12-27, a study on conditional sentences

Look into Everything, Explore & Examine www.lieee.org Enjoy Teaching Journal (ETJ) ISSN: 2345 - 4962 www.etj.lieee.org Vol. 2, No. 1; EFL Special Issue, 2014, pp. 12- 27

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A Study on Conditional Sentences In Process of Translation from English into Persian and Vice Versa by Parivash Massafi, Fatemeh Aziz Mohammadi, Davood Madani and Shahram Afroghe

A Study on Conditional Sentences

In Process of Translation from English into Persian and Vice Versa

Parivash Massafi, MA in TEFL, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Arak,

Iran. Email: [email protected]

Fatemeh Aziz Mohammadi, Ph.D. in English Literature, Islamic Azad University, Science and

Research Branch, Arak, Iran

Davood Madani, Ph.D. in Linguistics, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch,

Khomein, Iran

&

Shahram Afroghe, Ph.D. in English Literature, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Arak, Iran

Article Information:

Article history :

Received 31, March, 2014 Accepted 16, May , 2014 Published 29, May, 2014

Abstract: Conditional sentence are used both in English and Persian, but the structures are different. The discrepancy of structures pose some difficulties in comprehension and hence in translation. The variations in structures adds to the problem. Inverted “if” clause and omitted elements are especially hard to understand and translate. English conditional sentences Type III are also difficult for Persian speakers.

The study trid to shed light on the situation of conditional sentences in process of translation from English into Persian and vice versa. So first of all conditional sentences in both languages were outlined. The next step was to compare and contrast two novels with their original texts (Persian Requiem by Simin Daneshvar, translated by Roxane Zand, 1991; and The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, translated by Najaf Daryabandari, 1373). The date extracted from the two translations were analyzed along with the study of conditional sentences in both languages. The findings were discussed and some remarks were made. It was evident that to comprehend and translate conditional sentences one should study purposefully the structures in both languages. Key words: conditional sentences, Persian, English, Translation, Comprehension

1. Introduction Conditional sentences occur both in Persian and English. “if learners have studied conditional sentences, when they come across them in reading English they generally don’t have problems of understanding (M. Parrot, 2001: 241), but it is difficult for some translators to convey them properly into Persian. Therefore, it is necessary for translators to study purposefully conditional sentences, find out the problematic areas and try to overcome the difficulties encountered in translating conditional sentences.

In this paper, English and Persian conditional sentences are first explained. Then some difficulties of Iranian in translating English conditional sentences are introduced. Finally, samples of conditional sentences in an English translation of a Persian novel (A Persian Requiem by Simin Daneshvar, translated by Roxane zand) and an English novel (the Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway) translated by Najaf Daryabandari are classified. Then results are discussed, followed by conclusion.

2. Review of Literature Many English grammar books devote a chapter or section on conditional sentences, but Persian grammar books contain, if any, short remarks on the subject. The same is true on Persian books on translation.

J. k. Sultan (2011) studied the most important problems that faced advanced Iraqi students of translation in rendering English conditional clauses. He concluded that most student participants of his study couldn’t understand English conditional clauses, hence gave non-conditional Arabic equivalents. “This indicated their unawareness of the conditions implied” (J. K. Sultan, 2011: 15).

N.T.N Hoa (2011) in a study of English- Vietnamese Translation of conditional sentences concluded that “it is not easy to translate conditional sentence clearly and pervasively….

The lack of equivalence in each own language, the lack of language competence, the lack of background and cultural knowledge from translators are same of the reasons for many difficulties in translation [of conditional sentences]” (p. 3-4).

M. Baghinipour (2005:69) described English conditional sentences Type 3 as the most difficult for Iranian translators.

According to Mohammad Abdollahi-guilani et al (2013: 83), English seems to employ more conditionals than Persian does. They noted that reverse conditional and the deletion of “if” with certain types suggesting high formality does not exist in Persian (Ibid).

3. Research questions 1. Do the type of English conditional sentences change in the process of translation from English into Persian? H1: The type of English conditional sentence change in the process of translation from English into Persian. 2. Do the type of Persian conditional sentence change in the process of translation from Persian into English?

H2: The type of Persian conditional Sentence change in the process of translation from Persian into English.

4. Methodology The style of this study is library research. First, English and Persian grammar books are consulted for information on conditional sentences. Meanwhile, the World Wide Web is searched for the articles on translating conditional sentences. The next step is to compare and contrast translations of two novels in English and Persian with their original texts. Findings from the first and second steps of the research are then analyzed and displayed in the present article. 4.1. Conditional Sentences 4.1.1. Conditional Sentence in English Conditional sentence present on event, typically in a clause beginning with if, as a condition for another event expressed in main clause. In real conditionals, the events happen, have happened or are likely to happen.

In unreal conditionals, the events have not happened, are not likey to happen or are imaginary (J. Yule, 2010: 184)

“if” clause is called apodosis while the subordinate clause is called protasis.

apodosisجملۀ شرط= protasis/ جزای شرط= جواب

بیش از این کار می کنم

I will do more

اگر بتوانم

If I can

Conditional sentences in English are usually

classified into 3 types. Apart from these, some grammarians like J. Yule (2010) and M. Frank (1972) introduced zero conditionals.

Times and tenses can be mixed in real and unreal conditionals. Many words and expressions can be used with a similar meaning to if. There are inversion structures in conditional sentences. If can be omitted from these sentences, and in some cases the words after it is left out.

- Factual or zero conditional Factual conditionals express a fixed connection that exists between two events now or always (J. Yule, 2010: 185). These real conditions are conditions that


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are possible to be realized (M. Frank, 1972: 31). They sometimes are called “zero conditional”. If the weather is good, I’ll go to the beach

بھ ساحل می روم. اگر ھوا خوب باشد، من معمولاIf the fruit feels soft, it’s ready to eat.

اگر میوه ای نرم شود، مادۀ خوردن است.Note that in each sentence if may be replaced

by when, or whenever. Usually the present tense is used in this

conditional clause. If will appears in this clause, it means be willing. If you will clear the table, I will wash the dishes.

کنی، من ظرف ھا را می شویم.اگر مایل باشی سفره را تمیز Should may also be found in factual

conditional clauses with the meaning of it happens that.

If he should call, tell him I’ll be right back. اگر یک وقتی او زنگ رد، بھ او بگو کھ الان بر می گردم.

Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences.

Generalizations include facts that are always true and never change, and they include present or past habitual activities that are or were usually true.

Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually simple present or simple past) in both clause.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts.

If water boils, it turns to steam If water boils, it will turn to steam.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities:

If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day. If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day. If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

Inferences are often expressed in real conditional sentences.

Real conditionals expressing inferences usually have parallel verb phrases in both clauses.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing inferences:

If today is Wednesday, it is George’s birthday. If I can do it, anyone can do it. If it is raining, the streets are getting wet. It he was at school, he saw the accident.

- Predicative or first conditional

J. Yule (2010: 184) calls the predicative conditional what usually is called the first conditional by others. In this clause, we express a likely connection between one event and another possible

event. The structure of this type of conditional is as follows:

If + present Will + infinitive

If we play tennis I’ll win

We don’t usually put will in if-clause unless

we are using the full emphatic form to mean “if you insist” or when it is a part of polite invitation or request.

It is possible to use to be going to instead of will. If we have find weather tomorrow, I’m going to

paint the windows. If you will eat so much, it’s not surprising you fell

it. کھ اگر ھمچنان روی پرخوری اصرار کنی، جای تعجب ندارد

مریض بشوی.If you will put off your doing homework, then of

course you’ll get bad marks. (Ibid) انجام بدھی، آن وقت اگر اصرار داشتھ باشید کھ تکالیفت را بعدا

مسلم است کھ نمرۀ بدی می گیری.If you’ll just follow me, I’ll take you to your

room. ید دنبالم بیایید، اتاقتان را بھ شما نشان می دھم.اگر مایل باش

If you’ll open the door, I’ll bring these in. اگر لطف کنید در را باز کنید، این ھا را می آورم داخل.

