11th International Conference on HEAT ENGINES AND ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION The Role of Renewable Resources and Fuels in

Power Generation Organized by: BME Department of Energy Engineering Organization Committee:

Gyula Gróf Csilla Kaszás Ferenc Lezsovits

Scientific Committee: Chair: Prof. Dr. Antal Penninger Members: Prof. Dr. Attila Meggyes Dr. Tibor Kapros Dr. Zoltán Korényi Dr. László I. Kiss Dr. Michal Masaryk During the conference, presentations will be given in English, with the exception of some Hungarian sessions marked separately. Simultaneous translation will not be provided. Except of the invited lectures, each presentation is expected to be 15 minutes long.

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Monday, June 3 12:00-14:00 Registration, Lunch 14:00-14:10 Opening: Antal Penninger 14:10- 14:20 Welcome address: Gyula Gróf 14:20-16:00 PLENARY SESSION Chair: Antal Penninger

Pl/1 Actual trends in alternative power train development Kay Schintzel

Sustainability of power train concepts is a focus for AUDI Hungaria Motor Ltd., the largest engine manufacturer worldwide. The main goal is to reduce the CO2-emissions of future concepts. Strategies fulfilling the expectations of different markets and legislations include optimization of conventional power train concepts, development of alternative power train concepts, and development of alternative fuels. The presentation will show the structure of the Engine Development Department of AUDI Hungaria Motor Ltd. and the Volkswagen and Audi power train strategy. Examples of topics in focus of the near future will be presented in more detail.

Pl/2 The role of energy industries in GHG emission and air pollution reduction in the Republic of Serbia Predrag Stefanovic, Zoran Markovic, Milic Eric, Dejan Cvetinovic, Vukman Bakic

Republic of Serbia is the UNFCCC Party and the Kyoto Protocol signatory, with a status of non-Annex I-developing country, having no obligation to quantify GHG emission reductions, but to establish GHG inventory and systematic analysis and reporting on the mitigation measures for GHG emissions reduction. Republic of Serbia as a member of the SEE Energy Community has obligation in reduction of negative effects of the energy sector on the environment, i.e. implementation of the corresponding EU legislation. Energy Industries are the greatest GHG emission and Air Pollution (dust, NOx and SO2) sources in Serbia, having the greatest

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obligations in air pollution reduction, according to Directive 2001/80 EC. Based on CO2, NOx and SO2 emission in the previous period and published/proposed scenarios of subsector development up to 2020, different mitigation measures are analysed. It is shown that:1) Dust emission reduction obligations are expected to be completely fulfilled before 2017, 2) Reconstruction of Petroleum Refineries and District heating boilers and infrastructure with fuel switch from coal and liquid fuel to natural gas are giving satisfactory results in GHG emission and Air Pollution reduction, 3) activities on the NOx and SO2 emission reduction are prolonged and obligations according to Directive 2001/80 EC are hardly to be fulfilled before2017.

Pl/3 Role of IA FBC and renewable fuels in the Czech Republic Dagmar Juchelkova, Helena Raclavska, Roman Portuzák

Limited natural resources of CR, alarming trends in raising energy demand with the need to curb not only harmful emissions justify the urgency of identification and developing adequate environmentally friend technology based on multidisciplinary research. Clean energy technology, efficiency-energy saving, storage of energy, distributed renewable electricity generation and inverters to interface with the electrical distribution system will be applied in specific condition of most industrial region. As added will be used collaboration experiences from the work for IEA IA FBC and WPFF.

Pl/4 Following the OECD plan to climate stabilization Larry Good

Due to enormous emissions of carbon and other greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution, scientists predict that Earth’s atmosphere will cross a tipping point soon, possibly about 2030. Beyond the tipping point man will lose the ability to stop climate change, and the atmosphere will seek a new unknown equilibrium. This paper discusses the OECD’s plan for the world’s population to take action that can prevent our crossing the tipping point.

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16:00-16:30 Coffee break

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16:30-18:30 Session I Chair: Ákos Bereczky

I/1 On metrics of engine combustion knock Karol Grab-Rogalinski, Stanislaw Szwaja

Several aspects of expressing intensity of engine combustion knock are presented in the paper. Among others the knock is characterized as random process with fixed values of the mean and the variance. Furthermore, various metrics as the mean, the RMS and the 95th% are introduced and discussed. Next, the mean from large population is compared with the moving average. Finally, conclusions on consistency in the presented metrics are exposed.

