119 building blocks vk -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Building Blocks of CellsCourse 1 / Lecture 119
[email protected] of biochemistry – the 4th floor
office 411
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Biogenic elements
= elements essential for structure and function oforganisms
macrobiogenic elements: C O H N Ca P S Na Cl K Mg
• over 0,005 % of body mass
• recommended daily intake over 100 mg
• blood concentration more than micromolar
microbiogenic (trace) elements Fe Cu Zn Se F I Co Cr Mn Mo Si V
• less than 0,005 % of body mass
• recommended daily intake less than 100 mg
• blood concentration: micromolar or lower
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Chemical composition of human body(mass %)
60% water (2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular)
18% proteins, peptides, amino acids
15% lipids (mainly triacylglycerols of fatty tissue)
1% saccharides (poly- and monosaccharides)
1% nucleic acids, nucleotides
5% mineral substances
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Chemical composition of cells
1. 60 mass% - water
polar solvent, most of chemical reactions in a human body take
place in aqueous solutions
2. 35 mass% - organic compounds
a) high molecular weight (proteins, nucleic acids, glycogen)
b) low molecular weight (glucose, lipids, amino acids, metabolic
intermediates – e.g. organic acids derivatives)
3. 5 mass% - inorganic compounds
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xlipid dropletstriacylglycerol
xmicelles, bilayersphospholipid
aggregates
C-C bondsterpenesisoprene
glycosidic bondspolysaccharidesmonosaccharide
phosphodiester b.nucleic acidsnucleotide (4)
peptide bondsproteinsamino acid (21)
bonds(covalent)
biopolymers(macromolecules)
monomer(basic unit)
Organic building blocks of cells
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid
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This lecture concentrates on
structure, properties and functions of
• saccharides
• lipids
• nucleotides
individual lectures:
� Structure of proteins (124)
� Structure of nucleic acids (132)
� Structure and function of membranes (137)
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Saccharides(= carbohydrates)
• monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
• polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones
• aldoses /ketoses
• linear or cyclic monosaccharides
• linear or branched polysaccharides (= glycans)
• include chiral carbon(s) → optical isomerism
• -OH, -CHO can be oxidized to –COOH
• - CHO can be reduced to -OH
• low-molecular sacharides are water soluble and sweet
• energy for cells, structural and signal functions
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Saccharides(carbohydrates, glycides)
= polyhydroxyaldehydesor
polyhydroxyketonesD-glucose D-fructose
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deoxysaccharides
2-deoxy-D-ribose
amino saccharides
D-glucose amine
The figures have been adopted from Harper´s Biochemistry
NH2
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GLUCOSE – central role
The figures have been adopted from Harper´s Biochemistry a z http://www.vuw.ac.nz/staff/paul_teesdale-spittle/organic/chiral_web/images/fig1_5d.gif (April 2007)
chiral carbon
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The figure is found at http://www.nmc.edu/~koverbaugh/bio115/Image14.gif (October 2007)
O-glycosidic bond
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GLYCOGEN (Glc)n
The figure is found at http://students.ou.edu/R/Ben.A.Rodriguez-1/glycogen.gif (October 2007)
nonreducing end reducing end
OH
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CELLULOSE
ββββ-Glc(1→4)Glc
The figures are found at http://web.chemistry.gatech.edu/~williams/bCourse_Information/6521/carbo/glu/cellulose_int_2.jpghttp://www.kjemi.uio.no/14_skole/modul/Evina_organisk/Org_K3fig14_cellulose.JPG (October 2007)
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Lipids= group of biological molecules that are
insoluble in aqueous solutions
(they are hydrophobic, lipophilic - nonpolar structures predominate in their molecules - soluble in nonpolar solvents
• structural components of biological membranes
• energy reserves, predominantly in the form of
triacylglycerols (TAG = neutral fat)
• excellent mechanical and thermal insulators
• biologically active compounds
(vitamins, hormones, bile acids, visual pigment)
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adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Thieme 2005
Lipids
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Structural components of lipids
• alcohols� glycerol (a)
� sfingosine (b)
� cholesterol (c)
� inositol (d)
• long chain monocarboxylic acids(= fatty acids)
The figures are adopted from http://en.wikipedia.org (April 2007)
a) b)
c) d)
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The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Thieme 2005
Fatty acids found in lipids mostly contain even number of carbons and cis double bonds.
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The figure was adopted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid (April 2007)
Double bond is rigid, it affect
a spatial structure of unsaturated
acids
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The figure is found at http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/overheads-2/ch11_lipid-struct.jpg(Jan 2007)
Structure of lipids
individual lecturefatty acids are
bound to glycerol by ester bonds
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The figure was adopted from: J.Koolman, K.H.Röhm / Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Thieme 2005
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The figure is found at http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring2002/CH339K/Robertus/overheads-2/ch11_cholesterol.jpg (Jan 2007)
squalene(C 30 = triterpene)
ISOPRENOIDS
2-methylbuta-1,3-diene
= isoprene
(polyisoprene)
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Naming isoprenoids:
• monoterpenes (C10) 2 x isoprene
• sesquiterpenes (C15) 3 x isoprene
• diterpenes (C20) 4 x isoprene
• triterpenes (C30) 6 x isoprene
• tetraterpenes (C40) 8 x isoprene
� isoprenes are bound either „head to tail“ or „tail to tail“
� terpenes have different degree of unsaturation
� and variety of functional groups
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Nucleotides
= heterocyclic N-containing base (pyrimidine or purine)
+ sugar (pentose) + phosphoric acid(s)
UMP, UDP, UTPuridine mono-di-tri phosphate
uridineuracil
TMP, TDP, TTPthymidine mono-di-tri phosphate
thymidinethymine
CMP, CDP, CTPcytidine mono-di-tri phosphate
cytidinecytosine
GMP, GDP, GTPguanosine mono-di-tri phosphate
guanosineguanine
AMP, ADP, ATPadenosine mono-di-tri phosphate
adenosineadenine
abbreviationnucleotidenucleoside(base + sugar)
base
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The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2
PURINE BASES
purine
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The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2
PYRIMIDINE BASES
pyrimidine
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The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2
ribonucleoside deoxyribonucleoside
N-glycosidic bond
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The figure was adopted from Devlin, T. M. (editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1997. ISBN 0-471-15451-2
ribonucleosides deoxyribonucleoside
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Obrázek převzat z http://www.thebestlinks.com/images/f/f5/ATP.png (říjen 2007)
N-glycosidicbond
Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
ribose
ester bond
anhydride bonds
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Recommended literature
http://www.megabooks.cz/kontakty/