Would can be used to make a request even more polite.

If you would come this way, I’ll show your room.(M. Swan, 2009: 237) اگر لطف کنید و افتخارمان بدھید کھ از این مسیر بیایید، شما را

بھ اتاقتان راھنمایی می کنم.- Hypothetical or second conditional Hypothetical or second conditional is used to express a distant or unlikely connection between one imaginary event and another imaginary event. The structure is as follows:

If + past Would + infinitive

If we played tennis I would win

The most common modals is would, but we

also use the modals such as could and might. Hypothetical conditional is used to talk about

unreal situations- things that will probably not happen, situations that are untrue or imaginary, and similar ideas. In these cases, we use past tense and would to “distance” out language from reality (M. Swan, 2009: 234).


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What would you do if you lost your job? اگر بیکار شوی، چکار می کنی؟

If I knew her name, I would tell you. اگر اسمش را می دانستم، بھ تو می گفتم.

Such conditional are either impossible to realize or are not likely to be realized in the near future (M. Fran, 1972: 23). If you lived closed, we’d visit you more often. اگر خانھ ھایمان بھ ھم نزدیک بود، زود بھ زود بھ دیدنتان می

آمدیم.If I got the job, I’d move to London.

اگر کار پیدا می کردم، در لندن ساکن می شدم.We should be pretty perfectly happy if she had a car.

ل می شدیم.اگر او ماشین داشت، ما خیل خوشحاHypothetical conditional can make

suggestions sound less definite, and so more polite (M. Swan, 2009: 235). It would be nice if you helped me a bit with the homework. خوب می شد اگر کمی در انجام تکالیف بھ من کمک می کردید.

Would it be all right if I came round about seven tomorrow?

اشکالی ندارد اگر فردا حدود ساعت ھفت بیایم؟Where is used instead of was after if. The

grammatical terms for this use of were is “subjunctive” (Ibid). If I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling.

مام وقتم را صرف مسافرت می کردم.اگر پولدار بوم، تIf my nose were a little shorter, I’d be quite pretty.

اگر دماغم یک کم کوچک بود، خیلی خوشکل می شدم.We don’t usually put would in the if-clause

unless we are using it to express a desired outcome. If he would only behave himself, I’d take him with me. چھ می شد اگر اخلافش را درست می کرد کھ ا را با خودم

ببرم؟!If it would stop raining, we’d go.

چھ می شد اگر باران بند می آمد و ما می رفتیم/ می توانستیم برویم.

-Counterfactual or third conditional The third type of conditional is used to express an imaginary connection between one event that never happened and another event that also never happened (J. Yule, 2010). The structure is:

If + past perfect Would have+ past participate

If we had played tennis I would have won.

Counterfactual conditional is used to talk about past situations that did not happen (M. Swan, 2009: 236). If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.

اگر سخت مطالعھ می کردی، امتحانت را می گذراندی.We sometimes use this structure to talk about

present and future situations which are no longer possible because the way the things have turned out. It would have been nice to go to Australia this winter, but there’s no way we can do it. خوب می شد اگر می توانستیم این زمستان بھ استرالیا برویم، اما

ھیچ راھی ندارد.It is also possible to use “it would be nice….” If my mother hadn’t knocked my father off his bicycle thirty years ago, I wouldn’t have been here now. اگر پدرم سی سال پیش مادرم را از دوچرخھ نینداختھ بود، الان

من این جا نبودم.- Mixed conditionals Times and tenses can be mixed in real and unreal conditionals. “mixed conditionals are more common in American English” (M. Swan, 2009: 240).

In factual conditional, we sometimes use a mixture of past and present teses in the clauses. If you saw the film, you know how it ends.

اگر این فیلم را دیده باشی، می دانی کھ آخرش چھ می شود.If they don’t understand what to do, they probably weren’t listening earlier.

[بھ اگر آ ن ھا نمی دانند چکار کنند، شاید دلیلش این باشد کھ قبلا حرفھایت] گوش نکرده بودند.

In predicative conditionals, we sometimes use the past simple or present perfect. If you studied for the test, you won’t have any problem. If they’ve finished already, we’ll give them something else to do (J. Yule, 2010: 188).

-Mixed unreal conditionals A conditional clause containing a past unreal form may be combined with a main clause containing a present unreal form. If the boy had listened to his parents last year, he wouldn’t be in trouble now.

He would be studying at the university now it his father hadn’t lost all his money. (M. Frank, 1972: 37)

In hypothetical conditionals, instead of connecting an imaginary event to a possible present or future event using would, we can connect past event with would have. If we were rich, we would have offered to help those poor people who are suffering.


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In counterfactual conditionals, instead of connecting an imaginary past event to another past event using would have, we can connect it to a present event or situation using would. If your parents hadn’t met, you wouldn’t be sitting here now (J. Yule, 2010: 188). - Emphatic “if” Only if and if only are used to emphasize a special condition. The phrase if and only if is more emphatic. He’ll come only if he’s ordered to.

فقط و فقط در صورتی می آید کھ بھ او دستور بدھند.

-Other words with the same meaning Many words and expressions can be used with a similar meaning to if, and often with similar structures, including unless, whether (or not), imagine (that), suppose (that), supposing (that), providing (that), provided (that), as/ so long as. -unless Unless is used to say “expect under the following circumstance” or “except if”. It is used to draw attention to the condition as an exception and sometimes means the same as if… not. He won’t come unless you ask him. او نخواھد آمد، مگر این کار را از او بخواھی (اگر از او

نخواھی کھ بیاید، او نمی آید).Unless there’s a miracle, I’ll have to ask for extra time to complete my report. مجبورم برای تکمیل گزارشم درخواست فرصت اضافی کنم،

مگر این کھ معجزه ای اتفاق بیفتد.

-Whether (or not) We can use whether instead of if when there are options. We can use whether or not when one of the options are negative of the other. Whether we win or lose, we always enjoy playing.

از بازی لذت می بریم. چھ ببریم و چھ ببازیم، ما معمولاI love soup, whether it’s hot or cold.

سوپ دوست دارم، چھ داغ و چھ سرد.They are going to send relief supplies, whether or not the fighting has ended. آن ھا تجھیزات کمک رسانی را می فرستند، خواه جنگ تمام

شده یا نشده باشد.Supposing that you’d missed the train, what would you have done?

اگر/ در صورتی کھ بھ قطار نمی رسیدی، چھ کار می کردی؟You can borrow my bike providing/ provided you bring it back. می توانی دوچرخھ ام را قرض بگیری، اما در صورتی کھ آن

را بر گردانی.

-Inversion structures In formal and literary styles, if or unless can be dropped and auxiliary verbs put before the subject.

This happens mostly with were, had, and should (M. Swan, 2009: 238). -First conditional If you should feel hungry, …. Should you feel hungry,…. -Second conditional If she were here, …. Were she here, ….. If you were to shoot, …. Were you to shoot, … - Third conditional If he had written, …. Had he written, …. If we had known about this sooner, we could have helped you. Had we know about … -Leaving out “if” If is sometimes left out at the beginning of a sentence in conversational style, especially when the speaker is making conditions or threats. You want to get in, you pay like everybody else. اگر می خواھی بیایی داخلی، مانند ھرکس دیگری باید پول

بدھی.You touch me again, I’ll kick your teeth in. اگر یک بار دیگھ بھ من دست بزنی، دندوناتو خرد می کنم.