I/2 Analysis of spark ignition engine fuelled with blend of natural gas and hydrogen Andrej Chribik, Marian Poloni, Lubos Magdolen

Growing prices of both thermal and electrical power and the perspective of running out the supplies of fossil fuels induces the scientists and engineers to search the new sources of energy. From several decades the hydrogen technology is considered as source of (partially) renewable energy. The hydrogen can be used both as the industrial carrier of energy as far as material in the chemical industry. Plans of utilization of hydrogen as the fuel applied to vehicles engines also exist. A lot of works describing various technologies for hydrogen processing have come into being, the ways of production and storing this substance have also been worked out. The important parts in analysis are costs of applying fuels with respect to their impact on ecology. As found these costs are usually difficult to be estimated. In this paper the main directions in development of hydrogen technologies were analyzed concerning changes in prices of materials on world markets.

I/3 Conversion of diesel engine to HCCI operation Marcell Hoós, Gábor Szücs, Tamás Laza

In our paper we introduce the ongoing research at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Energy Engineering, in

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which we adapted a cetane method diesel fuel rating unit to work in HCCI mode. The key features of this engine are: one cylinder, variable compression ratio and it comes with a built-in synchronous reluctance motor to provide power to starting and absorbs the engine’s output to maintain constant speed. As part of the project we converted the engine to work in HCCI mode, and then we examined, by measurements, the impacts of changing the engine’s key parameters on the pressure fluctuation and the concentration of the pollutants in the flue gas. These parameters are: the timing of the injection, the injected dose, the compression ratio and the temperature of the air at the intake manifold. In the future we would examine the effects of different fuel types (gasoline, e85, and methanol) on the operation and we would also make a deeper analysis of the HCCI mode with measuring the input/output power.

I/4 Air-conditioning of battery powered electro mobiles - serious engineering challenge Peter Mlynár

Air-conditioning of battery powered electro mobiles is a serious engineering challenge. Additional battery load by electrically driven compressors used in common car air-conditioning is a serious disadvantage and it causes a significantly reduction of driven distance. Therefore other different ways of car air-conditioning are investigated. An overview of car air-conditioning ways is particularly presented in this article and the zeolite-water adsorption air-conditioner is presented in deeper detail.

I/5 Comparative investigations of operating conditions of a C.I. engine running on fossil diesel and TBK-Biodiesel fuels Kristóf Lukács, György Szabados

The results of investigations carried out with the TBK-Biodiesel are presented in this article. The TBK-Biodiesel is a new type of bio-fuel primarily for use in Diesel engine. After showing the fuels (6 different TBK-Biodiesel samples and fossil diesel) is given a summary about the properties most important in the point of view of combustion of fuels (viscosity,

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kinematic viscosity, cetane number, acid number, water content, TGA DTG curves) in the first part of the article, followed by showing and comparative evaluation of the measured indicator diagrams and the calculated heat release curves. In the last part of the article it is about the results of investigation of the exhaust gas emission. As a summary it shows the results of the different investigations done, and we propose to select those samples with which we would like to work with.

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16:30-18:30 Session II (Hungarian) Chair: Attila Meggyes

II/1 Determination of flammability limits of alternative gases Viktória Barbara Kovács, Attila Meggyes

The aim of the research is to determine the flammability limits of alternative gaseous fuels by means of theoretical calculation and measurement. The measurements were made in a tube that was originally made for laminar flame velocity measurement and was adapted for explosion limits determination to validate the reliability of the theoretical method of flammability calculation if the gaseous fuel contains more than one combustible and inert component. In addition the limits, and further development possibilities of the theoretical method are presented in the paper.

