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1.2 Scientific Method

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Page 1: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

1.2 Scientific Method

Page 2: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Initial Observation• Use your senses to

observe– See, hear, touch, taste,

smell, etc.

• Can also use tools to measure– Temperature, length,

volume, etc.

Page 3: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

State the Question

•“What is the effect of…”

Page 4: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Hypothesis

• “If…then…” If producing oxygen bubbles in photosynthesis is related to light color, then green light will increase photosynthesis oxygen bubbles to form.

Page 5: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Writing a Hypothesis

• Hypothesis – educated guess

• - the general statement

• Write in If … and then…format

• DO WORKSHEET

Page 6: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Experiment

A. Manipulated Variable = Independent Variable -what you change

goes on the X-axis of the graph

B. Responding Variable =

Dependent Variable -what changes as a result of what you did – goes on the Y-axis of the graph

Page 7: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Experiment• Constants-all the things in the

experiment that stay the same• In the yeast lab:

same size test tubes same size rubber tubing same yeast type

same amount of sugarYour book called them “controlled variables.”

Page 8: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

What constants could there be in this experiment?

Page 9: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Experiment

• Control – the part of the experiment that does not have the independent variable in it

• Use for reference, comparison• Often the normal condition

Page 10: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Run the tests

Record the datagraphs charts

video write observations measurements

Page 11: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Conclusion

• Agree or disagree with the hypothesis

• The green light did not produce the most oxygen bubbles.

Page 12: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Remember

NO food or drink in the lab

Page 13: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Independent Variable?Dependent Variable?

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chusmartialarts.com/sun062clipart.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.chusmartialarts.com/CMA-Camps.html&h=300&w=299&sz=47&tbnid=7ilYBNfFP38J::&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun%2Bclip%2Bart&hl=en&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image&cd=1
Page 14: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

How About Maggots?

• Maggot Medicine - MSN Video

http://video.msn.com/?mkt=en-us&fg=rss&vid=a4a0174e-d6cc-4ce9-be67-0359d23a0db5&from=05
Page 15: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Designing an Experiment

1668 refuted "spontaneous generation" – life could come from non-life OR a theory also known as Aristotelian abiogenesis(maggots came from rotting meat, flooded Nile gave rise to frogs, mice came from moldy grain)

Page 16: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

A Controlled Experiment

• Only one tested variable at a time

• Manipulated Variable (Independent Variable) – one you change

• Responding Variable – (Dependent Variable)- one that changes as a result

Page 17: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

OBSERVATION

• Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.

Page 18: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

HYPOTHESIS

• Flies produce maggots.

http://members.aol.com/bookchild/images/dragon%20fly%20animation.gif
http://members.aol.com/bookchild/images/dragon%20fly%20animation.gif
Page 19: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Redi’s Experiment

• CONSTANTS: all the things kept the same in an experiment

Size of jars

Type of meat

Location

Temperature

Time

Page 20: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Redi’s Experiment

• CONSTANTS: all the things kept the same in an experiment

Size of jars

Type of meat

Location

Temperature

Time

Page 21: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Redi’s Experiment

• Independent Variable

Type of covering: Gauze covering to keep flies away from the meat or solid cover

Page 22: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Redi’s Experiment

Sealed-no maggots

Maggots on netting

Open jar-maggots on meat

Page 23: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Conclusion

• Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat.

Page 24: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Repeat the Experiments

Other scientists must be able to repeat your experiment with similar results to prove it true.

http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v40/n8/index.html
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/action/showLargeCover?issue=40430723
Page 25: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Maggot Experiments Reproduced

• Anton von Leeuwenhoek

• Saw “animacules” with his first microscope

Page 26: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Maggot Experiment Reproduced?

• John Needham

• Boiled sealed gravy

• Said heat killed any organisms

• After several days little animals came from the gravy

Page 27: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Maggot Experiment Reproduced

• Lazzaro Spallanzani

Nonliving gravy did not produce living things.

Page 28: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Maggot Experiment Reproduced

• Louis Pasteur Flask was open to air, but microorganisms could not make their way into the flask

Page 29: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Maggot Experiment Reproduced

• Louis Pasteur Flask was open to air, but microorganisms could not make their way into the flask

Proved spontaneous generation was not correct.

Page 30: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

When Experiments are Not Possible

• Observing animals in the wild without disturbing them

• Determining the effect of a chemical on a cancer patient

Page 31: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

THEORY

• Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

• EX: biogenesis = life generating from life

Page 32: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Theory is not..

• Considered absolute truth.

• Often revised or replaced as new evidence appears.

Page 33: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

My Problem: Is Aspartame Dangerous?

• Aspartame is marketed as NutraSweet, Equal Spoonful, Benevia, NatraTaste

Page 34: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

So refreshing, so delicious, so fun

• Coke and Mentos Fountain at EepyBird.com (click here)

Page 35: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Aspartame is made of:

• 50% phenylalanine

• 40% aspartic acid

• 10% methanol (wood alcohol). – In the body methanol breaks down into

formaldehyde (embalming fluid) and formic acid.

Page 36: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Possible Side Effects

• Blurred vison

• Ringing in ears

• Dizziness

• Anxiety

• Headaches/ migraines

• MS, lupus, fibromyalgia, ADD

Page 37: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

How to get rid of the aspartame that is in the body.

• Milk thistle, vitamin C, selenium, beta carotene , vitamin E, and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) are all powerful antioxidants which are helpful in liver detoxification.

Page 38: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

Research

• Ralph G. Walton, M.D.NEOUCOM

• Peer Reviewed aspartame studies

• (you analyze the studies)

Page 39: 1.2 Scientific Method. Initial Observation Use your senses to observe –See, hear, touch, taste, smell, etc. Can also use tools to measure –Temperature,

How can we find what is true about aspartame

• Inductive reasoning

• moving from the specific to the general

• EX: Every time I drink Diet Coke, I get a headache.

• Deductive reasoning

• begins with the general and ends with the specific

• Diet Coke is unhealthy due to the aspartame breaking down to formaldehyde.


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