116g attenuation analysis sri atmaja
DESCRIPTION
Conference Paper_Sri AtmajaKonteks 7 2013TRANSCRIPT
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of the well‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe(1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure based on Wavelet Spectrogram
Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi, Ph.D.Presented in KoNTekS 7, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 24 October 2013
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet SpectrumThe SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Outline
• Introduction• Research Methods• Results and Discussion• Conclusion
2
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet SpectrumThe SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
GeoEarthquake Engineering
3
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet SpectrumThe SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Geo‐Disaster
4
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
5
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Soil Dynamic Parameters
6
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
7
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Soil damping measurementSoil damping measurement
8
Laboratory testing:- Resonant column test- Torsional shear test- Bender element test- Cyclic triaxial test- etc.
Field (in situ) testing:- Crosshole test- Surface wave test- etc.
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Resonant Column/ Torsional Shear Testing System
9
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
10 10
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
11
Non‐Invasive (Surface) Methods
Refraction (ASTM D5777)
Reflection
Surface Wave
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
12
Seismic Wave Propagation
(from Woods, 1968)
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
13
Surface Wave MeasurementsParticleMotion
ParticleMotion
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Depth Depth
λshort
λlong
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet SpectrumThe SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Research Methods
14
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
1515
Data Collection of SASW Measurement
d1 d2
Time, sec0.0 0.5 1.0
(Portable Device Configuration)
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
ADC & Spectrum Analysis
Geophones
Accelerometer
Sources Sensors
16
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Damping ratio profile calculation
17
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
In situ damping measurement test• Surface wave measurement for damping ratio (Rix, 2000)
18
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Modelling the soil as a layered linear viscoelastic system
• Displacements for a harmonic point source
19
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Example of regression result
20
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
21
Continuous Wavelets Transform (CWT)
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Example of regression result
22
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Attenuation Analysis using Wavelet Spectrum
23
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( ) ( )tRkiRfn
reeRKIGRGRARA ωαω −−⋅⋅= 0,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( )( ){ } ( )tRkiRRfn
Rf
Rf
reeRKIGRGRRsuWsuW ωα −Δ−−⋅⋅
⎭⎬⎫
⎩⎨⎧
= 2112
2
1,,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( )( ){ }
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡⋅⋅
⎭⎬⎫
⎩⎨⎧
=⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡−− 21
1
2
2
1ln,,
ln RRfn
Rf
Rf eRKIGRG
RR
suWsuW α
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( )( ){ }21
1
2
lnlnln,,
ln2
1 RRfn
Rf
Rf eRKIGRG
RR
suWsuW −−+⋅⋅+
⎭⎬⎫
⎩⎨⎧
=⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡ α
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )21
2
1ln,,
ln1
2
RRfRKIGRGRR
suWsuW n
Rf
Rf −−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧
⋅⋅⋅⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡α ( )
( ) ( )( )RfksuWsuW
Rf
Rf Δ−=
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡α
,,
ln1
2
( ) ( )tkRin e
RARA ωω −= 0, (Bornitz) ( ) ( ) ( )tRkiRf
nree
RARA ωαω −−= 0,
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Developed procedure on attenuation analysis by wavelet transform
24
( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ),(
),(
*1
*1
suXf
suYf
W
W
dtsut
stX
dtsut
stY
fXfYfH =
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −
≈=
∫