II/2 Effect of air preheater to heat exchange processes of industrial furnaces Mónika Sevcsik, Tibor Kapros

The application of recuperators at industrial furnaces enhances the energy efficiency with saving of fuel. On the other side its failure can result the increasing of oxygen concentration of furnace atmosphere causing the growth of scale. It has to be decided; either the furnace is operated with unchanged condition and enhanced iron-oxide formation or removing the failed parts of recuperates decreases the energy efficiency. The paper introduces a simplified mathematical model for calculation of effect of air preheating. It considers the heat transfer relations within the furnace. The calculation was applied at an existing pushing furnace operated by coke oven gas using its data. as basic parameters. It was established, that the application of preheated air of 450 C° temperature results about 17% fuel saving compared with operating by cold air. At 300 C° air temperature the saving will be reduced to cca. 12,5%. Because of the heat transfer on the surfaces is limited by the locale temperatures of flue gas, these values are lower compared with the data

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yielding from the heat balance of the equipment. The model supplies information for decision about the necessary measures at the failed recuperator.

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II/3 Operational experience and problems at converted boilers from steam to warm water system Ferenc Lezsovits, Sándor Könczöl Application of steam as energy transfer medium has been set back in last decades to areas where it is inevitably necessary, as electricity generation, or to industrial energy supply where replacement with another medium would be difficult. Heating systems and industrial heat supply with low temperature demand have been converted to warm water systems, on hand because of lower safety category, on the other hand mainly because of less auxiliary loss and better controllability. During this procedure a lot of steam generator has been converted to warm water operational system. From this alteration everybody has expected higher reliability and operational disposability and longer lifetime, because of lower temperature and stress level during operation. But experience negatives the expectations. Several type of failures and problems have been risen that rarely or never have been experienced at steam generation. In this paper consequences of modified load variations are evaluated, together with effects of alteration in water treatment and operation control. Based on these evaluations and on site experience set of suggestions is collected. By means of these suggestions frequency of failures can be reduced and the lifetime of the boiler can be expanded

II/4 Reduction of carbon-dioxide emission from combustion Klaudia Buzea, Iván Gács

Several possibilities exist to reduce carbon dioxide emission from electricity production; this paper focuses on a constantly developing technique, called Carbone Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. This technology is connected to fossil-based energy production, mostly coal-based electricity production. There are three methods of capturing CO2 before the transportation and the storage or usage. Post-combustion capture can be used in existing and new-built power plants; its origin dates back to the early 1970s. Subsystems are well tested (separating,

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compressing, etc.), nevertheless the development stopped at small-size demonstration projects. Pre-combustion capturing combines high-efficiency, cheap fuel and carbon dioxide reducing. In this technology the solid coal is gasified, CO2 is separated from pure hydrogen, which is the fuel of the efficient Combined Cycle Gas Turbine plant. Oxyfuel combustion means firing with pure oxygen; it can provide separation efficiency near 100% by using condensation to separate CO2 from the flue gas. This paper summarizes the development, technical feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of the three main capturing methods, also briefly presents the transporting and storing ways of CO2.

II/5 Analysis of electric powered city bus in AVL cruise simulation software István Lakatos, Péter Kőrös, Tamás Orbán, Viktor Nagy The topic of the study is the comparison of the characteristic features of the asynchronous motor drive that still exists and a permanent magnet, high torque synchronous machine in case of a given vehicle. Nowadays there is a demand for such green drive vehicles, with the help of which a certain segment of the public transport can be covered. Such typical area for application can be for example a touristic region, where the reduction of the noise and the protection of the environment are highlighted issues. The accomplished simulation studies the features of electric powered vehicles and battery packs, which are applied in such territories, for short term periods on a given track 20:00- Welcome party

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Tuesday, June 4 9:00-11:00 Session III Chair: Zoltán Korényi

III/1 Biogas market Germany: production treatment and usage Bodo Gross

The German energy revolution is in full progress and affects the European country in general. An answer to this necessary change away from fossil fuels towards renewable energies can be the biogas. The biogas boom in Germany now lasts for nearly a decade. Starting with a general overview over the biogas market in Germany, a detailed description of the most important biogas production processes and of the scope of application of biogas in Germany follows. Different production techniques result in different biogas compositions that are described as well. The different biogas compositions also affect the scope of usage of the considered biogas type. Therefore the different engines, machines etc. that are commonly used in Germany to process the biogas are shown. Hence the utilization plan of biogas is characterized. But in order to be able to burn the biogas it is necessary to meet a certain gas quality. For this reason the gas quality standards and preparation techniques are pictured. In contrast to the direct combustion of biogas, the biogas can be fed into the German natural gas distribution network as synthetic natural gas (SNG). The therefore necessary preparation of raw-biogas and the different gas quality standards in Germany are also described. These fundamental processes of production and usage of biogas are underlined with actual numbers and facts.

