12 energy issues 141

8/12/2019 12 Energy Issues 141

1/46

. 1

Topic 12a: Energy Conservation


2/46

. 2

Home Energy Use

Rank items from highest to

lowest energy usage in a home.(a) lighting & appliances

(b)water heating

(c)heating & cooling rooms

(3-digit answer)

Lights and Appliances

38%

Water Heating

18%

Air Conditioning

9%Space Heating

35%

Average Home Energy

Use in Virginia (2012)


3/46

. 3

Heating & Cooling

It's a Matter of Degrees!

Warm weather: Set thermostat to 78 F or higher.Cold weather: Set thermostat to 68 F or lower (55 F at night).

Saves 5 to 20 percent on heating costs.

What day-time thermostat temperatures do youuse in winter andsummer? (2-digit answer)

(a)65 F (b)70 F (c)75 F (d)80 F


4/46

. 4

Water Heating Lowerthe hot water thermostat to 120 F.

Do laundry in coldwater.

Install aerating, low-flowfaucets.Can you think of other ways to conserve water?

Which requires more hot water? (a) one bath (b)one 5-min shower(Note: The chart below indicates total usage, not the usage for one bath or shower.)

Typical Home Water Usage


5/46

. 5

Home AppliancesIt costs about $100 to keep a 100-W light bulb on for a year. Which

appliance has comparable energy consumption to a light bulb?(a) refrigerator (b)dishwasher (c)television

$/month


6/46

. 6

Home Appliances

If you need to heat a cup of water, which is more energy efficient?

(a) electric stove (b)microwave

How can you save energy when washing and dryingclothes?

$/month


7/46

. 7

Lighting: CFL vs. Incandescent vs. LED

Incandescent CFL LED

Watts 60 13 9

Rated Lifetime 2,000 hr 8,000 hr 25,000Cost per Bulb $0.50 $1.40 $20.00

Bulb Costs 1 year Cont. use $2.50 $1.40 $20

Electricity Costs 1 year Cont. use $52.50 $11.40 $7.90

To provide light for 8,000 hours, how many CFL (compact

fluorescent) bulbs are necessary? Incandescent bulbs? LED bulbs?

(a) 1 (b)2 (c)4 (d) 8 (3-digit answer)

Which type of bulb has the lowest total cost to provide light for 1 year

of continuous use?

(a) Incandescent (b)CFL (c) LED


8/46

. 8

Energy Questions

Decide whether each statement is (1) true or (2)false

(3-digit answer)

Fluorescentlights consume less energythan incandescent light bulbs

and last longer.

It is more energy efficient to turn offthe lights everytimeyou leave aroom than to turn them off once at the end of the day.

When consumer electronics (TV, DVD player, etc.) are turned "off"

using a remote, there is neverany electrical power being consumed.


9/46. 9

Recycling

Using recycled aluminumscrap to make new aluminum cans uses

how much less energythan making aluminum cans from bauxite ore(raw material).

(a) 25% (b)55% (c)95%

In the case of paper, making a tonof paper from recycled papersaves upto 17 trees and uses 50% less water.

Which do you recycle? (numerical order)

(1)paper (2)plastic (3)glass (4)none


10/46. 10

Car Sharing to Save Energy!

Video (zipcar)

Alternative to owning car. Fuel and Insurance included.

Convenient to use; cars are placed

throughout cities.

Can significantly reduce the number

of cars on the road.

One "car share" can potentially replace how many individual vehicles?

(a) ~20 (b) ~200 (c)~2000

Video (Iphone app)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uux8uSRDFK0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCO0jFoJ1xY&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCO0jFoJ1xY&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uux8uSRDFK0&feature=related


11/46. 112000 2005 2010 2015 2020

15

20

25

30

35

40

M

PG

Passenger Cars

Light Trucks

EPA and CAFE StandardsAutomobile manufacturers meet average fuel efficiency of vehicles

based on sizeor pay a fine. (Current standard ~ 30.2 mpg for cars)

What will be the CAFE standards for carsand light trucksin 2020?

(a)30 mpg (b)35 mpg (c)40 mpg (2-digit answer)

Cars

LightTrucks

2020

30

40

CAFESta

ndard(mpg)


12/46. 12

Fuel Economy

From 1978 to 2002, by how much did fuel economy increasefor cars

and light trucks?(a)3 mpg (b)6 mpg (c)9 mpg (2-digit answer)

Cars

FuelEconomy(mp

g)

LightTrucks


13/46. 13

Fuel Economy Around the WorldIn 2010 how much larger is the average fuel economyfor vehicles in

the European Union than the United States?

(a)2 mpg (b)11 mpg (c)17 mpg (d) 28 mpg


14/46. 14

X-Prize for Fuel-Efficient Car awarded to Edison2!

Edison2* has the virtues of low weightand low aerodynamic drag.

Uses a one-cylinder, turbo-charged 250 cc (40 hp) internalcombustion engine fueled by E85 (range > 600 miles).

