1.2 space and human activity

8/4/2019 1.2 Space and Human Activity

1/51

Appropriate space and environmentfor human activities


2/51

Cultural origins of architecture

Differentiation of space Organization of the environment

Ordering systems

Sacred and profane buildings

The purpose of architecture

It makes tangible meanings


3/51

Buildings are ways of ordering behaviour,

each demanding known expected behaviors,

roles and he like.


4/51

Human activities


5/51

Human behavior and interior environment

The relationship between individuals and their

environmenthow they perceive space andhow they react to it.

Perception of ones environment is affected by

sociological needs, psychological state andindividual differences

The environment itself also influences human

behavior. Both mental and physical stimuliaffect behavioral responses.


6/51

Sociological human need

Peoples perception of their environment

influences their social interaction within that

environment.

Social interaction can be discussed in terms of

four concepts

Privacy

Personal interaction levels,

territoriality, and

crowding.


7/51

Privacy

It is a central regulatory human process by which personsmake themselves more or less accessible to others. In an officeenvironment, privacy may be manipulated through the use ofpartitions which protect the individual from physical, visualand acoustical intrusion. The plan of an office environmentestablishes the privacy level at which the office functions.

Definition of an individuals interaction levels is onemechanism used in achieving a desired level of privacy.

Besides needing enough space to move about and performvarious tasks, each person moves within a domain thatexpands and contrast to meet individual needs and social

circumstances. The size of a space determines perceptions,experiences and uses of that particular environment.


8/51

People inherently discern their relationship

with others in terms of distances , or spaces,

between them.

Defines four distant distances at which

interpersonal transactions normally take place .

These areIntimate space

Personal space

Social spacePublic space


9/51

Intimate spacethe smallest social envelope.

Optimum distances for different types of interactions

Inner Phase of the Intimate space0-6 inches

High intimacy, comforting protecting

Outer Phase of the Intimate space6-18 inches

Area of interaction lies well within the personal spaceboundary of the individual.

Is that area immediately surrounding the individuals

body. This area is the most private and involves

both physical and emotional interactions.


10/51

Personal spacethe value of personal space

behavior relates to its basic functions of achieving an

optimal spatial distribution of individuals such thateach senses a minimum stress free area of operating

space.

Is that area within which a person allow only select

friends or fellow workers with whom personalconversation is mandatory.

Optimum distances for different types of interactions

Close phase -1.52.5 ft Far phase2.54 ft


11/51

Social spaceconversations that occur in thisspace are not intended to be personal or private.

Close phase -47ft persons at social gathering Far phase712 ft waiting rooms and other public seating

areas

Is that area within which the individual expects to make

purely social contacts on temporary basis. Interacting individuals not violating each other personal

space

At far space more formal business is transacted.


12/51

Public spacepeople positioned at the

public distance are outside the sphere of

involvement. Close phase -1225ft to take defensive actions if an

individual is threatened.

Speech is formal, interactions is impersonal, now possibleto view persons as objects.

Outer phasemeaning of speech are lost, the other person

is part of the environment and not an object and almost no

interpersonal involvement takes place.


13/51

Territoryarea defended, claimed, dominated.

Individuals and groups exercise territorial control by

means of two mechanisms.

Defenseindividuals or group maintain territorial

integrity.

Personalizationindividuals self identity, delimit an

area.

Territorial behavior occurs at three distinct spatial

levels.

Micro space

Meso space

Macro space


14/51

Micro spacepersonal space is the

minimum space necessary for the organism to

exist free of physical or psychic pain.

Meso spacebeyond personal space, usually

operates on the home base.

Macro spacebeyond home base, not a

discrete unit of space completely occupied

and defended by one animal or group. An

undefended public area.


15/51

Design for territorial space

The activities should be designed in

cognizance of these zones of personal space.

Amenities should be located so that people canposition themselves at appropriate distances

for intended interpersonal relationships and

behaviors.


16/51

Relation between personal space and

environment.

Contact seekingsociopetal

Privacy seeking - sociofugal


17/51

Proxemics

the way personal space is structured

is referred to as proxemics.


18/51

Crowding

Occurs when personal space and territoriality

mechanisms function ineffectively, resulting in anexcess of undesired external social contact.

Sociologically people respond to crowding in

different ways depending upon the situation.Sometimes humans tolerate crowding, though it

may be unpleasant, because they know it is only

temporary.


19/51

The ultimate object of design is to create

form that satisfies behavior.

