11.4Making the Peace

The Costs of WarBj Ceralde

A. Death Count1.Millions of soldiers were dead, and even more wounded.2.The devastation was made even worse in 1918 by a deadly pandemic of influenza3.In just a few months, the flu killed more than 20 million people worldwide

The Costs of WarBj Ceralde

B.The Financial Toll1.In battle zones from France to Russia, homes, farms, factories,roads,and churches had been destroyed to rubble.2.The costs of reconstruction and paying of huge war debts would burden an already battered world.3.The Allies blamed the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that the losers make reparations.4.Central Powers looked for scapegoats on whom they could blame their defeat.

The Costs of WarBj Ceralde

C.Political Turmoil1.Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire.2.Political radicals dreamed of building a new social order from the chaos.3.Conservatives worried about the spread of bolshevism, or communism.4.Colonial troops returned home with a more cynical view of Europeans and renewed hopes of independence

The Costs of WarBj Ceralde

World War I destroyed four empires - German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Romanov - and touched off colonial revolts in the Middle East and Vietnam. WWI shattered Americans' faith in reform and moral crusades. WWI carried far-reaching consequences for the home front, including prohibition, women's suffrage, and a bitter debate over civil liberties.World War I killed more people (9 million combatants and 5 million civilians) and cost more money ($186 billion in direct costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs) than any previous war in history.

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=12

Standards CheckBj Ceralde

Q1:What were some of the human,economic, and political costs of the war?

A1: Millions of casualties died because of the war; homes and settlements were destroyed to rubble; radicals wanted to make a new social order from the chaos

The Paris Peace Conference Hayley Cove

A. The Discussion of the Paris Peace Conference1. The Allies met at the Paris Peace Conference to discuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman empire, and various colonies around the world.B. Conflicting Goals1. Wilson was one of the three strong leaders who dominated the Paris Peace Conference.2. Wilson urged for “peace without victory” based on the Fourteen Points.3. British prime minister David Lloyd George promised to build a post-war Britain “fit for heroes”, which would cost money.4. Georges Clemenceau was to weaken Germany so that it could never again threaten France. 5. Clemenceau complained and disagreed with Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

The Paris Peace Conference Hayley Cove

The Paris Peace Conference convened in January 1919 at Versailles right outside of Paris. Woodrow Wilson was chosen to lead the U.S. delegation to the peace conference in Paris at the end of World War I. Wilson staked all on the establishments of a League of Nations that could resolve international problems and preserve the peace. Wilson insisted that the League of Nations be made a part of the peace treaty and overcame the opposition of the other leaders.

The Paris Peace Conference Malayna

Brown

C. Problems With the Peace1. Crowds of other representatives circled around the “Big Three” with their own demands and

interests.2. Italian prime minister, Vittorio Orlando, insisted that the Allies honor their secret agreement to

give former Austro- Hungarian lands to italy. The secret agreement violated the principle of self- determination.

3. Many people who had been ruled by Russia, Austria- Hungary, or the Ottoman empire now demanded national states of their own.

4. Wilson had his own goal of creating an International League of Nations based on the idea of Collective security, a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all.

5. Many people were unhappy with the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles.6. The Paris Peace Conference made it possible for another war to happen in the future.7. Eventually, the treaty caused the Russian Revolution.

The Paris Peace Conference Malayna

Brown

The Treaty of Versailles (1919) is what completely stopped

World War I, but before it was signed, the armistice (1918)

is what put the

war on hold. The armistice was an agreement

made by the fighting nations. After the agreement came the

Paris Peace Conference where the Treaty of Versailles

was signed and that is when the

war completely ended.

Standards Check Malayna Brown & Hayley Cove

Q1: How did the goals of the Big Three Leaders conflict at the Paris Peace Conference?

A1: Wilson wanted lasting peace and fairness and the other three members wanted the central powers to pay.

The Treaty of Versailles Jennifer

Trancao

A. The Allies and the new German Republic1. The Allies ordered the representatives of the new German Republic to sign the Treaty of Versailles a. Versailles is located outside of Paris2. The treaty forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war3. The total cost of German payment was later calculated at $30 billion ($2.7 trillion today)4. The treaty also severely limited the size of the German military5. The treaty made many Germans leave their homes in Russia, Poland, Alsace-Lorraine, and the German colonies to return to Germany or AustriaB. Outcome of the Treaty1. The treaty caused German resentment, which would later spark a deadly world war years later

Standards CheckJennifer Trancao

Q1: Why were the German delegates surprised when they read the treaty?

A1: The treaty forced German delegates to assume full blame for causing the war, stripped Germany of $30 billion, and limited the size of the German military greatly.

Outcome of the peace settlements

A. Self determination in Eastern Europe

1. Where the German, Austrian, and Russian empires had once ruled, a band of new nations emerged.

2. Poland became an independent nation. The Baltic states of latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia fought for and achieved independence.

3. In the Balkans, the peacemakers created a new South Slav state, Yugoslovakia,dominated by Serbia.

Outcome of the peace settlements

B. The Mandate system

1. European colonies in Africa, Asia and the pacific had looked to the Paris peace conference with high hopes.

2.the leaders at Paris applied self-determination only to parts of Europe.

3. The treaties created a system of mandates, territories administered by western powers.

4. Britain And France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa; Japan and Australia were given mandates over some pacific islands.

Outcome of the peace settlements

C. The League of Nations orders hope

1. The Paris peace conference did offer one beacon of hope with the establishment of the league of nations, more than 40 nations joined the league.

2. Wilson faced resistance from his own senate

3.wilson would not accept lodge's compromises, the senate refused to ratify the treaty, and the U.S never joined the league, the league lost power when the u.s didn't join.

4. League could not prevent war, it was a first step toward an international organization dedicated to maintaining peace and advancing the interest of all people peace and advancing the interest of all people

Standard Check

Q:1 Why did the League of Nations fail to accomplish Wilson's dreams?

Standard Check

A4: The United States did not join the league and so did not have a leading role. The League was too weak to stop new wars from starting

Q4:Why did the League of Nations fail to accomplish Wilson's dreams?