11/09 bellringer 5+ sentences the berlin wall was built in 1961 to keep citizens of east germany...
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11/09 Bellringer 5+ sentences
The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to keep citizens of East Germany from fleeing to the West.
What does it say about a country if the government has to build walls to keep its people from leaving? Why doesn’t the US need a wall to keep its citizens from leaving?
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During the Cold War, the USA & USSR were rival superpowers who competed to spread their ideology
From 1949 to 1960, the Cold War escalated as a result of a nuclear arms race, space race, & espionage
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The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949 when the USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb
The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led to a nuclear arms race between the USA & USSR
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In 1952, the USA tested the first hydrogen bomb which
is 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb
The Soviet Union responded by
detonating its own hydrogen bomb in 1953
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By 1959, both the USA & USSR developed rockets called intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
that could deliver nuclear warheads to distant targets
U.S. Titan ICMB from the 1960s Soviet ICMBs from 1960-1975
Soviet Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) U.S. Polaris Submarine
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Eisenhower was a war hero…he planned the D-Day
invasion
Dwight Eisenhower was elected
president in 1952 & served until 1961
His military experience gave Americans confidence that
he could face the threat of the USSR during the Cold War
Ike campaign commercial
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President Eisenhower escalated the Cold War by using brinkmanship: threatening to use nuclear weapons &
willingness to go to the brink of war If the USSR attacked a
NATO member, the U.S. would
use massive retaliation: attack
every major Soviet city &
military target As a result, the USA &
USSR began stockpiling
nuclear weapons & building up
their militaries
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With the USA & USSR in possession of large nuclear stockpiles, each side could destroy each other:
this was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Throughout the Cold War, the USA & USSR
looked for ways to gain first
strike capability
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Fears of a nuclear attack and spread of communism led to a Red Scare in the late 1940s & 1950s
Americans grew worried about Communists
& Soviet spies living in America
The Loyalty Review Board was created to investigate
& dismiss “disloyal” government employees
From 1947-1951, 3.2 million gov’t employees were investigated & 212 were dismissed as security risks
(2,900 resigned rather than face investigation)
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated
suspected communists in the entertainment & other
industries
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In 1947, numerous Hollywood writers & executives were investigated by HUAC; 500 were blacklisted from the film industry & some were sent to prison
for refusing to testify (the “Hollywood Ten”)
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Red Scare fears in America were heightened by the discovery of spies working for the USSR:
State Department employee Alger Hiss
was convicted of spying for the USSR
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg were executed for passing atomic bomb secrets to the
USSR
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In 1950, Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy emerged as the leader of the anti-communist Red Scare
He attacked Truman for allowing communists to infiltrate the government
He used public trials to make unsupported accusations against
suspected communists in the State Department &
the U.S. military
“McCarthyism” did not result in a single
confirmed communist or spy in the U.S. gov’t