III/2 The biogas potential of Pápa's region and its role in the area's energy supply Roland Ihász, Tamás Laza

There are huge possibilities in using agricultural byproducts for electricity or heat production but this is still underdeveloped in Hungary. This study aims to determine the amount of available biomass in Pápa’s region and through that to estimate the

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volume of producible biogas. Two types of biomass are considered, agricultural byproducts and communal waste plus sewage. The study also tries to determine the biogas’s potential role in the region’s energy supply.

III/3 The economic aspects of the hydrogen power platform Jacek Michniowsky, Karol Grab-Rogalinski, Stanislaw Szwaja Growing prices of both thermal and electrical power and the perspective of running out the supplies of fossil fuels induces the scientists and engineers to search the new sources of energy. From several decades the hydrogen technology is considered as source of (partially) renewable energy. The hydrogen can be used both as the industrial carrier of energy as far as material in the chemical industry. Plans of utilization of hydrogen as the fuel applied to vehicles engines also exist. A lot of works describing various technologies for hydrogen processing have come into being, the ways of production and storing this substance have also been worked out. The important parts in analysis are costs of applying fuels with respect to their impact on ecology. As found these costs are usually difficult to be estimated. In this paper the main directions in development of hydrogen technologies were analyzed concerning changes in prices of materials on world markets.

III/4 Solar air heating in buildings Pavel Charvat, Lubomir Klimes, Josef Stetina

Solar radiation is the most abundant form of renewable energy available to mankind. Though solar energy is not the general answer to mankind’s energy needs it does make a lot of sense to employ all viable ways of solar energy utilization. Solar systems utilizing air as a heat carrier fluid are not as common as the systems employing water or other liquids for that purpose but they can be used in many applications. The paper will discuss various ways of solar air heating in buildings including the systems with thermal energy storage. Solar pre-heating of ventilation air is probably the simplest way to employ solar air heating in buildings. A lot of attention has been paid to double–skin

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building envelopes in the last two decade. Some of the double–skin envelopes function as solar air heaters in certain modes of operation. Much simpler arrangements of solar air heaters can be used for warehouses, assembly hall and other types of industrial buildings with little glazing in external walls. Simple unglazed types of collectors are quite often used for this purpose. Most of these applications do not require thermal storage and that makes such systems relatively inexpensive and easy to install.

III/5 Social indicators and energy supply Soma Both, Péter Bihari

In this paper we introduce the indicators, which determine the energy supply, according to Leslie A. White’s theory. These indicators have a strong correlation with the examined country’s energy demand both in quantity and in structure. Our purpose is to create an index that measures the level of socio-cultural development and also determines the rate and the way of energy consumption of the given country. Our research includes 40 countries, with more than 3000 data in all.

III/6 Results and benefits of the Hungarian-Polish Intergovernmental Cooperation Program, entitled HYRICE Ákos Bereczky, Stanislaw Szwaja

The second year of the Intergovernmental S & T Cooperation Program Project between the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science at Czestochowa University of Technology and the Department of Energy Engineering at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics has been completed. The co-operation dates back more than six years. The partners have very similar interests in development in the field of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) and the utilization of alternative energy sources. The scientific aim of the project was to test thermal utilization of hydrogen-rich energy sources in IC engines. The following: development in existing teaching contents from both partners about ICE and Energy topics, contribution to strengthening cooperation links between the partners and increasing students and teacher’s mobility were also

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remarkable targets of the Project. The Authors will present results of the cooperation.