Seats 4 people and weighs only 750 pounds (340 kg) !

What "fuel" does it use? (a)battery (b)ethanol/gasoline mixture

Video of Edison2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVjFK_hp8LMhttp://www.edison2.com/photos/knockout-qualifying/5922525http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVjFK_hp8LM


15/46. 15

Energy Conservation and YOU!

Which of these actions are you willingto doNOW?

(Enter in numeric order.)(1)Recycle (cans, plastics, paper).

(2)Adjust your thermostat (5 colder in winter, warmer in summer).

(3) Drive 20% fewer miles, take public transportation, or drive a more

fuel efficient vehicle.

(4)Pay 30% more for gasoline and/or electricity for "energy" taxes.

(5)None of the above.


16/46. 16

Topic 12b: Energy and Climate Change Policy

Carbon Capture & Storage

Carbon Cap and Trade

Carbon Tax


17/46. 17

Climate Change is a Market Failure

Climate Change is a market failure

Prices of carbon-based fuels dont reflectdamage to the environment.

Carbon taxes or cap & trade on GHGs ensure that economic

decisions incorporate both private and social costs.

Economic EffectsBenefits from avoided climate damages.

Costs to the U.S. economy due to mitigation policy.

Distribution of benefits and costs (who wins, who loses?)


18/46. 18

CO2Emissions from Electricity Generation

Order CO2emissions per GWh from highest to lowest (4-digit answer)

(a)Natural Gas (b)Coal (c)Nuclear/Hydro/Wind (d) Solar

Coal Natural Gas Solar Hydro Nuclear Wind0

200

400

600

800

1000

TonsC

O2

/GWHr

Includes maintenance andmanufacture of Power Plants.


19/46. 19

Cost of Electricity GenerationOrder energy sources from least to most expensive(4-digit)

(a)Natural Gas (b)Coal (c)Nuclear/Wind (d) Solar

Could this order change if the environmental cost of CO2emissions

were part of the cost structure (e.g., carbon tax)? (a)yes (b) no

Coal Natural GasSolar Hydro Nuclear Wind0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Cents

/KWHr


20/46. 20

If there isNOGHG policy, then the probability that the global mean

temperature increases by more than5 F(or ~3 C) by 2100 is:

(a)less than 25% (b)about 50% (c)close to 100%

What is this probability if there isa GHG policy?

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Gamble

NO GHG POLICY GHG POLICY
http://globalchange.mit.edu/resources/gamble/spinning.htmlhttp://globalchange.mit.edu/resources/gamble/policy.htmlhttp://globalchange.mit.edu/resources/gamble/spinning.htmlhttp://globalchange.mit.edu/resources/gamble/policy.html


21/46. 21

CO2Reduction using Carbon Tax

Carbon tax isproportional to the carbon contentof burnt fossil fuel

and set by the government. Carbon tax of $15/ton CO2would increase gasoline prices by

13/gallonand electricity by 1.4/kWh, raising about $80 billion.

Order the % price increasefrom highest to lowest of a carbon tax on

the following energy sources. (3-digit answer)(a)Coal (b)Natural Gas (c)Nuclear


22/46. 22

CO2Reduction using Cap and Trade Government sets a maximum CO2emissions capand then sells/gives

away allowances to emit.

If a company emits more thantheir allocated allowance, then it must

buyadditional allowances.

If a company emits less thantheir allocated allowance, then it may sell

allowances or bank them for the future. The market (not the government) sets prices of allowances/emissions.

Have you heard about carbon cap

and trade before?

(a) yes (b) no


23/46Pa e 23

Command and Control: New Rules from EPA

The EPAhas mandated that all newpower plants generate less than1,000 pounds of CO2per MWh.

This rule only applies to new plants, all existing plants are unaffected.

The average coal plant emits 1750 lbs of CO2/MWhThe average Natural Gas plant emits 800 lbs of CO2/MWh

Is it now possible to build a new conventional Coal Power Plant?

(a)Yes (b)No

EPAdeclared CO2a pollutant in April 2009 and will regulate stationary

sources of CO2, e.g., power plants and factories.

EPA controls permitting for plants: Can block any new power plant!


24/46. 24

What happened to Cap-and-Trade in U.S.?

Housepassed Waxman-Markey bill (HR 2454) in June 2009.

Calls for 17 % reduction in GHG emissions relative to 2005 by

2020 and 83% reduction by 2050.

Senateleadership counted insufficient votes (


25/46. 25

International Climate Policy

Kyoto: Capped cumulative emissions (2008-2012), but doesnt include

several major economies!Each country wants abase yearthat makes its target look best.

Copenhagen(2009): Participants chose their own base year and

emissions targets for 2020.