-Leaving out words after “if” It is possible to leave out subject+ after if. Some common fixed expressions have been created in this way, as if any, if anything, if ever, and if in doubt. I’ll work late tonight if necessary. (=…. If it is necessary)

در صورت لزوم، امشب تا دیروقت کار خواھم کرد.If in doubt, ask for help. (=if you are in doubt,…)

اگر شک داشتی، از کسی کمک بگیر.If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good night’s sleep. اگر قرار باشد بھ سفر دور و درازی بروی، سعی کن شب خوب

بخوابی.4.1.2. Persian conditional sentences - The aims of conditional sentences Conditional sentences in Persian are aimed for expressing (1) an impossible act, (2) probability, and (3) mere condition or simple assumption. T. Vahidiyan-Kamyar (1985: 44-5) suggested three aims:

1. an impossible or hypothetical act اگر امسال گندم می کاشت، محصول خوبی بر می داشت.

اگر پشت گوشت را دیدی، فلان چیز را ھم خواھی دید.


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رده بود.اگر جای پول ھا را می دانست، تا حالا آن ھا را ب2.a probable act

اگر کتاب ھا را آوره بود، تحویل بگیر کتاب تو را آورده اگر تا این جا آمده، حتما

اگر وقت آن رسیده کھ حقیقت را آشکار کنیم، دیگر تاخیر را جایز نمی دانیم.

3. simple condition مرقوم اگر چنانچھ در باب شرح حال وی اطلاعاتی دارید لطفا

ایید.فرم

-Agar (If) and its synonyms Usually agar (If) is used in conditional clauses, but its synonyms like chenanche, har gah, dar surati ke, dar hali ke, be sharti ke, be shart-e inke, mashraut bar inke, va agar na, va ella, vaghti ke, zamani ke, har vaght, etc can also be used.

-The place of main and subordinate clauses The main clause is usually comes after the subordinate clause in Persian conditional sentences. The structure is more emphatic. عجبی نیست اگر تکلیف آنکھ مفھوم روشن فکری بھ او اطلاق

نیز معلوم نباشد. می شود(T. Vaghidiyan- Kamkar 1985;44)

-Verb forms in conditional sentences In Modern Persian, verb paradigms in conditionals, whether main or subordinate clauses, have n exclusive form. In subordinate clauses usually subjunctive and declarative moods; while in main clause, the mood is always declarative or imperative.

Main clause Subordinate clause

اگر دیر آمدم شیر آمدم

Declarative Declarative

اگر ببینی در می یابی

Declarative subjunctive

اگر او را دیدی سلام مرا برسان

imperative Declarative

اگر او را ببینی از من حرفی نزن

Imperative Subjunctive

(P. Natel-Khanlari 1973: 147-50)

-Conditional mood In contemporary Persian, there is no special mood for conditional sentences, unlike English and French, Declarative, subjunctive and imperative moods are used in Persian conditional structures. For further information, see section on “verb forms in conditional sentences”. -The word order in conditional sentences Although agar and its synonyms are used at the beginning of subordinate clauses, it can occur inside protasis. This device usually is for emphasis. اگر امروز فرصت بکنم، بھ او نامھ ای می نویسم= امروز اگر

فرصت کنم.../ امروز فرصت اگر بکنم...

- Leaving out agar Agar is sometimes omitted from the sentence, especially in spoken Persian.

طاعت او دست ندھد، گنھی باید کرد در دل دوست بھ ھر حیلھ رھی باید کرد

(Neshat of Isfahan) رد. دنیا را آب ببرد، او را خواب می ب

رد. لالایی بلدی، چرا خوابت نمی ب نخورده ایم نون گندم، دیدم دست مردم.

یار اھل باشد، کار سھل است.(if God be for us, who can be against us)

گوش عزیر است، گوشواره ھم عزیز است.

-More emphatic conditionals Agar is combined with other words to make the meaning more emphatic. These include agar chun, agar che, che agar, varche (=var agar che), agar ke, agar niz, agar chenanke/ chenanche, agar chand. (K. Dabirsiyaghi, 1988: 113-8; G. Sadri-Afshar, et al 2011; A. Shafai, 1984: 541-50).

-So much the better The conditional structures are sometimes so formal that the phrases meaning ‘so much the better” such as che behtar, fabeh al- morad/ matlub ar omitted. At the end of apodosis you should always use words like agar na and va ella.

اگر تو ھم بیایی، چھ بھترIt would be so much the better if you can come too. (the example from M. Aryanpur- Kashani, 2003: III: 2388). برو این پادشاه را بگوی کھ اگر بگذری و بروی [چھ بھتر/

و لشکر تو را در فبھالامراد]؛ والا ھمین ساعت فرو می آیم و ترا زمین پی بسپرم.

(the example from Loghat Name-ye Farsi 2000: 3221).


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-Other meanings of agar Abol-Hasan Najafi (1999) gives a full account of the definition of agar in his "A Dictionary of Colloqual Persian" listing the sense as: 1.possibly, by any chance, it is possible that

اگر جان بھ جانش کنند، حمال است.اگر چشمش آب بیاورد... اگر تخم چشمش بترکد ... بھ خانھ بر

نمی گردم.2. (in oath taking) denial or negation خدا بھ سر شاھد است اگر من با کرم علی ساخت و پاخت داشتھ

ت کھ من با کرم علی ساخت و پاخت باشم (= خدا بھ سر شاھد اس ندارم).

بھ این سوی چرخ اگر ما بودیم (= ما این کار را نکرده ایم)، بھ ارواج پدرم اگریک گلولھ از تفنگم شلیک شد.

3. (before declarative past simple, either warning or threatening)

خواھم گفت) اگر نگفتم! (=مسلمانھ اش گذاشتم! (= ھرگز پایم را توی خانھ اگر پایم را توی خا

اش نخواھم گذاشت).4. (before declarative pas simple, betting for persuation, encouraging or challenging)

اگر گفتی کی می خواھد امشب بیاید. اگر از این بالا پریدی پایین.

5. Wishing, I wish, if only… دی و می دیدی)اگر می دیدی! (=کاش بو

شوھرش را اگر بدانی چھ قدر بد اخلاق است!... دور از جان مثل سگ می ماند.

K. Dabir-Siyaghi (1988: 105-121) describes the meanings of agar based on Persian classic texts as follows: 1. for clarification; despite the fact that, no matter whether 2. (after oath taking) negative emphasis 3. reminding 4. blaming and reproaching 5. verficiation, ascertaining, acknowledging as true 6. doubt 7. whether …. Or 8. if only…., wishing for, I wish 9. or 10. and 11. when 12. ke, introducing a relative clause 13. aya, yes-no question marker

If agar is used in a sentence containing an oath, it is not a conditional structure, but the sentence is negative.

بخدا اگر برود و کمک کند.It means he will certainly not go and help.

-If …. but When area che and its sysnonyms like gar che and har chand (ke) are used in a subordinate clause, sometime the main clause begins with vali and its sysnonyms like amma, ba in hame, ma’a haza, ma’a zalek, laken, liken, and valiken

اگر چھ ثروتمند است، ولی خوش بخت نیست. گرچھ زنده رود آب حیات است.

ولی شر از ما از اصفھان بھ(Hafiz)

This usage is objected by some literary men (see also Abul-Hasan Najadi, 1370: 35-6).

5. The data Translations of the two Persian and English novels are compared and contrasted with their originals. One is the Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and the other is Persian Requiem by Simin Daneshvar. Both translators, Najaf Daryabandari and Roxane Zand are very able and learned. Examples of conditional sentence are extracted from the novels and classified.

5.1. Persian- English اما وای اگر مادر جارو کند، مادر آسمان را پاک می روبد و تمام ستاره ھا و ماه را جمع می کند تو گونی می ریزد و سرگونی را

می دوزد و گونی را می گذارد تو گنجھ و در گنجھ را قفل می کند.But alas, if mother sweeps, she polishes the

key clean and gathers up all the stars and the moon and puts them in a sack.

)R. Zand 1991: 10؛ ١٣٨٠: ١۵(سیمین دانشور اگر این باران نبارد، عزا می گیرد، آن ھم نھ عزای خودش را.

)٧و ۶خط ٢٣عزای دھاتیھا و گوسفندھا را. (ص And if it doesn’t rain be gets really upset; not for himself, of course, but for the peasants and their sheep.