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9:00-11:00 Session IV Chair: Gyula Gróf

IV/1 Application of neural networks for jet impingement heat transfer coefficient retrieval Gergely Ács, Balázs Czél

Jet impingement is a common method in the industry for cooling or heating because the destruction of the boundary layer by the impact of the jet gives a very high heat transfer coefficient (HTC). Determination of the HTC is a difficult task especially in transient processes. In this study the HTC was estimated with an inverse method based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The HTC distribution of an axisymmetric jet was retrieved. The jet hit the specimen on the front-side and the temperature distribution was measured on the back-side. Based on the measured temperature distribution the ANN estimated the HTC. The ANN was trained by corresponding HTC and temperature distribution pairs. The study was carried out using simulated measurement data.

IV/2 Comparison of temperature responses of the laser flash method in case of parabolic and hyperbolic heat conduction models Balázs Czél, Gyula Gróf

The correctness of the parabolic type heat-conduction differential equation has been questioned since its origin and many physical theories have been worked out after Maxwell’s hyperbolic model. The results published recently about nanoscale heat transfer phenomenon inspired the authors to analyze how the hyperbolic type heat conduction affects the world wide used laser flash measurement method. In the presented research the Cattaneo – Vernotte type heat conduction model was applied, where a so called relaxation time appears as an additional thermal property. The temperature histories in time and space were solved numerically. On the one hand, the results partly harmonize with the authors’ preliminary hypothesis that in macro-scale cases the effects are almost negligible, but on the other hand, the dimensionless analysis locates the parameter domain where the

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laser flash method might have potentials in determination of the relaxation time.

IV/3 Simple heat conduction experiments Balázs Czél, Tamás Fülöp, Gyula Gróf, Péter Ván

The existence of generalized heat conduction theories is well established on micro- and nanoscales and at low temperatures. A recent generalization of the Fourier law indicates that internal material structures and inhomogeneities can result in changes in heat conduction on macroscales and near to room temperature, too. In this case an effective theory is obtained, with predictable and calculable properties. We have performed several simple experiments to test our hypothesis. In this presentation model calculations are shown for the interpretation of non-stationary heat conduction experiments with transversally isotropic paper-air layers.

IV/4 Thermodynamical description of plastic processes Tamás Fülöp, Péter Ván, A. Csatár

We present a thermodynamical formulation of elastic and plastic phenomena of solids that is based on two pillars. The first is a novel definition of kinematic quantities [1] that enables the description of finite deformation elastic and plastic changes in an objective way. Solids possess a self-metric structure, with which their current metric coincides when the body is in a stressless, relaxed state. The elastic kinematic quantity measures the deviation of the current metric from the self-metric, and plasticity is a phenomenon when the self-metric is forced to change. The other pillar of our approach is irreversible thermodynamics. The constitutive equations are chosen in a way that positive definiteness of entropy production is ensured. The standard aspects of plasticity (flow rule, etc.) are manifest in the formulation. The use of the theory is illustrated via an experiment in which a strongly stretched sample undergoes plastic deformation. The temperature of the sample is continuously monitored and the observed initial nearly-adiabatic cooling and the following heat dissipation are explained by the theory

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IV/5 Using monotone heating for the determination of thermophysical properties László I. Kiss

The determination of the thermophysical properties a large, frequently heterogeneous industrial samples requires particular attention specially if the temperature of the test is elevated. In the present paper a method based on the monotone heating of a cylindrical sample is described. In its basic arrangement, it permits the determination of the thermal diffusivity by measuring the delay of the penetration of isotherms into the core of the specimen. By using a composite sample arrangement with a reference material, two independent properties like diffusivity and heat capacity or diffusivity and conductivity can be evaluated. The duration of one test covering a temperature range between 100 and 1000⁰C is a few hours depending on the diameter and material of the sample. The experimental rig offers also the possibility of testing the samples in a controlled gas atmosphere or even under vacuum. This feature is important either during the tests of materials that react with a certain kind of atmosphere, or when one wants to test equivalent conductivity models of porous, granular or fibrous materials.

IV/6 Analysis of heat transfer and flow phenomena during Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Lyne St-Georges, László I. Kiss

Although the technology of joining materials by Friction Stir Welding is relatively young, it already found its way into industrial applications. Railway wagons, space vehicles, aircraft fuselage or ship hulls are only a few examples. The process is sufficiently complex to make the task of mathematical modelling difficult. The solids (mostly metals) are brought into the zone of plastic deformation by the application of high pressures and elevated temperatures. This, combined with a strong shear, permits to mix the two metals to form a solid joint. In the present paper the results of numerical simulations and experiments will illustrate the temperature and displacement field in their evolution during the welding process. The

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limitations of the traditional CFD methods and the potentials of fully Lagrangian methods like the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) are to be discussed.

