12-3: rna and protein synthesis biology 2. dna double helix structure explains how dna can be...
TRANSCRIPT
12-3: RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Biology 2
• DNA double helix structure explains how DNA can be copied, but not how genes work
• GENES: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
• DNA must copy messages onto RNA
• RNA contains “codes” for making proteins
Introduction
• RNA is made of building blocks called nucleotides
• NUCLEOTIDES: monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• Can have 4 different types of base:–Adenine–Guanine–Uracil (replaces Thymine)– Cytosine
Structure of RNA
Ribose Sugar
• Backbone of RNA is sugar and phosphate groups
– FORM THE OUTSIDE
• Bases DO NOT bond together to connect inside
Components and
Structure of DNA
1. DNA uses deoxyribose– RNA uses ribose sugar in
nucleotides
2. DNA is double stranded– RNA is single stranded
3. DNA uses Thymine– RNA uses Uracil
Differences Between RNA and DNA
• 3 types of RNA:
• mRNA: carries messages to ribosomes
• tRNA: transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
• rRNA: make up different parts of the ribosome
Types of RNA
• TRANSCRIPTION: process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
• DNA creates a temporary copy of messages on mRNA, its carried to ribosomes and tRNA carries amino acids for building the proteins
Transcription
• During transcription enzyme attaches to PROMOTER sequence (like a green light)
• Enzyme will read all bases on a DNA strand to make mRNA message
• Enzyme will stop at TERMINATOR sequence (like a red light)
Transcription
• Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains– 20 different amino acids possible
• Properties of proteins are determined by sequence (order) of amino acids
• The message mRNA carries is called the Genetic Code
The Genetic Code
• Each set of 3 bases on mRNA is known as a codon– CODON: three-nucleotide sequence
on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
• Each codon has instructions for specific amino acid– Can have more than 1 codon for
each amino acid
The Genetic Code
• Sequence (order) of bases in mRNA are instructions for which amino acids should be joined in a specific order
• Creating the chain of amino acids is called translation– TRANSLATION: decoding of a
mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
• This is reading the mRNA message to figure out the order of amino acids
Translation
• Enzyme will read all bases on a DNA strand to make mRNA message–mRNA message is sent to
ribosomes• Ribosomes “read” the message• tRNA carries the amino acids
anti-codon matching the mRNA codon message to the ribosome
• Ribosome “glues” amino acids together to form protein chains
Translation
Protein Synthesis – Translation Process
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38
Bill Nye – Genes and Chromosomes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqoQoJMG0Lc