(page 18, line 11) سرشب حرفھایی بھ مک ماھون زدم کھ اگر بھ گوش «ادامھ داد:

»زینگر برسد حسابم پاک استEarly this evening I said some things to McMohan, and if ever Singer gets to hear about them I’m alone for.

)page: 12, line: 34خط ( و ١٢(ص )R. Zand 1991: 12؛ ١٣٨٠ ١٨(سیمین دانشور:

اگر دستھ کلید نباشد آنھا شبھا خواب بھ چشمشان نمی آید.If they don’t have the keys, they don’t sleep a wink.

);R. Zand 1991: 10 ١٣٨٠: ١۵(سیمین دانشور برای من خوب است بلھ یوسف، تو درستی گفتی، اگر استقلال

برای تو ھم خوب است.Yes, Yusef, you were right, if independence is good for me, it’s good for you too.


19


);R. Zand 1991: 10 ١٣٨٠: ١۴(سیمین دانشور یا اگر دو تا درخت مناسب گیر آورند بھ درخت می بندند و تاب

)۶، خط ١١٩می خورند ... ص Or if they find suitable trees, they make a swing. (page 109, line 35)

١٢٨پسر پدرم نیستم اگر سحر را از چنگشان در نیاورم. (ص )٢٢و خط

I’m not my father’s son if I don’t get Sahar out of their clutches. (page 119, line 1)

ت، در ھمان وقت کھ می ترسی کاری را بکنی، اگر حق با تس )١٣و خط ١٣١عین ترس آن کار را بکن (ص

Whenever you’re afraid to do something, if you feel youre in the right, then do it even if you’re frightened.

(page 121, line 7) اگر نخ را درست رو بھ چشمھ سوزن بگیری و چشم و چارت ھم

و خط ١۴١ن را نخ می کنی. (ص درست بینید، ھمان بار اول، سوز۵(

If you aim the thread exactly at the needle’s eye and your vision is good, then you get it right the first time. (page 130, line 5) اما اگر چشمھایت مثل چشمھای من کورمکوری بود، ھی باید

نی و بھ جایی کھ خیال نخ را با آب دھن تر کنی و با دندان باریک ک )۶و خط ١۴١می کنی چشمۀ سوزن است نزدیک کنی. (ص

But if your eyes are like mine, on the blind side, you have to keep wetting the thread in your mouth, and guessing at the eye. (page 130, line 7)

بھ من بدھید. (ص گفتم: خانم عزت الدولھ اگر خبر درستی دارید )١٨و خط ٢۵۵

Khanom Ezzat-ud-Dowleh, if you have any specific information please tell me. (page 233, line 21)

بھ من حق می دھید اگر خبر حادثھ را چاپ «آھستھ گفت: )١٧و خط ٢٩٠(ص ». نکنم

I hope you understand my position if I don’t print news of the event. (page 263, line 17)

In no such fish if you are still strong as say? (page 25, line 18) اگر تو ھنوز ھم ھمانقدر پر زور باشی کھ می گویی، چنین ماھی بزرگی کھ تو از پس اش بر نیایی وجود نخواھد داشت. (ص

)١٧و خط ٢۶ برای او لاد اینجا آمده اید، بھتر اگر شما با کتان نیست و مثلا

)١٨و خط ١١٠است بگذارید برای سر فرصت (ص If there’s nothing wrong with you and you’re here only for pregnancy, I suggest you leave it for another time. (page 101, line 28)

اگر این کار را نکنیم، نانھا را ازمان «طبق کش او می گفت: )١٠و خط ٣٢(ص » قاپند.می

If we don’t do this, the first porter explained, some one may snatch the bread from us. (page 26, line 34)

)١۴و خط ١٢٠اگر صبارتی شده عذر می خواھم ... (ص If I have given offence, please forgive me, I apologize… (page 111, line 15)

Type I )١۵و خط ٢٩٨اگر نکنید پروانھ کسبتان را لغو می کنند. (ص

If you don’t, your trading licenses will be revoked. (page 270, line 20) خانم زھرا، اگر یک روز ھم از سرم باقی باشد، انتقام خودم را

)١٨و خط ٢٨٩ازشان می گیرم. (ص Khanom Zahra, if I have just one day left to live, I’ll take my revenge. (page 262, line 20) اگر بلد چی خان آمده باشد، الان کھ راه بیفتیم خروسخوان می

)٢٢و خط ٢٧٠رسیم... (ص If the khan’s guide has arrived, we’ll be there by the cake’s crowing… as soon as we arrive they’ll start beating on the drain and the kettle drams.” (pae 246, line 35) اگر این طفلک روی دستم بمیرد چھ خاکی بھ سرم کنم ... (ص

)٢١و خط ١۴٩What’ll I do if this poor child dies on my hands. (page 137, line 17)

ببین، اگر پسر خوبی بشوی، از فردا وا می دارم، «زری گفت: )٨و خط ١۴۶(ص » ھ تو درس بدھد.خسروخان ب

If you’re boy, I’ll ask Khosrow to give you lessons from tomorrow. (page 134, line 10)

و خط ١٢٨اگر حاکم راھم نداد، سعی می کنم گریھ نکنم. (ص ٢٥(

If the Governer refuses to see me, I’ll do my best not to get upset. (page 119, line 4) برخورد حاکم کاغذ می نویسم اگر جواب نداد، خودم می روم

)٢٣و خط ٢٨پیشش. (ص First I’ll write a letter to the Governer himself and if he doesn’t answer, I’ll go to see him. (page 119, line 2)

و خط ١١٨قول بده، اگر صحیح و سالم بودند شلقاق نکنی. (ص ١٣(

“Promise me you won’t make a fuss if they’re all right,” Zari pleaded. (page 109, line 8) می رویم دم در اطاقک پاسگاه، اگر صدای بچھ ھا را شنیدیم می

)١١و خط ١١٨رویم تو. (ص If we hear the boys’ voices we’ll go in. (page 109, line 5)

ن جا می نشینم، اگر پسرم را تو برو، من ھمی«زری گفت: )٢۵و خط ١١٧(ص ». نیاوردی، ھمین جا می میرم

“you go on,” Zari replied. “I’ll sit right here. If you don’t bring Khosrow back with you, I’ll die on this very spot. (page 108, line 25)

اگر ھم ندھیم خودشان بزور می ستانند.And if we don’t give them what they want, they’ll take it by force.

)١٣٨٠R. Zand 1991: 11: ١۶(سیمین دانشور ثواب می کند، اگر نتواند دنیایش را بخرد، آخرتش را کھ خریده

)٩و خط ٢٣(ص If he can’t ensure his lot in this world, he will at least have his salvation hereafter. (page 18, line 15, 16)


20


و خط ٢٩اگر با محبت غنچھ ھا را آب دادی باز می شوند. (ص ١٠(

If you water them, they’ll open. (page 24, line 10) و خط ٢٩اگر نفرت ورزیدی غنچھ ھا پلاسیده می شوند. (ص

١١( If you feed them with hearted, they’ll wither. (page 24, line 10)

-Present tense and car or most یعنی آدم اگر نتواند در برابر سیل و صاعقھ و سیلی زندگی آن جور فریاد را بزند دلش سوراخ می شود و آن وقت آدمھایی کھ دلشان سوراخ سوراخ شده، بھ جان ھا می افتند و ھمدیگر را در سر

)١۴و خط ٢۵۴داغون می کنند و بعد می روند زندان. (ص You see, if a person can’t let out a certain kind of screen when they’re hit with the flood, the thunderbolt, or the thrashing of life, their heart is punctured inside and then all those people with raddled hearts go for each other’s throats trying to destroy one another until they’re sent off to prison. (page 232, line 16)

آدم زنده، اگر فھمید اشاره کرده، اشتباه خودش را جبران می «کند ... اما حالا موقع محاکمۀ ملک سھراب نیست و شما ھم قاضی

)١١و خط ٢٩٣(ص ». نیستندIf a person knowingly makes a mistake, he can try to make up for it. (page 256, line 34)

٢٨۵کوھھا را جا بھ جا کند. (ص آدمیزاد می تواند اگر بخواھد )٢١و خط

A human can if her so desires, move mountains. (page 259, line 24)

اگر تقاص در ھمین دنیا باشد، باید تقاض آن کشت و کشتار را « )٧و خط ٢٩٣(ص ...» پس بدھد

If there’s such a thing as penance in this life, then he must pay for all that killing.. (page 256, line 27)

اگر ھم فتومی و امثالش نتوانند، لااقل امکان «پدر جواب داد: )١٨و خط ١٢۶(ص » تجربۀ عظیمی بھ مردم می دھند.