∫∞
∞−
∞
∞−
ψ
ψ
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
),(),(
),(
,,
, *
,,
suWsuW
esuW
suWsuW
suH Xf
Xf
babaiXYf
XXf
XYf
XY
×==
−θθ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( ) ( )tRkiRfn
reeRKIGRGRARA ωαω −−⋅⋅= 0,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )21
2
1ln,,
ln1
2
RRfRKIGRGRR
suWsuW n
Rf
Rf −−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧
⋅⋅⋅⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡α
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
25
( )⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
≤≤≤≤≤≤
=NsFFsFFs
sf
h
hl
l
,0,1
1,0
( )⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
≤≤≤≤≤≤
=NuTTuTTu
uf
h
hl
l
,0,1
1,0
-0.00005
-0.00003
-0.00001
0.00001
0.00003
0.00005
0.00007
0.00009
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Masa, saat
Am
plitu
d, m
/s
Isyarat Asal
Isyarat Buatan Terbina Kembali (Reconstructed Synthetic Signal)
.Continuous Wavelet Transform Filtration (CWT‐F) Technique
CWT
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
26
2.5564,1.4524e-09
52.784,2.0271e-11 123.51,6.7838e-13
186.04,2.76e-13
0.1 1 10 100 1000Frekuensi
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Mas
a
-5e-10
0
5e-10
1e-09
1.5e-09
Mag
nitu
d 3.9708,1.6402e-10
6.0219,1.8062e-10
23.969,1.8439e-11 54.736,1.0822e-11
0.1 1 10 100 1000Frekuensi
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Mas
a
-5e-11
0
5e-11
1e-10
1.5e-10
2e-10
Mag
nitu
d
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Frekuensi, Hz
Nila
i Koh
eren
(Mag
nitu
d)
( )( ) ( )f
suWsuW
Rf
Rf 0118.068.3
,,
ln1
2
−=⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) kfkRf
suWsuW
Rf
Rf +−=+Δ−=
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡02
,,
ln1
2
αα
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Attenuation Curve
27
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 20 40 60 80
Attenu
ation, 1/m
Frequency, Hz
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Attenuation Inversion
1s
Vk
N
1j s
s1p
Vkp
pN
1j
1R j
pj
jj
sj
j QVc
c
VQ
Vc
c
VQ −
ρ=
−
ρ=
− ⋅⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
∂∂
+⋅⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
∂∂
= ∑∑
⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
⋅⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
∂∂
+⋅⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
∂∂
π=α
ρ=ρ=∑∑ j
pj
jj
sj
jf s
Vf
N
1j s2s
pVf
N
1j p2p
R DV
cc
VD
Vc
c
Vf2
Anderson et al. (1965)
Mitchell (1975)
28
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Attenuation Inversion
Linear Problem
⎪⎪⎭
⎪⎪⎬
⎫
⎪⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
α
αα
=
⎪⎪⎭
⎪⎪⎬
⎫
⎪⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
=
=
MR
2R
1R
sN
2s
1s
D
DD
MMdm
dGm
29
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Least SquaresDefine two objective functions as follows:
( )∑ ∑= =
σ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−=
M
1i
2i
2N
1jjiji
2 mGdX
σi = uncertainty in di
( )
NxN
21
N
1j
21jj1
11
1111
0mR
mmR
⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
−
−−
=δ
δ=
−= ∑=
−
O
{ }
22
M21
WGmWdX
1,1,1diagW
−=
σσσ= K
Minimize ‘roughness” Minimize data misfit
30
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Constrained Least SquaresUse a Lagrange multiplier to combine the two objective functions:
( ) [ ]2*
212 XWGmWdmmU −−μ+∂= −
Setting the derivative of U(m) equal to zero to find the minimum yields:
( ) ( )
( )[ ] ( ) WdWGWGWGm̂
0WdWGmmmU
T1TT
TT
−+δμδ=
=+δμδ=∂
∂
31
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Least Squares
d Gmtheoretical = $
0
3
6
9
12
15
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0%
Shear Damping Ratio (%)
Dep
th (m
)
0
5
10
15
20
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Attenuation Coefficient (1/m)
Wav
elen
gth
(m)
ExperimentalTheoretical
32
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Residual soil (UKM)
33
00.020.040.060.080.10.120.14
0 20 40 60 80
Attenu
ation, 1/m
Frequency, Hz
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Dep
th, m
Damping Ratio (D)
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Note for damping measurement by surface wave method
• the predicted damping ratio based on attenuation –amplitude decay (radiation/geometric damping)
• some assumptions:– the geometric spreading function to be inversely proportional to the square root of the distance from the source
– The implicit dependence of the complex‐valued phase angle on the source‐to‐receiver distance is eliminated by assuming: Ψ(r,ω) ≈ K(ω)r.