US: in the range of 17% reduction relative to 2005

China and India chose emission reductions per unit GDP

China: 40% reduction relative to 2005

India: 20% reduction relative to 2005


26/46. 26

Other Ideas? Geoengineering

Pump liquid CO2into deep sea Pump liquid CO2

into rocks

Cloud seeding

Grow trees

Giant reflectorsin orbitAerosols in

stratosphere

Iron fertilizatin of sea


27/46. 27

Geoengineering Solar radiationmanagement

Dispersal of aerosolsin stratosphere to block sunlight

Giant space mirrors in orbit to reflect sunlight

Cloud seedingto reduce water in atmosphere and grow plants

Carbon capture and storage(surface, underground, deep sea)

Had you heard of carbon capture and storage (CCS) before?

(a) yes

(b)no


28/46. 28

Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)Do you think any large coal-fired power plants are now using CCS?

(a)yes(b)no


29/46

. 29

Carbon Capture and StorageCarbon capture & storage (sequestration) may use:

Surface storage: growing trees and genetically engineered crops

Ocean storage: iron fertilization (promotes algae growth); pump liquid

CO2directly undersea, where it dissolves

Underground geologic storage: empty oil/gas fields, saline aquifers,

unminable coal seams

Would you be willing to pay 15% morefor electricity so that CO2

emissions were captured and stored?

(a) Yes (b)No


30/46

Topic 12c: Science Literacy andMedia Literacy

Tim Bajkiewicz, Ph.D.

Associate Professor,

Broadcast Journalism


31/46

About how many hours of media do you useeach day?

(a) 6 hrs


32/46

How Do You Stack Up?


33/46

The Generation Gap


34/46

News and Age Groups


35/46

Where We Get Our News

78%of Americans get news from a local TVstation

73%get news from a national TVnetworksuch as CBS or a cable

TV station such as CNN or FoxNews

61%get some kind of newsonline54%listen to a radionewsprogram at home or in the car

50%read news in theprintversion of a local newspaper

17%read news in theprintversion national newspaper(e.g., NewYork Times, USA Today)


36/46
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOrAwvJLKxo


37/46

Japan: News Coverage vs. Interest


38/46

Whats your sense of how well the news media have put nuclear

power into context with other forms of energy? It seems likeweve had more heat and less light on that issue.

We dont exactly tailor our coverage to actual risk values. We

tailor it to what looks newsy.The number of people who die onour highways far exceeds the number who die in plane crashes.

Yet what were focused on is the plane crashes. The week after

the Fukushima accident began, I saw reports that forty-eight coal

miners had been killed in Pakistan. There is no form of energy

extraction, conversion, and delivery that doesnt kill people.


39/46

What Makes a Story Newsworthy?

Audience

Timeliness

Proximity and ImpactProminence

Oddity

Conflict

Human Interest

Visual (Science is not very visual!)


40/46

Quick Question

Which of the following isNOTsomething that makes a

story newsworthy?

(a) Timeliness

(b) Proximity(c) Profit potential

(d) Conflict


41/46

Enough Coverage Of?


42/46

What Is Science Literacy?

Scientific literacy means that a person can ask, find, or determine answersto questions derived from curiosityabout everyday experiences.

Scientific literacy entails being able to read with understanding articles about

science in the popular pressand to engage in social conversation about the

validity of the conclusions.

Scientific literacy implies that a person can identify scientific issues

underlying national and local decisions and express positions that are

scientifically and technologically informed.

A literate citizen should be able to evaluate the quality of scientific

informationon the basis of its source and the methods used to generate it.From National Science Education Standards, p. 22

Motivated by Sputnik; started after WWII.


43/46

Questions related to sciencePercent Correct

1988 1999 2008

Does light travel faster than sound? 78% 75% 86%

Do all plants and animals have DNA? -- -- 85

Is the center of the Earth very hot? 82 81 80

Have the continents on which we live been moving their location

for millions of years and will continue to move in the future?81 80 72

How often does the Earth go around the Sun each year? 50 49 67

Do antibiotics kill viruses as well as bacteria? 31 45 55

Are Electrons smaller than atoms? 46 46 54

Percent Correct on Civic ScienceLiteracy Questions (US 1988-2008)

From Jon Miller, Civic Scientific Literacy: A survival tool for the 21st century

Are electrons smaller than atoms? (a) yes (b) no


44/46

Civic Scientific Literacy in the U.S. (1988-2008)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

PercentLiterate

US Adult Civic Scientific Literacy LSAY-CSL

From Jon Miller, Civic Scientific Literacy: A survival tool for the 21st century

What leads to civic scientific literacy? (choose all correct)(1)College science courses

(2)Education level(3)Watching TV


45/46

What Is Media Literacy?

Potter (1998):

Media Literacy is aperspectivefrom which we

expose ourselves to the media and interpretthe

meanings of the messages we encounter.

No testfor media literacy - general sense that most people arent

very media literate.

Have you heardabout "Media Literacy" before?

(a) yes (b) no


46/46

Center for Media Literacys5 Key Questions That Can Change The

World1. Whocreated this message?

2. Whatcreative techniques are used to attract my attention?

3. Howmight different people understand this messagedifferently?

4. What values, lifestyles, and points of vieware represented

in, or omitted from, this message?

5. Whyis this message being sent?

12 energy issues 141

Documents