11/27/2017legacy.bishopireton.org/faculty/rauerm/world...11/27/2017 2 quest for beauty and meaning...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Height of
the Greek Civilization
The Ancient Greeks developed a culture that became one of the
foundations of Western Civilization. Ancient Greek thinkers believe in
reason and the importance of the individual. Alexander’s empire brings
about a mix of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures. The Greeks valued
moderation and balance, loved beauty, stressed the individual, and sought
the truth through free inquiry. Western architects and sculptors have
copied Greek works for centuries; Greek philosophers, historians, and
scientists created traditions in these disciplines that are still valued today.
Chapter Five Overview
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At its height, Athens was the center of Greek civilization. Its classical styles of
art, architecture, and literature have endured in Western civilization. The
Greeks were the first to write and perform plays. Greek thinkers believed that
the power of reason could explain all things, a belief that became a basic
principle of science. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle taught
and lectured on several topics. The Greeks also produced the first true
historians in Herodotus and Thucydides, and the father of medicine in
Hippocrates. Alexander the Great had the goal of combining the best of Greek
and Persian cultures into one civilization. After he died, his empire was
divided. Although Greek political unity vanished, Greek culture spread and
mixed with Middle Eastern cultures to form the Hellenistic civilization.
Development of Greek Culture
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Quest for Beauty and Meaning
•Classical (By Definition – Refers to Ancient Greece and Rome)
•Developed in the period after the Persian wars
•Referred to architecture, art, painting
•Height of ancient Greece
•Literature develops to include plays, theater, thinkers, philosophy
Building for the Gods
•Sanctuaries – Parthenon – places where their deities would live
•“Golden Mean”, “Nothing to Excess”
•Perspective – use of optical illusions – height - straightness
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MassiveNo Base
TallerSlender
MoreDecorative
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Greek Arts
Showing the human body as being
perfect
Placed emphasis on the individual
Painting on Vases (Black Color)
Each vase had a specific
function
Each object had different art
depending on the function of the
pottery
Paintings on many showed the
daily life
•Amphora (Storage)
•Krater (Mixing Bowl)
•Leythos (Pouring Vessel)
•Kylix (Drinking Cup)
KylixLeythos
Krater
Amphora6
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•Sculpting the Human Body
•Myron
•What people should look like
•Phidias
•Larger than life statues
•Athena
•Zeus
•Praxiteles
•Reduced the size of the statues to normal size
Phidias:Athena
Phidias:Zeus
Praxiteles
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Myron: The Discus Thrower
Michelangelo:The Pieta
2,000 Year Difference
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Drama and Theater
The Greeks produced impressive literature
The Greeks invented drama
•Athenian playwrights excelled in comedic and tragic drama
Tragedy vs. Comedy ... The Muses (Symbol of Modern Theater)
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Odean of Herodes Atticus 161 A.D.
Theater of Dionysus 325 B.C.
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Athens - Acropolis
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Segesta - Sicily
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Tragedy -- Sorrowful -- Sad -- Moral
•Aeschylus -- “Father of Tragedy”
•Tragedy – struggles against fate – suffer to a tragic or unhappy ending
•“Oresteia”
•Consequences of ones deeds carry from generation to generation
•Sophocles
•Accepted human suffering as a part of life
•“Oedipus Rex”
•Stresses human courage and compassion
•Euripides
•Focuses on the qualities that bring disaster on themselves
•“Trojan Women”
•Misery that War brings
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Comedy
Happy endings – Humorous
•Aristophanes
•Creates social satire
•Makes fun of politicians
The Olympic Games
•Olympia – Temple of Zeus
•Big event for the Greeks and would even stop
wars in order to attend
•Ancient Events vs. Modern Events
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The Olympic Games
•Olympia
•Big event for the Greeks and would even stop
wars in order to attend
•Ancient Events vs. Modern Events
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The Greek Mind
Philosophers – seeker of wisdom and knowledge
Logic – science of reasoning
The Greeks laid the foundation for philosophy
We are all philosophers – we all want to learn something
The Greeks sought answers about people’s lives through reason
A new school of philosophy arose in Athens
Raphael’s “School of Athens”Painted 1509; Vatican Museums
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The Sophists (Soph = Wise)
Professional teachers
•Traveled from place to place
•Referred to as the “knower's” – could find the answers
•Did not believe in absolute standards (Moral / Legal)
•Truth is different for each person
•Taught young men how to win political arguments
Criticized by Socrates and Plato
•They accepted money !