If Fotochi and others like him can’t, Yusef answerd. “at least they’ve offered out people the opportunity of sharing on important experience”. (page 117, line 6) اگر آقای فتوحی اینجا بود، دستش را بھ طرف عمویم دراز می

)٨و خط ٣۵کرد و می گفت: مرد چنین باید! (ص If Mr. Fotouhi, out teacher, were here, he would shake uncle’s hand, and call him a real man. (page 29, line 29) اگر حاج آقا عقل داشت الانھ کرور کرور ثروت داشتیم. (ص

)۵و ۴و خط ٢۵If out Haj Agha had had a brain in his head, we would be rolling in money today. (page 20, line 4) زری می دانست کھ اگر یوسف راستش را بگوید، این رشتھ سر

زودی ھیچ کدام را رھا نخواھند کرد. دراز پیدا می کند و بھ این )١٨و خط ١١٩(ص

Zari knew that if Yusef told the truth, there would be no end to the matter, and none of them would be allowed to leave. (page 110, line 17) اگر من بخواھم ایستادگی کنم، اول از ھمھ باید جلو تو بایستم و

)١٩و خط ١٢٩ت چھ جنگ اعصابی راه می افتد! (ص آن وقIf I wanted to stand firm and put my foot down, I’d have to do it right with you first, and then what kind of battle of wills would we have at home? (page 119, line 30)

درست و ش بدھم یک دعوایی دیگر کمزری اندیشید: اگر ک )٢۶و خط ١٢٩حسابی در پیش خواھیم داشت. (ص

Zari thought silently that if she carried on any longer, they would have a real quarrel on their heads. (page 119, line 39) اگر با یک کشمش کرمیش می شد شربت تمر ھندی بھ نافش می

)۵و خط ١٣۶بست. (ص If a single raisin proved too sweet for Zari, Ameh would ply her with tamarind sherbet. (page 125, line 3)

اگر یک ذره شعور داشتند، ھمھ شان کنار می «یوسف گفت: » آورد اینجا. رفتند، و سحر دختر را صحیح و سالم یک راست می

)١٢و خط ١۴٣(ص If there was an ounce of brain in their heads, “Yusef said”, “they would all go away and let Sahar bring the girl safe and sound back, here.” (page 131, line 35) می دانست اگر بگوید یوسف بھ فرزندی قبولش کرده است، یک

نکند «و اینکھ » گرگس«ساعت سخنرانی دربارۀ عیوب فرزند )٢و خط ١۵١خواھد شنید. (ص » فرزندی.

Zari knew if she said anything about Yusef adopting kolu she would receive a one-hour lecture on how another man’s son will never behave as one’s own. (page 138, line 18)

و ٢۶٧گفتم اگر بیدار بماند تا صبح نمی تواند دوام بیاورد. (ص )١٢خط

I said if she stayed awake she wouldn’t last till the morning. (page 243, line 36) اگر این یکی ھم بھ جنون متمش می کرد دیگر حسابش پاک بود.

)٢٠و خط ٢٨٠(ص If this woman accused her of madness too then she would be done for. (page 255, line 18)

ک چادر نماز سر می کردم و از در عقب اگر جای شما بودم ی« )١۵و خط ٢٩٣(ص » بھ کوه می زدم....

If I were you I’d put on a chador and make a get away to the mountains through the back door of this garden. (page 265, line 38)

If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble, he said. (page 7, line 19)

اگر تو پسر من بودی می بردمت، و شانسم را «سپس گفت: )١۴و خط ٧(ص » امتحان می کردم.


21


-Past tenses اگر با یک غوره سردیش می شد نبات داغ بھ حلقش می کرد اما از وقتی عمھ خانم تصمیم بھ مھاجرت گرفتھ بود، از دل و دماغ

و ١٣۶بچھ ھا را نداشت. (ص افتاده بود و حوصلھ ھیچ کس حتی )۶خط

If one sour grape was too acid, she made hot syrups for her. (page 125, line 5)

٣۴(ص ». اگر توانست جنگ کن دیگر«زینگر بخشونت گفت: )٢۴و خط

Then why did you not fight, if you were able? (page 29, line 12)

ایی وجود داشتھ، برای یک بار ھم کھ در عمر درازش، اگر خد )١۴و خط ٢٨۴شده، خود را بھ او نشان داده ... (ص

If there was a God, he had shown himself for once to this man in the course of his long life. (page 258, line 25)

نشنوم تو از این حرفھا بزنی، اگر مضطرب بوده ای، حتی اگر « )۵و خط ٢٨۵(ص ». گفتھ ای، حق داشتھ ایپرت

If you were distressed or even delirious, it was perfectly natural. (page 259, line 6) اگر یوسف پسر سوگلویش بود بھ ھمین علت بودکھ خلق و خوی

)٢و خط ٢۵خودش را داشت. (ص If Yusef was his favourite, it was because they had a similar temperament and believed in the same thing. (page 19, line 39) And if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them. (apge 37, line 20) و اگر اعمالی خشن و پلید از وی سرزند بدان سبب است کھ

دست خودش نیست.اگر من سر قضیۀ سحر درو نمی «گفت: زری آرام و ماردانھ

)٢٣و خط ١٢۶(ص ». گفتم، بھ دستور عمویت بود“If I lied about Sahar,” Zari said in a claim and motherly tone, “it was on your uncle’s order”. (page 117, line 13) اگر خان کاکا جواب مساعد نمی داد، خودش بھ در خانھ خانم

می رفت و بھ التماس دکتر را بھ بالین بیمار می کشانید. مسیعادم )١و خط ١۵٠(ص

Zari resolved to go back to Khanom Massihadem’s herself and beg the doctor to attend to their patient if Abol- Ghassem Khan was unable to help. (page 137, line 24)

-Would and Would

بی بی ھمدم، اگر شما دم بھ «ارۀ ملک سھراب می گفت: زن بیچ بھ فکرش نمی افتیم و زندگی دم سرکوفت نزنید، خودمان اصلا

خوش خودمان را خراب نمی کنیم و قصۀ یک زنی را ھم گفت کھ )١۴و خط ٢۵٨(ص ...» اولادش نمی شده

Bibi Hamdam, if you wouldn’t plague us about having children every minute, we wouldn’t worry about it ourselves and ruin our happy life together. And she’d told the story of another barren woman. (page 236, line 3)

اگر عقل داشت ترا بھ آدم بی کلھ ای مثل پسر میرزا میور تو مجبور شوھر نمی داد کھ دستی دستی خودش را بھ کشتن بدھد و

)٨و ٧و ۶و خط ٢۵(ص ....» بھ کلفتی در خانۀ If he had had brains at all he wouldn’t have married you off to that imbecile, Mirza Miyur’s son, who got himself killed on purpose, and you wouldn’t have ended up as a servant in the house of … (page 20, line 7) اگر نشستھ بودی و ھمان ایرلند فقیر و بیچاره ات را درست و راست کرده بودی، آزاد کرده بودی، این ھمھ قربانی برای مھاجرت

نمی دادی.If you has stayed to help put right and free your own poor, blighted Ireland you wouldn’t have to pay so derly for that move.