• appropriate for non‐complex soil profiles• the best data of damping – RC laboratory test
34
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Damping Ratio Comparison
0
3
6
9
12
15
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%Shear Damping Ratio (%)
Dep
th (m
)Surface WaveCrossholeResonant ColumnTorsional Shear
35
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Developed procedure on attenuation analysis by wavelet transform
36
( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ),(
),(
*1
*1
suXf
suYf
W
W
dtsut
stX
dtsut
stY
fXfYfH =
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −
≈=
∫
∫∞
∞−
∞
∞−
ψ
ψ
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
),(),(
),(
,,
, *
,,
suWsuW
esuW
suWsuW
suH Xf
Xf
babaiXYf
XXf
XYf
XY
×==
−θθ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( ) ( )tRkiRfn
reeRKIGRGRARA ωαω −−⋅⋅= 0,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )21
2
1ln,,
ln1
2
RRfRKIGRGRR
suWsuW n
Rf
Rf −−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧
⋅⋅⋅⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡α
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
37 2.5564,1.4524e-09
52.784,2.0271e-11 123.51,6.7838e-13
186.04,2.76e-13
0.1 1 10 100 1000Frekuensi
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Mas
a
-5e-10
0
5e-10
1e-09
1.5e-09
Mag
nitu
d
3.9708,1.6402e-10
6.0219,1.8062e-10
23.969,1.8439e-11 54.736,1.0822e-11
0.1 1 10 100 1000Frekuensi
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Mas
a
-5e-11
0
5e-11
1e-10
1.5e-10
2e-10M
agni
tud
( )( ) ( )f
suWsuW
Rf
Rf 0118.068.3
,,
ln1
2
−=⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) kfkRf
suWsuW
Rf
Rf +−=+Δ−=
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡02
,,
ln1
2
αα
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Attenuation analysis
38
y = -0.0118x + 3.6795R2 = 0.67
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frekuensi, Hz
Nis
bah
(A2/
A1)
dal
am L
N
alpha-0.005dataalpha-0.03alpha-0.05regresi eksperimen
α0 = 0.05α0 = 0.03
α0 = 0.005
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
RMS error during matching process
39
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
00.020.040.060.080.10.12
Pekali pengurangan, α 0 (s/m)
RM
S (n
isba
h am
plitu
d)
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Attenuation curve
40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Pekali pengurangan bersandar frekuensi (α ), 1/m
Panj
ang
gelo
mba
ng, m
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Pekali pengurangan bersandar frekuensi (α ), 1/m
Frek
uens
i, H
z
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Inversion and damping ratio profile
41
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Pekali pengurangan bersandar frekuensi (α ), 1/m
Panj
ang
gelo
mba
ng, m
datamodel teori
model mula
lelaran 1
lelaran 3
lelaran 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00%
Nisbah redaman (%)
Ked
alam
an, m
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
PerbandingandenganKajianSebelumnya
42
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200Halaju Gelombang Ricih, m/s
αo (
saat
/m)
Athanasopoulos et al. (2000)
Yang (1995)
Kelas 4
Kelas 2
Kelas 3
A
B
Woods & Jedele (1985);Woods (1997)Lempung lembut Kelang (Kelang soft clay ) - Kajian ini
Kelompok Batuan (Rocks) daripada Shale, Limestones & Sandstone
Kelas 1
Hasil kajian
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Shear Damping Profile
43
Kaedahnisbahspektrum(Champanella et al. 1994)
Kaedahfungsiperpindahan(Rix et al. 2002)
Kaedah CWSASW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Pekali pengurangan bersandar frekuensi (α ), 1/m
Panj
ang
gelo
mba
ng, m
Kaedahfungsiperpindahan
Kaedah CWSASW
GeophonesShaker
SignalAnalyzer
r
Accelerometer
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )1
,,
1
rrKi
l
i erGrG
FF −⋅−= ω
ωω
ωω
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
2 D Shear Wave Velocity
44
Jarak Keratan (m)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ked
alam
an (m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 ρVG 2
smax =
( )ν12GE maxmax +=
Elastic Theory
S
zs V
u&=γ = 1.48 × 10-5 %.