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11:00-12:00 Poster Session

P/1 Pellet steam generator – Bepatek Ltd. Andrea Horváth

P/2 Hydrogen fuelled supercharged engine Karol Grab-Rogalinski, Stanislaw Szwaja

P/3 Heat transfer on copper tubes in under-pressure conditions Jiri Pospisil

P/4 Modeling of thermal cycle of CI engine Wojciech Tutak, Sylvia Kudlinska

P/5 Energy from Waste Sylvia Kudlinska, Krzysztof Pozarlik

P/6 Energy Market in the World, Demand and Supply by 2050 Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Krzysztof Pozarlik

P/7 Developing the model for the investigation of combustion process of renewable fuel in AVL FIRE program György Szabados, Kristóf Lukács, Ákos Bereczky

P/8 Reduction of pollutant emissions from a micro gas turbine burner Attila Kun-Balog, Krisztián Sztankó

P/9 Security of gas supply Patrik Farkas, Péter Bihari

P/10 Investigation of dual fuel engines and development of CFD model with AVL FIRE Kristóf Lukács, Wojciech Tutak, Ákos Bereczky

P/11 Comparison of three novel energy conversion technologies, gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization Mahbod Shafiei, Bodo Gross, Andreas Dengel, Pál Szentannai

P/12 Carbon dioxide storage in aquifers Ambrus Both, Szilárd Dombi

P/13 Implementation of waste-based energy production Borbála Takács, Márton Gábor Kádár

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12:30-13:30 Lunch

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13:30-15:30 V. Session Chair: Ferenc Lezsovits

V/1 Numerical calculation of the grate-fired boiler Bartlomiej Hernik

Generally, the temperature of flue gases at the furnace outlet is not measured. Therefore, a special computation procedure is needed to determine it. This paper presents a method for coordination of the numerical model of a pulverised fuel boiler furnace chamber with the measuring data in a situation when CFD calculations comprise the furnace only. This paper recommends the use of the classical 0-dimensional balance model of a boiler, based on the use of measuring data. The average temperature of flue gases at the furnace outlet (t”) obtained using the model may be considered as highly reliable. The numerical model has shown the same value of t”. This paper presents calculations of the WR-40 boiler. The CFD model was matched by means of a careful selection of the furnace walls emissivity. As a result of CFD modelling, the flue gas temperature and the concentration of CO, CO2, O2 and NOx were obtained at the furnace chamber outlet. The results of numerical modelling of boiler combustion based on volumetric reactions and using the Finite-Rate/Eddy-Dissipation Model are presented.

V/2 Exergoeconomic analysis of thermal systems Axel Groniewsky

The major failure of Energy-based costing is that in case of cogeneration it cannot allocate the cost of obtained products based on solid technical grounds. As it is apparent from the thesis of Gergely Büki [1] the allocation of fuel consumption of cogeneration systems for different products based on pure thermodynamic principles is not possible. Although arbitrary, it is practical to charge one of the products (primary product) with as much fuel consumption as required at direct production and to charge the other product only with the remaining fuel consumption comparing the production of the secondary product at direct fuel use only with the

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associated fuel consumption. This principle is also known as the “Lost Kilowatts Method”. Exergoeconomic analysis combines economic and Second Law based thermodynamic analysis by applying the concept of cost, originally an economic property, to exergy, allowing the determination of cost associated with qualitative and quantitative losses, also allocating different products gained from the same thermodynamic process.

V/3 Exergy, p-entropy and v-entropy - useful efficiency parameters Michal Masaryk This article is from applied thermodynamic waters. The useful parameters - which are not always known even among expert publics - exergy, p-entropy and v-entropy will be presented. These parameters can be used advantageously as a useful tool for efficiency of power systems and for quality evaluations of energy sources and energy carriers. Physical (thermodynamic) background, expressions and practical applications and evaluations cases in practical energy engineering will be presented in the article.