•Wisdom should be free!
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Socrates (“Gadfly” of Athens)
•Grew up poor – was originally a sculptor
•Believed in absolute not relative truth (Truth is real and unchanging)
•Concerned with the process (think for yourself),
Not the information – Socratic Method (ask the right questions)
•Forced people to defend their statements
•Thought to be corrupting the youth
•Argued that a person who knew what was right = would do what is right
(Search for truth most important)
•“Know thyself”
•Tried and condemned
to death
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Plato
Student of Socrates
Opened up the Academy in Athens (closed 529 AD!)
Thought to be the world’s first university.
Recorded the dialogues – conversations of Socrates
Wrote The Republic
1. Disliked democracy – liked Sparta
2. Felt everyone should serve the state (not individual)
3. Best educated citizens should serve in the government
4. Felt too much freedom would produce social disorder
5. Helped to develop study of political science
Rejected the senses as a source of truth
The senses can be fooled
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Aristotle
•Wrote more than 200 books
•Founded a school in Athens – Lyceum
•“Golden Mean” – live moderately – avoid
extremes
•Developed the syllogism – (See next slide)
•a way to present an argument – is it logical?
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Aristotle & Syllogism
Deductive Reasoning (Argument is valid if premises are true!)
An example of a deductive argument and hence of deductive reasoning:1. All men are mortal 2. Socrates is a man 3. (Therefore) Socrates is mortal
Vs.
Inductive Reasoning (Suggests the Truth, but does not prove it!)
An example of a inductive argument and hence of inductive reasoning:
1. All observed crows are black. 2. (Therefore) All crows are black.
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Aristotle
•Wrote more than 200 books
•Founded a school in Athens – Lyceum
•“Golden Mean” – live moderately – avoid extremes
•Developed the syllogism
•a way to present an argument – is it logical?
Aristotle and Science
Stressed the value of knowledge gained through the senses
•Change = same matter taking on a different form
•First person to observe, classify, and generalize – scientific method
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Aristotle and Government
His book Politics
•Examined the Greek city-states and how they were governed
Looked for advantages and disadvantages of each
•Felt ideal form of government balanced monarchy,
democracy and aristocracy
•Felt the power should rest with middle class because they
know how to both command and to obey
Writers of History
The Greeks wrote the first true histories
Herodotus -- “Father of History”
•Separated fact from legend
•Wrote about the Persian wars
•Historia = “investigation”•Asked questions – sometimes offered supernatural explanations for events
•Accepted some statements that were not true
•Wrote about a variety of things
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Thucydides -- First Scientific Historian
•Checked all of his facts
•Wrote about things that he himself had firsthand knowledge
• Peloponnesian wars
• Visited the sites of historic events
• Interviewed eyewitnesses
•Rejected the idea that gods played a role in history
•Offered explanations as to why events occur - motivations
•Felt future generations could learn from the past
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Greek Mathematicians
•Use math for systematic methods of
reasoning to prove truth
Thales - Miletus
•Ionian Greek
•Astronomy – math – foretold a solar
eclipse
•Water was the basic substance of
everything in the world
Pythagoras
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The First Scientists
Greek Mathematicians
Pythagoras (6th Century B.C.)