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
2 D Shear Modulus and Damping
45
Jarak Keratan (m)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ked
alam
an (m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Jarak Keratan (m)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ked
alam
an (m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.036 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.054
G (MPa) D [%]
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Comparing with MASW (SurfSeis), KGS
46
(a) Profile from MASW (b) Profile from CWSASW
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Lengkung Pekali Pengurangan danProsedur Songsangan
47
Lengkung serakan teori pekali
pengurangan vs frekuensi/panjang
gelombang
Profil kekukuhan anggaran
Proses songsangan
Lengkung serakan pekali pengurangan tak bergantung f
Lengkung serakan eksperimen pekali pengurangan vs frekuensi/panjang
gelombang
Proses perpadanan
ralat RMS
Profil nisbah redakam, halaju
gelombang R, ricih, dan mampatan
Profil 1‐D redaman tanah
Analisis gandingan
Tidak diterima
Diterima
( )⎪⎭
⎪⎬⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂∂
+⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂∂
= ∑ i
N
i iS
RiS
iP
RiP
R
DVVVK
VVV
Vff ,,2
2πα
D, VR, VP, VS
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Songsangan Pekali Pengurangan
⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
⋅⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
∂∂
+⋅⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
∂∂
π=α
ρ=ρ=∑∑ j
pj
jj
sj
jf s
Vf
N
1j s2s
pVf
N
1j p2p
R DVc
c
VD
Vc
c
Vf2
Mitchell (1975)
Masalah Lelurus dalam Songsangan :
⎪⎪⎭
⎪⎪⎬
⎫
⎪⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
α
αα
=
⎪⎪⎭
⎪⎪⎬
⎫
⎪⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
=
=
MR
2R
1R
sN
2s
1s
D
DD
MMdm
dGm
( )⎪⎭
⎪⎬⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂∂
+⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂∂
= ∑ i
N
i iS
RiS
iP
RiP
R
DVVVK
VVV
Vff ,,2
2παRix et al. (2000)
48
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Profil Nisbah Redaman
49
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Pekali pengurangan bersandar frekuensi (α ), 1/m
Panj
ang
gelo
mba
ng, m
datamodel teori
model mula
lelaran 1
lelaran 3
lelaran 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00%
Nisbah redaman (%)
Ked
alam
an, m
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
0 1 2 3 4
Lelaran
Ral
at R
MS
(pek
ali p
engu
rang
an, 1
/m)
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Pengesahan Profil Nisbah Redaman
50
Kaedah nisbah spektrum(Champanella et al. 1994)
Kaedah fungsi perpindahan(Rix et al. 2002)
Kaedah CWSASW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Pekali pengurangan bersandar frekuensi (α ), 1/m
Panj
ang
gelo
mba
ng, m
Kaedahfungsiperpindahan
Kaedah CWSASW
GeophonesShaker
SignalAnalyzer
r
Accelerometer
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )1
,,
1
rrKi
l
i erGrG
FF −⋅−= ω
ωω
ωω
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Tomografi 2‐D Parameter VS
51
Jarak Keratan (m)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ked
alam
an (m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 ρVG 2
smax =
( )ν12GE maxmax +=
Teori Elastik
S
zs V
u&=γ = 1.48 × 10-5 %.
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of thewell‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe (1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by
Attenuation Analysis on Soil Structure Based on Wavelet Spectrum
Tomografi 2‐D Parameter G dan D
52
Jarak Keratan (m)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ked
alam
an (m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Jarak Keratan (m)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ked
alam
an (m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.036 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.054
Profil Modulus Ricih (MPa) Profil Nisbah Redaman
The SASW method has been utilized in different applications over the past decade after the advancement and improvement of the well‐known steady‐state (Jones 1958) technique. Much of the basis of the theoretical and analytical work of this method for pavement investigation has been developed by Heisey et al. (1982), Nazarian& Stokoe(1984), Röesset et al. (1990, 1991). For practical purposes, an empirical correlation between the seismic parameter (i.e. shear wave velocity) produced by