);R. Zand 1991: 9 ١٣٨٠: ١٣(سیمین دانشور صدای پایشان را می شنید. اگر پسرھارو بھ خانھ می آمدند حتما

)٩و خط ١١۶(ص If they boys were heading home, she would easily have heard their footsteps. (page 107, line 5)

(ص ». می زدید اگر بھ شما می گفتیم رأیمان را«ھرمز گفت: )۵و خط ١٢٣

“But if we told you, you would’ve tried to stop us.” Said Hormoz. (page 114, line 7) اما جان دلم، اگر ھمان اول شب حقیقت را بھ من گفتھ بودی، این

)٣و خط ١٣١ھمھ آزارت نمی دادیم. (ص But my love, if only you’d told me the truth right away, we wouldn’t have gone on at you like this (page 120, line 34) اگر تو حرف میمون را نزده بودی، من صد سال بھ فکر میمون

)٨و خط ٢۵٩نمی افتادم. (ص If you hadn’t mentioned monkeys, I would never have thought of them in a hundred years. But now that you have … (page 236, line 28) اگر غلام بھ در اتاق خواب نمی زد و خبر ورود دکتر عبدالھ

)١و خط ٢٨٣خان را نمی داد، زری عق زده بود. (ص If Gholam hadn’t knocked on the bedroom door just then to announce Dr Abdullah Khan, Zari would her vomited. (page 257, line 16) دست از جان شستھ بود و در چنان حالی بود کھ اگر یک تفنگ دستش می دادند و طرز استفاده از آن را بلد بود شاید تیر در می

)٢٠و خط ٢٩۴کرد. (ص She felt completely reckless, and in such a state that, if someone had handed her a gun which she knew to use, she would have been prepared to shoot. (page 267, line 1) آدم اگر گوشوراه ھایش را از دست نداده بود می توانست سیر

تماشا کند.If she hadn’t lost her earnings, thought Zari, it would have been possible to sit back and enjoy the show.

);R. Zand 1991: 7 ١٣٨٠: ١٠(سیمین دانشور

-Mixed conditionals


22


-Past tense and could وقتی این ھمھ آدم راه افتاد، اگر کسی بھ آشوب تحریکشان کرد،

کی دیگر می تواند جلوشان را بگیرد؟When this many people take to the streets, if someone leads them on to rioting, who could possibly stop the tide them? (page 264, line 26) اگر عمھ خانم نبود من تنھا نمی توانستم باغ بھ این بزرگی را

)١٠و خط ٢۵اداره کنم. (ص If it weren’t for her, I could never manage such a large place by myself. (page 20, line 12)

-Present tense and would I’d like to buy some if there’s any place they sell it, he said. (page 193, line 1)

اگر جایی باشد کھ بخت بفروشد دلم می خواھد «پیر مرد گفت: )١و خط ١٩۴(ص ». کمی بخرم

-Present tense and should

فتوحی اگر راست می گوید، بھ خواھر بدبختش برسد کھ در «او بیاید و بھ باغ صد و دیوانھ خانھ، چشم بھ در دوختھ و منتظر است

)١١و خط ١٢۶(ص » بیست و چھار ھزارمتری ببردش.If Fotouhi is at all sincere, he should look after his pathetic sister at the insane asylum, who’s glued to the window, waiting for him to come and take her to some imaginary garden!” (page 116, line 37)

-Past perfect and would

)١۴و خط ١٢٢اگر تو اینجا بودی جرأت نمی کردند؟ (ص Would they do something like that if you had been here? (page 113, line 17)

Past tense and would+ be+ ing form

م می خوب، اگر من آنجا بودم حالا گردو دزدیده بودم می نشست« )١٩و خط ١۴۶(ص ». شکستم

If I was there now, I’d have pinched a few walnuts and I’d be cracking them and eating them.” (page 134, line 27)

-“If” for threatening وای بھ حالشان اگر یک مو از سر بچھ ھا کم شده باشد. (ص

)١٢و خط ١١٨God help them if there’s so much as a scratch on either one on the boys!” (page 109, line 6)

-If only

)٩و خط ٣۵اگر عمویم را می دید.... (ص If only he could see my uncle now! (page 29, line 31)

)٢١و خط ٢٨٢اگز بدانید چھ چیزھا می گفت... (ص If you only knew the kinds of things he said … (page 257, line 8)

-“When” instead of “if” “When” can sometimes be used instead of “if”. گفتی در افسانھ ھای شما درختی آمده کھ اگر برگش را خشک کنند و مثل سرمھ بھ چشم بکشند نامرئی می شوند و آن وقت بھ ھر

کاری قادرند.You said that in your folklore they talk of a tree whose leaves, when dried and put on the eyes, make you invisible, allowing you to do whatever you want.

);R. Zand 1991: 10 ١٣٨٠: ١۴(سیمین دانشور

Translating conditionals to non- conditionals Some Persian conditional sentences are translated into non- conditional ones by Roxane Zand. To explain this technique, it is necessary to investigated deeply he structure of these sentences.

اگر من چھارده سال با او زندگی می «زری آھی کشید و گفت: و ٢٩٢(ص » کردم، می دانم کھ ھمیشھ از شجاعت ... از حق...

)١٠خط “I lived with him for fourteen years,” Zari said with a sigh. ‘I know that he always spoke of courage … of justice… (page 264, line 38)

اگر این خبر خوشحالت می کند، پس خوشحال بشو، پریروز « )٧و خط ٢٨۶(ص ». خانم مسیحادم از دارالمجانین مرخص شد

Here is some news that will make you happy. Take heart the day before yesterday, Khanom Massihadem was discharged from the asylum. (page 259, line 39) خدیجھ را فرستاد از ھمسایھ ھا، بادبزن قرض کند و بھ خانھ

. مھری سر بزند، اگر دستھ کلید دست بچھ ھاست، بگیرد و بیاورد )۵و خط ٢٧٩(ص

She sent Khadijeh to borrow fans from the neighbours, and then to fetch her keychain from the children at Mehri’s. (page 253, line 35) اگر راست می گوی یک نک پا بیا پایین، از این آشی کھ برای

و ٢۶۶ (ص» جماعت پختھ ای بچش ... ای بھ گور پدر قرمساق... )٢۴خط

Why don’t you step down here for a second, taste your own broth which you’ve been giving our folks…. I spite on the bloody… (page 243, line 15) بفرستدش ده، چھ نذر کرد کھ اگر کلوجان سالم بدر برد، فورا

)٢٢ و خط ١۴٩یوسف خوشش بیاید چھ بدش بیاید. (ص And she vowed to send Kolu back to the village as soon as he recovered, whether Yusef liked it or not. (page 137, line 18)

)٢۶و خط ١٢٨اگر گذاشتم دیگر کسی اشک مرا ببیند! (ص No one’s ever going to se me cry again. (page 112, line 5)

ر من صاحب گوسفندھا ھستم کھ حلالت کرده فریاد زدم: مرد، اگ )۵و خط ١١٣ام. (ص

But I’m the owner of the sheep and I forgive you, man, I said. (page 104, line 4) کدخدا دخالت کرد کھ اگر راست می گویی قسم حضرت عباس

)٢٢و خط ١٢بخور. (ص


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The headman then told him to take an oath, and swear by the holy prophet Hazrate Abbbas that he was telling the truth. (page 103, line 30) ھرچند می دانست اگر می شد پشت گوشش را ببیند روی

)١و خط ٨گوشاره ھا را ھم خواھد دید. (ص In her heart she knew that the likelihood of

ever seeing those earnings again was very remote indeed. Describe a person who had the greatest influence on your childhood.

و خط ٢۴اگر سر ھم برود اھل دروغ و دونک نیستم. (ص ١۴(

I won’t lie to save my skin. (page 19, line 21) قصد زینگر بھ او گفتھ بود کھ اگر دختری چرخ خیاطی سینگر

داشتھ باشد، دیگر بھ ھیچ چیز احتیاج ندارد. جھیزیھMr Singer had told her that all a young woman needed for her dowry was a singer sewing machine.