•Tried to explain everything in
math terms
•Theorem about relationship of
right angled triangle
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The First Scientists
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Greek Mathematicians
Pythagoras
•Tried to explain everything in math
terms
•Theorem about relationship of right
angled triangle
•Taught that the world was round
and revolved around a fixed point!
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The First Scientists
“Who is Eratosthenes”
Earth’s circumference to
within 1%
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Greek Medicine
Hippocrates
•Believed that diseases had a
natural cause
•Believed that the body could heal
itself
•Wanted doctors to record their
cases and share the information
Hygiene
•Advocated good diet, rest, and
proper hygiene
•Drafted a code for doctors to
follow -- Hippocratic Oath
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Rise of the Hellenistic Greek World
Phillip of Macedonia conquers the Greek city-states
•Ends the Hellenic period
•Phillip assassinated -- 336 BC
Alexander takes over control of the Greeks •Punishes Thebes
•Alexander invades Persia -- 334 BC
•Alexander dies in Babylon – 323 BC
Alexander’s ideas
•Standard system of money
•Kept Persian system of administration
•Believed in strong world government with all equal
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Alexander’s Route of March and Conquests
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Conquest of the Phoenician City-State of Tyre
Alexander’s Arrival – Temple of Hercules
•333-332 BC – Brutal Siege
•Critical to Destroy Base of Persian Navy
•Great Cruelty to Vanquished Tyrians
•Example to those who resist
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Battle of Gaugamela – 331 BC
Final Defeat of the Persian Armies
•King Darius III Flees •Murdered by his own generals
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Persepolis
Capital of the Persian Empire
330 B.C.
Burned to the Ground
During a Drunken
Rage by Alexander?
or was it Deliberate?
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Alexander’s Last Great Victory --Battle of Hydaspes -- 324 BCAlexander Defeats the Indian
War Elephants
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Alexander’s empire divided on his death
Split between his three generals
•Antigonus
•Ptolemy
•Seleucus
Start of Hellenistic Age
•Lasted nearly 300 years.
•Were tolerant of other cultures / religions*
*With one Exception!
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Alexander Returns to Babylon
Dies in June, 323 B.C.
“Fever” or Poison?
Malaria/Typhoid Fever/Alcohol?
Seleucid kings suppress religion in Judea
Jews revolted under the Maccabee family
Preserved their religion
Book of Maccabee’s in the Bible
Resulted in Jewish holiday – Hanukkah
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Antigonus = Macedonia & part of Greece (301 BC – 168 BC)
Ptolemy = Egypt, Libya, Syria (Part) (332 BC – 31 BC)
Seleucus = Syria (Part) & Persia (312 BC – 63 BC)
Each formed dynasties
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Network of cities founded by Alexander
•New markets for goods
•Introduction of Greek culture / Intermixed
= Preserved
•Alexandria, Egypt’s greatest city
•Tomb of Alexander
•Center of Knowledge / Culture
•500,000 people
•Wide & beautiful streets
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750,000
books in the
library at
Alexandria!
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750,000
books in the
library at
Alexandria!
Today
Hellenistic Culture
•Hellenistic Philosophers•Cynicism
•Diogenes
•Give up luxuries – Live simply
•Epicureanism
•Epicurus
•Accept the world as it is – Live free of extremes
•Stoicism = Stoa (Painted Porch)
•Zeno
•Accept the most difficult things in life – become indifferent – do not show feelings
•Hellenistic Art and Literature•Art becomes profitable – emotions / busts / heads
•Menander
•Focus on Comedies
•Reflecting everyday life -- not heroes, gods or conflicts
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Hellenistic (Alexandria)Science / Medicine / Mathematics
•Eratosthenes
•Earth’s circumference to within 1%
•Euclid
•Elements of Geometry
Medical Instruments
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Hellenistic (Alexandria)Science / Medicine / Mathematics
•Archimedes
•Pulley
•Irrigation – “Archimedes Screw”
•Principle of Buoyancy
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