V/4 Energy analysis of biogas fueled micro gas turbine and reciprocating engine combined with organic Ranking cycle Sebastian Lepszy

The use of biogas for electricity production is constantly developing technology used commercially in a wide range. These technologies use primarily low-power reciprocating engines and gas turbines. Another technology that is commercially available at low power range is the technology of steam cycle with organic medium. The use of waste heat from the engine heat can be used to produce additional power and increase the efficiency of systems. Due to the significant differences in the efficiency and parameters of waste heat in reciprocating engines and gas turbines, it is important to analyze and compare the energy performance of such systems. The paper describes the analysis of energy systems that produce electricity from biogas, based on the performance of available engines and gas turbines, in particular with simple cycle and with regeneration.

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V/5 OPTIDUST: electrostatic precipitation in small scale biomass boilers Alexander Berhardt, Ferenc Lezsovits

With the introduction of the revised German fine dust regulation at the 22nd of March 2011, stricter requirements for the fine dust emissions of small scaled biomass boilers (up to 100 kW thermal) in Germany were set up. These increased constraints will be valid from the 1st of January 2015. Because of that, the IZES GmbH started the development of an electrostatic precipitator for small scaled biomass boilers several years ago. The precipitator can either be applied to the chimney of the combustion system or it can be integrated directly into the cold end section of the boiler. The integration of the precipitation stage into the cold end section of the boiler requires an individually optimized geometry of both electrodes (discharge and collecting electrode) as well as an attuned controlling system for this operation principle. Therefore this integrated precipitator arrangement presently represents a unique electrical precipitator system for small scaled biomass boilers in Germany. The developed precipitator contains the high voltage supply, the control unit and the precipitation stage with its electrodes and automatic cleaning systems. Since the beginning of the last heating period of Germany, two test boilers were equipped with the prototype of the developed electrical precipitator. Starting with the fundamental background of the electrostatic precipitation principle especially for the biomass combustion, the field test results and the state of the development are shown.

V/6 Technological achievements in the construction of an 150 kW flame tube boiler for straw briquettes Lucian Mihaescu, Emil Enache, Gheroghe Lazaroiu, Ionel Pisa, Viorel Berbece

Due to the necessity to reduce the temperature in the furnace below 8500C, in order to avoid calcium silicate formation, which could lead to adherent deposits in the furnace, it was considered wise to use the flame tube form for the furnace construction. It is also equipped with mobile grates that are cooled. The flame tube is completely immersed in the water space of the boiler, so that a 650 0C temperature for the flue gas was considered in the design. The

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briquettes are fed from the stocking bunker by means of a 2 helical worms system. The system is kept under strict control for the load regulating with the temperature. The boiler has a convective heat exchanger above the cylindrical mantle. To the interior of the flame tubes spiral metallic elements are positioned with a flue gas swirling role in order to obtain an increase in the heat exchange and also for a better cleaning. The boiler has a fully automated governing system.

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13:30-15:30 VI. Session (Hungarian) Chair: Tibor Kapros

VI/1 Automatic pyranometer shading for optimization of solar collector systems Tamás Zoltán Hegedűs, Zsófia Dőry, Ottó Botond Lőrinczi

The following paper is intended to introduce an automatic shading mechanism developed for a pyranometer. Using the sensor, the amount of diffuse solar radiation can be measured. The acquired data – completed with information from other sensors – serve the optimal operation of a complex solar collector system. The aim of the development was the implementation of automatic operation of the sensor responsible for diffuse solar radiation measurement. Thus the reliability of the device increases, and it can perform its task without frequent human interaction needed for adjustment. Beyond the development and production of the mechanical structure, the electronics and software needed for the control are also implemented in the framework of this project. During the development, the main challenge was to ensure, that the device can operate reliable regardless of the current environmental conditions. This criterion is also valid for moving parts of the mechanics, and for all outdoor electronic units of the system. Another important aspect was the independency from network power. Since the system that involves the pyranometer in question is an independent apparatus powered by renewable energy resources, this aspect had to be in focus during the work.

VI 2 Solar thermal power plants Iván Gács, Klaudia Buzea

When the solar energy utilization is mentioned usually it is limited to production of low temperature heat by collectors or to photovoltaic electricity generation. It is very rarely referred to the solar thermal power plants that use the sun-generated heat to produce electricity. But it is possible that in the longer term it is the most promising method.