);R. Zand 1991: 3 ١٣٨٠: ٧(سیمین دانشور بھ خدا اگر تمام داروھای دنیا را تو این دھات بریزند درد این

)٢٣و خط ٢٢شود. (ص دھاتیھا دوا نمی God alone knows that all the medicine in the world won’t cure our peasants. (page 17, line 33) اگر از حالا دلت بھ محبت انس گرفت، بزرگ ھم کھ شدی آماده

٩و خط ٢٩دوست داشتن چیزھای خوب و زیبای دنیا ھستی. (ص )١٠و

Learn to love now, and then when you grown up you’ll be ready to love what’s good and beautiful in the world. (page 24, line 7) آنقدر علامتھای جور واجور رنگارنگ روی نقشھ گذاشتھ بودند

و ٣۴شد. (ص کھ اگر آدم علامتھا را ھم می شناخت باز گیج می )١٢خط

There were enough multi- coloured markers stuck on it to confuse even the expert. (page 28, line 29) 4.3. English- Persian 4.3.1.Zero conditional Even if I sleep twenty minutes or half an hour it is good. (page 129, line 5) حتی اگر بتوانم بیست دقیقھ یا نیم ساعت بخوابم خستگی از تنم

)۵و خط ١٣٠. (ص در می رودYou keep it if you want it. (page 205, line 15)

)١۵و خط ٢٠۶اگر می خواھی، خودت بردارش. (ص If you love him, it isn’t a sin to kill, or is it more? اگر دوستش داشتھ باشی، کشتن نگاه شب شاید ھم چیز دیگری

)١٧خط ۴٨٠باشد. (ص But who replaces this fish if I hook some fish and it cuts him off? (page 75, line 24) اما اگر ماھی دیگری بھ قلاب بیندازم کھ او ھم طناب این ماھی بزرگ را پاره کند، چھ کسی ماھی از دست رفتھ را باز خواھد

)٢٠و خط ٧۶گرداند؟ (ص Let him bring me in if it pleases him. (page 161, line 15)

و ١۶٢بگذار اگر دلش خوش است مرا بدنبال خود بکشد. (ص )١۴خط

-Type I If they don’t travel too fast I will get into them, the old man thoughts. (page 51, line 24) پیرمرد اندیشید کھ اگر آنھا سرعت دور نشوند می توانند بھ میان

)٢١و خط ۵٢آنھا برود. (ص When I will do if he decides to go down, I don’t know. (page 65, line 3) نمی دانم اگر این ماھی بخواھد بھ عمق دریا برود چھ باید بکنم.

)۴و خط ۶۶(ص What I’ll do if he sounds and dies I don’t know (page 65, line 4)

و ۶۶کنم؟ (ص نمی دانم اگر بھ اعماق برود و ھمانجا بمیرد چھ )۵خط

If I am too far to the eastward I will see the lights of one of the new beaches. (page 189, line 11) اگر خیلی بھ سوی شرق رفتھ باشم، چراغی را در خط ساحلی

)١٠و خط ١٩٠جدید خواھم دید. (ص What will you do now if they come in the might? (page 191, line 7)

و خط ١٩٢اگر کوسھ ھا شب برگردند تو چھ خواھی کرد؟ (ص ۶(

If he doesn’t maybe he will come up with the moon. (page 67, line 3) اگر تا آن وقت بالا نیامد، شاید بھ ھنگام برآمدن ماه بالا بیاید.

)٣و خط ۶٨(ص If he doesn’t do that maybe he will come up with the sunrise. (page 67, line 4) اگر ھمراه ماه بالا نیاید، شاید تا بر آمدن خورشید بالا بیاید. (ص

)۴و خط ۶٨But what a great fish he is and what he will bring in the market if the flesh is good. (page 71, line 11)

وب باشد، چھ پولی اما چھ ماھی بزرگی است و اگر گوشتش خ )١٠و خط ٧٢از فروش آن نصیب ما خواھد شد. (ص

Maybe if I can increase the tension jus a little it will hurt him and he will jump, he thought. (page 79, line 19) پیرمرد اندیشید، شاید اگر طناب را کمی بیشتر بکشم، ماھی را

)١۶و خط ٨٠ر بھ جھیدن کند. (ص ناراحت کند و او را واداIf it relaxes in sleep my left hand will wake me as the line goes out. (page 129, line 2) اگر موقعی کھ خوب ھستم طناب شل شود، بھ محض بیرون

)٢و خط ١٣٠کشیده شدنش، دست چپم مرا بیدار خواھد کرد. (ص He cramps again let the line cut him off. (page 135, line 28) اگر قرار است یکبار دیگر منقبض شود، بھتر است با طناب

)٢٢و خط ١٣۶بریده شود. (ص

-Present tense with can or must


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You must devise a way so that you sleep a little if he is quiet and steady. (page 121, line 23)

ی حرکت شده است باید چاره ای بیندیشی تا اگر ماھی آرام و ب )١٧و خط ١٢٢بتوانی کمی بخوابی. (ص

It is too dangerous to rig the oars as a drag if you must sleep. (page 123, line 7) با بی خوابی ھم می توانم بھ کارم ادامھ دھم اما ممکن است برایم

)۶و خط ١٢پر خطر باشد. (ص If I lose the glate of Havana we must be going more to the eastward, he thought. (page 69, line 7) پیرمرد اندیشید اگر دیگر نتوانم روشناییھای ھاوانا را ببینم،

و ٧٠معلوم می شود کھ بیشتر بھ طرف شرق کشیده شده ام. (ص )۶خط

And I know I cannot keep it if I eat it since my face was in it. (page 137, line 4) می دانم اگر بخواھم این گوشت را بخورم نمی توانم توی معده

)٣و خط ١٣٨نگھش دارم چون صورتم توی آن بود. (ص

-Type II And he waited to see if there would be more lions and he was happy. (page 129, line 23)

ھم شیری دیگر را ببیند و خودش شادشاد و منتظر شد تا باز )١٩و خط ١٣٠بود. (ص

If the boy was here he would wet the coils of line, he thought. (page 131, line 29) پیرمرد اندیشید اگر پسرک این جا بود حلقھ ھای طناب را خیس

)٢۴و خط ١٣٢می کرد. (ص Even if we were two and swamped her to load him and bailed her out, this skiff would never hold him. (page 153, line 22) حتی اگر دو نفر بودیم و قایق را در آب بھ پھلو می خواباندیم تا آب قایق را بھ دریا بریزیم، باز ھم ماھی را بلند کنیم و ببینیم و بعدا

)١٨ و خط ١۵۴نمی شد در این قایق جایش داد. (ص If I were towing him behind there would be no question. (page 161, line 11) اگر او را بھ طنابی بستھ بودم و می کشیدم حرفی نبود. (ص

)١٠و خط ١۶٢Nor if the fish were in the skiff, with all dignity gone, there would be no question either. (page 161, line 11) یا اگر ماھی را با ھمۀ عظمت از دست رفتھ اش در قایق گذاشتھ

)١١و ص ١۶٢بودم، بازھم جای حرفی نبود. (ص And they would hit a man in the water, if they were hungry. (page 177, line 7)

و خط ١٧٨و اگر گرسنھ باشند بھ آدم نیز حملھ می کنند. (ص ٣(

If the others heard me talking out load they would think that I am crazy, he said aloud. (page 55, line 4)

اگر دیگران بشنوند کھ من با «پیرمرد با صدای بلند گفت: و خط ۵۶(ص ». صدای بلند حرف می زنم می پندارند کھ دیوانھ ام

۴( If it were necessary, a fish could take out over three hundred fathoms of line. (page 41, line 1)

تا در صورت لزوم ماھی بتواند آنھا را تا ششصد متری بدنبال )١و خط ۴٢خود بکشاند. (ص

-Could with would How simple it would be if I could make the line fast, he thought. (page 121, line 16)

