits known with certainty plus one estimated digit.
![Page 12: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Significant Figures
Rules
Any non-zero digit is Significant
Any zero between non-zero digits is Significant
All zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are NOT Significant
Zeros after the decimal point are Significant
Zeros that occur without a decimal point are NOT significant
![Page 13: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Significant Figures
How many significant figures does each value have?
Value # Significant figures
0.00008 m
36,000 km
22.00 g
5.05 x 10-3 mg
![Page 14: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Significant Figures
How many significant figures does each value have?
Value # Significant figures
0.00008 m 1
36,000 km 2
22.00 g 4
5.05 x 10-3 mg 3
![Page 15: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Significant Figures
When multiplying or dividing, the result cannot have more sig figs than either of the original values
In addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have digits after the decimal than the original values
Rounding: If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, the last digit and any following are dropped. If the last digit is 5 or more, the last digit is kept and increased by 1.
![Page 16: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Significant Figures
A 2002 Toyota Camry uses 11.70 gallons of gas to travel 278 miles – what is its mileage?
![Page 17: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Significant Figures
A 2002 Toyota Camry uses 11.70 gallons of gas to travel 278 miles – what is its mileage?
3 sig figs
278 miles = 23.8 mi/gal
11.7o gallons 3 sig figs
4 sig figs
![Page 18: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Significant Figures
A 2002 Toyota Camry uses 11.70 gallons of gas to travel 278 miles – what is its mileage?
3 sig figs
278 miles = 23.8 mi/gal
11.7o gallons 3 sig figs
4 sig figs
The answer CANNOT have more significant figures than the input value with LESS sig figs.
![Page 19: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Significant Figures
![Page 20: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Significant Figures
Blood cholesterol level = 185 mg/dL
= ?? g/L
How many g of
cholesterol are in 5 Liters
Of blood?
![Page 21: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Significant Figures
Blood cholesterol level = 185 mg/dL x g/1000mg x 10dL/L
= 1.85 g/L
How many g of
cholesterol are in 5L blood?
1.85 g/L x 5 L
= 9.25 g = 9 g
The answer is limited to 1 sig fig
![Page 22: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Density Archimedes
confirmed that a crown was
made of gold rather than
gold-covered metal by measuring
its density by water displacement
mass
Density =
volume
![Page 23: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Density
A piece of lead measures 0.5 cm x 1.55 cm x 25 cm and has a mass of 220.9 grams – what is its density?
![Page 24: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Density A piece of lead measures 0.50 cm x 1.55 cm x 25 cm
and has a mass of 220.9 grams – what is its density?
mass
Density = volume
220.9 g
= 19.38 cm3
= 11.40 g/cm3 = 11 g/cm3 [2 sig figs]
![Page 25: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bone Density
Decreases with age (Osteoporosis)
Normal weakened
mgcm3
![Page 26: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
![Page 27: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Density & Temperature
Density measurement must include temperature
phase changes
![Page 28: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the amount of Kinetic Energy in a substance
Kinetic Energy = Energy of motion
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter
![Page 29: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Temperature Scales
°C = (°F – 32) x 0.55
°F = (°C x 1.8) + 32
K = °C +273
![Page 30: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Temperature Scales°F °C K
57°F
-75°C
6
106°F
°C = (°F – 32) x 0.55
°F = (°C x 1.8) + 32°
K = °C +273
![Page 31: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Temperature Scales°F °C K
57°F 14°C 287 K
-103°F -75°C 198 K
-449°F -267°C 6
106°F 41°C 314 K
°C = (°F – 32°) x 0.55
°F = (°C x 1.8) + 32°
K = °C +273°
![Page 32: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
States of Matter
melting
Freezing
evaporating
condensing
![Page 33: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Phase Changes
![Page 34: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Boiling Point
For water Tb = 100°C = 373 K
![Page 35: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Freezing Point
For water, Tf = 0°C = 273K
![Page 36: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Heating & Cooling Curves
![Page 37: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Heat of Fusion
Energy necessary to separate particles
For water: 80 cal/g
![Page 38: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Heat of Fusion
Ice cube tray hold 325 g water. If the water is originally at 25°C how many calories must be removed to cool and freeze the water at 0°C?
![Page 39: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Heat of Fusion Ice cube tray hold 325 g water. If the water is originally at 25°C
how many calories must be removed to cool and freeze the water at 0°C?
Cooling:
325 g x 1 cal/g°C x 25°C = 8125 cal
• Freezing:
325 g x 80cal/g = 26000 cal
TOTAL: 34125 cal = 34.125 kilocalories
![Page 40: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Heat of Vaporization
Energy to vaporize 1 g of liquid to gas
Water: 540 cal/g
![Page 41: 110 module1 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062219/587108d51a28abac6d8b4797/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Steam vs. Hot Water
Why does steam burn more than hot water at the same temperature? (100°C) body temp = 37°C
Hot water:
25 g x 63°C x 1 cal/g°C = 1575 cal
Steam:
25 g x 540 cal/g = 13500 cal
TOTAL: 15075 cal (10x that of hot water)