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The heat capacity of the intermediate and the working fluid bridges the minute fluctuations and the heat storage gives an opportunity to get a longer period of energy generation. This way gives a much more useful generating capacity for the electricity system. In addition, some studies have shown that the unit cost of electricity produced in this way may be lower than the photovoltaic production. This paper wishes to give a brief overview of this possibility.

VI/3 Combined heat and power production based on regional agricultural waste Máté Krisztián Szita, Tamás Laza

In the 21st century one of the most important tasks in the energy industry is to find alternatives for the fossil fuels. First of all arguments, there’s the environmental protection. There are very serious expectations in the European Union that recommend permanent development of every country’s energy sector on behalf of decreasing the emissions of GHG gases. On the other hand the independence of a country’s energy sector highly depends on the local (national or regional) energy sources. In case of Hungary the mostly-used fuels for heat and energy generation are the natural gas and the nuclear raw materials (both sources come from Russia). However the agriculture is traditionally strong in the Hungarian production, the use of solid waste from this sector is not prevalent in the energy production. The main goals of this survey were to find available fuel sources and technologies in regional scale and to find the economic advantages and disadvantages of changing the fuel and the implement of small-scale CHP-investments. The examined cases and the presumed types of the biomass source based on real-life examples that are typical in the selected area. Hence this study can be used as a base for other pre-investment surveys.

VI/4 Experiences of wind turbine installation and utilization in Hungary László Tóth, Norbert Schrempf

Nowadays there are significant development projects and ideas about increasing wind power plant efficiency. In Hungary, wind energy capacity increased in the years between 2006 and 2010. At

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the end of this period the quota was fulfilled, and since then there are no new investments, although there is a big demand for new projects. The current wind energy capacity is 330MW, built of modern units, which are designed for the Hungarian wind circumstances. Because of this energy production is very good (740 GWh/year) and the capacity factor (24.1%) is good as well (the 4th best in Europe in 2012). With this we save approx. 220 million m3 /year natural gas whilst we avoid ~400 000 tons of CO2 emission. It is a fact that wind power plants (after the return of investment -9-10 years-) produce cheap energy. From financial side wind power plant utilization is one of the most perspective investments. Our analysis points out that the ambitious plan of Hungary for 2020 (the increasing of renewable energy utilization) is unlikely to be met without wind energy utilization.

VI/5 Utilization of thermal wells for district heating János Péter

At the eastern part of the town Csongrád a thermal well was formed in 1986 with the capacity of 80 m3/h. It has been supplied 80°C thermal water with medicinal quality for several years. The medicinal baths of the town has its own well, but the quality of the water is not adequate to expectations. The leadership of the town has made a decision to form a project. In this project by means of renewal of eastern wells and realization of a cascade district heating system this thermal water will be delivered to the medicinal baths. In this way operation of the baths can be expanded and in parallel utilization of geothermal energy can be increased. This project was finalized in August of 2012. After the first heating season it can be stated, that results of geothermal energy utilization for district heating reaches expectations. In order to increase energy safety and further increase of the capacity a new source and reinjection well planning and realization is under progress. By means of increasing share of geothermal energy utilization, natural gas as fossil fuel consumption can be decreased significantly.

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16:00-18:00 Round table discussion with coffee

Chair: Zoltán Korényi

20:00- Grill party

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Wednesday, June 5. 8:00-13:00 Power plant tour (Ajka) 13:30 Lunch

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Organizations and projects

supporting

„Sustainable Energy” priority research area of the BME Research University Program TAMOP-4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR-2010-0002

Hungarian Academy of Sciences Scientific Committee on Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Energy Engineering Scientific Committee on Energy

„Danube Universities” Partnership project between technical universities along the Danube in the subject area "Renewable energy and efficient use of energy„

Project V4 Green Energy Platform

HEE

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

ENGINEERING

ENERGETIKAI GÉPEK ÉS É

1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9. D 208. Telefon: +36 1 463 2613

Fax: +36 1 463 1762 www.energia.bme.hu

Sponsor and organizer

HEE

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