The rightness on the degree to which it fitsthe behavioral, social and cultural context.


20/51

Sociofugal

Of an grouping of people arranged so that each canmaintain some privacy from the others.

Sociopetal space

Contact seeking space

Dynamic fit

When we enter a building foyer, walk up a stairway ormove through the rooms and halls of a building.

Static fit

The interior spaces of buildings are designed as places forhuman movements, activity and repose.

There should be a fit between the form and dimension ofinterior space.

The fit can be static one as when we sit in a chair.


21/51

Loose fit

Loose fit between function and space Most rooms with a loose fit arrangement

accommodates a variety of usesfurniture used can

be easily moved and arranged.

Tight fit

Tight fit between the nature of the activity and the

arrangement of furniture and equipment.

A tight fitmodular or unit furniture componentsintegrated multifunctional structures.


22/51


23/51


24/51


25/51

HOW TO DEFINE THE

OUTDOOR SPACE

The objectives of these illustrations are to describe

the various types of outdoor spaces created bybuildings, to provide some design guidelines for

organizing buildings in a composition, and to

outline different methods for integrating buildings

and the landscape together into a well-coordinatedenvironment.

From the chapter Buildings of by


26/51

BUILDING CLUSTERS AND SPATIAL DEFINITION


27/51



28/51

DISTANCE TO BUILDING HEIGHT RATIO


29/51



30/51

PLAN ARRANGEMENT


31/51

PLAN ARRANGEMENT


32/51

PLAN ARRANGEMENT


33/51

PLAN ARRANGEMENT


34/51

PLAN ARRANGEMENT


35/51

CENTRAL COMMON OPEN SPACE


36/51

CENTRAL COMMON OPEN SPACE

FOCUSED OPEN S


37/51

CHANNELED LINEAR SPACE


38/51

ORGANIC LINEAR SPACE


39/51

DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUILDING CLUSTERS


40/51



41/51



42/51

RELATING BUILDINGS TO SITE


43/51



44/51



45/51



46/51



47/51

Role of an architect

An architect is trained and licenced in planningand designing buildings, and participates insupervising the construction of a building.

Etymologically, architectderives from the Latinarchitectus, itself derived from the Greekarkhitekton (arkhi, chief + tekton, builder), i.e.chief builder.

A looser usage ofArchitect is: the translator of thebuilding user's requirements of and from abuilding into an inhabitable environment.


48/51

An architect must understand the building and

operational codes to which the design must conform,

to not omit any requirement, produce improper,conflicting, ambiguous, or confusing requirements.

Architects must understand the construction methods

available to the builder in constructing the client's

building and structures, in order to negotiate with theclient in producing the best possible building via a

compromise between the desired results with the

actual costs and construction schedule limits.

Design role


49/51

Design role

Architects deal with local and federal jurisdictions aboutregulations and building codes.

The architect might need to comply with local planning andzoning laws, such as required setbacks, height limitations,parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows),and land use.

Some established jurisdictions, require adherence to design

and historic preservation guidelines. Architects prepare the technical documents (construction

drawings and specifications) filed for obtaining permits(development and building permits) that require compliancewith building, seismic, and relevant federal and localregulations.

Said construction drawings and specifications are used forpricing the work and in the construction.

C t ti l


50/51

Construction role

Architects typically put projects to tender on behalf of theirclients, advise on the onward of the project to a generalcontractor, and review the progress of the work during

construction. They typically review subcontractor shop drawings, prepare and

issue site instructions, and provide construction contractadministration (see also Design-bid-build).

In many jurisdictions, mandatory certification or assurance of

the work is required. Depending on the client's needs and the jurisdiction's

requirements, the spectrum of the architect's services may beextensive (detailed document preparation and constructionreview) or less inclusive (such as allowing a contractor to

exercise considerable design-build functions). With very large,complex projects, an independent construction manager issometimes hired to assist in design and to manage construction.

Alt t ti d i li ti


51/51

Alternate practice and specializations

Recent decades have seen the rise of specializationswithin the profession.

Many architects and architectural firms focus oncertain project types (for example health care, retail,public housing, etc.), technological expertise or projectdelivery methods.

Some architects specialize as building code, buildingenvelope, sustainable design, historic preservation,accessibility and other forms of specialist consultants.

Many architects elect to move into real estate(property) development, corporate facilities planning,

project management, construction management,interior design and other specialized roles.

1.2 space and human activity

Documents