اگر می توانستم طناب را سفت کنم کار پیرمرد اندیشید، راستی )١٢و خط ١٢٢چھ آسان می شد. (ص

He didn’t say that because he knew that if you said a good thing it might not happen. (page 61, line 13) فکرش را بھ زبان نیاورد و چون می دانست کھ اگر آدم از

و خط ۶٢بیافتد. (ص چیزی حرف بزند ممکن است عکسش اتفاق١٠(

He came like a pig to the trough if a pig had a mouth so wide that you could put your head in it. (page 183, line 14) اگر دھان خوک بھ آن بزرگی باشد کھ کلۀ آدم را در آن جای دھد، می توان گفت کھ این کوسھ مثل خوکی بود کھ بھ آبشخورش

)١١و خط ١٨۴ک می شد. (ص نزدیHe likes to think of the fish and what he could do to a shark if he were swimming free. (page 189, line 28) پیرمرد دوست داشت بھ ماھی فکر کند اگر آزاد بود و در آب

و خط ١٩٠شنا می کرد چھ بلایی بر سر کوسھ ھا می آورد. (ص ٢۴(

-Past tenses Yes, if the boy were here. If the boy were here. (page 133, line 6)

١٣۴بلھ، اگر پسرک این جا بود، اگر پسرک این جا بود. (ص )١و خط

-Type III If I had brains I would have splashed water on the bow all day and drying, it would have made salt, he thought. (page 127, line 11) پیرمرد اندیشید، اگر عقلم درست کار می کرد، ھنگام روز بھ تختۀ دماغۀ قایق آب می زدم تا روی تختھ بخشکد و نمک ببندد. (ص

)١٠و خط ١٢٨If I could have used a bat with two hands I could have killed the first one surely. (page 189, line 3)

اولی را می اگر می توانستم چماق را با دو دست بگیرم حتما )٣و خط ١٩٠کشتم، حالا ھم می توانم بکشم. (ص

-Mixed conditionals If you do not sleep you might become unclear in the head. (page 121, line 25)

)١٨و خط ١٢٢ص ٠اگر نخوابی ممکن است سردرد بگیری. If I can’t fish with you, I would like to serve in some way. (page 5, line 26) اگر نتوانم با تو بھ ماھیگیری بیایم می خواھم کاری برایت انجام

)٢٢و خط ۶داده باشم. (ص


25


He was still fishing correctly though faster than he would have fished if he was not trying to use the bird. (page 43, line 18) ھنوز با دقت ماھی می گرفت و می کارش تندتر از ھنگامی بود کھ نمی خواست از قوش بلند پرواز برای ماھیگری استفاده کند. (ص

)١٧و خط ۴۴I have all those prayers I promised if I caught the fish, he thought. (page 191, line 18)

، قول دادم کھ اگر این ماھی را صید کنم آن ھمھ پیرمرد اندیشید )١۴و خط ١٩٢دعا بخوانم. (ص

If the fishe’s course held true I must see it for many more hours. (page 69, line 8)

را » ھاوانا«چون اگر مسیر ماھی ثابت می ماند می بایست نور )٧و خط ٧٠برای چندین ساعت متوالی دیگر می دیدم. (ص

If I can’t fish with you, I would like to serve in some way. (page 5, line 26) اگر نتوانم با تو بھ ماھیگیری بیایم می خواھم کاری برایت انجام

)٢٢و خط ۶داده باشم. (ص

-“If” instead of “Whether” He slid the carcass over board and looked to see if there was any swirl in the water. (page 125, line 9) لاشۀ ماھی را بھ دریا انداخت و بھ آن نگاه کرد تا ببیند آیا موجی

)٧و خط ١٢۶در آن پدید می آید یا نھ. (ص Look to the lashing on the knife and see if it has been cut. (page 181, line 7)

ستھ ای نگاه کن تا مبدا بریده شده باشد. بھ طنابی کھ بھ چاقو ب )۶و خط ١٨٢(ص

If he dresses out two- thirds of that at thirty cents a pound? (page 157, line 10) اگر دو سومش گوشت باشد و کیلویی سی سنت فروختھ شود،

)٩و خط ١۵٨می دانی چھ پولی می شود/ (ص I wonder if he has any plans or if he is just as desperate as I am? (page 71, line 15) نمی دانم آیا نقشھ ای در سر دارد یا ھمچون من درمانده است؟

)١٣و خط ٧٢(ص

6. Results and discussion There are similarities and difference between English and Persian conditional sentences. Type 3 conditionals are especially difficult for Iranian translations. Furthermore, they have problem in inversion structures.

I give here some problematic cases in translating conditional sentence from English into Persian.

In comprehension and therefore in translation, ‘they may still be misled by sentences which don’t include if or one of the obvious conditional conjuctions such as as long as or supposing” (M. Parrott, 2001: 241). Also “leaving out if”, and “leaving out words after it”.

Learners and translators may also mislead by the use of past tenses to refer to present time. And may understand and that phrases like if I spoke Russian… refer to the past.

The conjunction if is left out when we are giving advice. Translators may be confused by this use.

A: I slept badly again last night. B: you’d make an appointment to see the

doctor. (M. Parrott, 2001: 24) English conditional sentences type 3 has no

one- to- one correspondence in Persian and, for instance, instead of making use of “would+ have+ past participate”, past perfect tense or past progressive tense are used. (M. Baghini pour, 2005: 69)

Inversion structures is usually hard for translators to understand. They sometimes think of sentence that begin with were he here… or had I known…. Are questions.

They don’t understand that these sentences are conditional. See also the section “inversion structure”.

Learners sometime confuse if only with only if.

(1) if only کاش، کاشکی، آخ اگر-١

If only it were that simple. کاش بھ ھمین سادگی بود.

لاقل، برای -٢The meeting was necessary if only for an

exchange of views. این جلسھ، لااقل برای یک تبادل نظر، لازم بود.

(M. R. Bateni 2006) (2) Only if

فقط اگر، تنھا در صورتی کھ، فقط ھنگامی کھ As languages are not isomorphic and there is

usually not any one- to- one correspondence in forms, some Persian conditional sentences especially fixed expressions change into non- conditional structures in English: اگر از خرفھ کس درویش بودی، رئیس خرفھ پوشان میش بودیThe cowl does not make the monk.

اگر پشت گوشت را دیدی، ...When two Sundays meet, …

اگر خدا بخواھد Good willing

اگر ریک بیابان در شود، چشم گدایان پر شود.A beggar’s purse is bottomless.

اگر عاقلی، یک اشارت بس استA word to the wise.


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(E. Nazari-Teimuri, 2009: 37-9; M. Musavi, 2000: 112-8).

اگر بھ پدرت نگفتمI’ll tell your father, you wait and see. (Sh. Ardashirji 1972: 41)

اگر راستش را بخواھیFrankly (speaking)

Many Persian grammar books don’t give a full account of conditional sentences and sometimes they don’t include them at all. Therefore, if an English translator of Persian intends to study Persian conditional sentences, he or she will not find satisfactory answers to his or her problems.

A part from three or four main types of conditional sentences in English, there are many other structures that are not usually dealt with in English grammar books or only given a glimps of them. There are mixed conditional and conditionals with the same tense, whether present or past, without using will, would and similar auxiliaries. These structures are difficult for Iranian translators to produce in English.

7. Conclusion and implications As the languages differ in their structures, the type of English conditional sentences change in process of translation from English into Persian and vice versa.

Studying conditional sentences can facilitate the comprehension and translation of the structures. The more a translation be familiar to the structure, the more he would be able to understand and translate the sentences.

Some English structures are more difficult for Iranian translators such as conditional sentences type III, inversion structures and constructions with omitted words.

Conditional sentences are sometimes translated into non- conditional construction. This tendency needs to be investigated further in other studies.


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12-27, a study on conditional sentences

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