12.1 OBJECTIVE: How did Presidential and Congressional

plans for Reconstruction differ?

CONTEXT

WHAT TASKS FACE THE NATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR ENDS?

1. How should the devastated South be rebuilt?2. What would be the place/role of the freedmen?3. How will the conquered states be re-admitted to the

Union?4. Who will direct/control reconstruction?5. How could Reconstruction have been done better?ALSO…A. How will Southern leaders/traitors be treated?B. What economic system will replace slavery?

RECONSTRUCTION

• When was Reconstruction?

• What is being re-constructed?

• How long did it last?

• Who did the “constructing”?

• Did it work?

Second Inaugural Address(Prelude to Reconstruction)

Read Lincoln’s second inaugural address:

Answer the following:What is the tone of the address?Who is Lincoln addressing?What strikes you most about the address?How does it compare to political speeches you have

heard before?In light if this document, why do some say that

Lincoln’s death was a tragedy for the South?

Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."

With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which

may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

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RECONSTRUCTION PLANSLINCOLN’S 1863 PLAN:

• 10% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union

• Pledge to abide by emancipation

• Focused on pardon of individuals by President

WADE-DAVIS BILL, 1864:

• 50% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union

• STRONG safeguards for emancipation

• Focused on pardon of states by Congress

* Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, exposed split b/w Moderate and Radical Republicans

How is the war affecting the peace?

RADICAL REPUBLICANS

Charles Sumner (left), Senator from Massachusetts, and Thaddeus Stevens, (right), Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Portraits from Library of Congress)

Charles Sumner

What were the Radical Republicans worried about?

Southern States, with more new seats in Congress, would control the Federal govt. and halt Reconstruction.

WHY DID THE SOUTH HAVE MORE POWER NOW?

Freedmen counted FULLY, no longer 3/5.

Portrait of Andrew Johnson(Library of Congress)

Pres. Andrew Johnson

WHO WAS HE?• VP to Lincoln in 1864 to

attract pro-Union Democrats to Union Party

• Humble origins, self-educated, self-made man

• From Tennessee, slave-owner

• Pro-Union, appointed war time governor

• Pro states’ rights

JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN (1865):

HOW WAS IT DIFFERENT FROM CONGRESS’ PLAN?

• Called “Presidential Reconstruction”

• Same as 10% plan of Lincoln, BUT

• Disenfranchised leading Confederates and Planter class ($20,000 property or more)

• Special State Convention to repeal secession laws, repudiate Confederate debts, ratify 13th amendment

*Johnson granted many pardons-enraging Radical Reps.

OBJECTIVE: How did Presidential and Congressional plans for Reconstruction differ?

• Who had the better plan? Why?

• What problems do you foresee with Reconstruction?

THE FREEDMEN• Freedmen’s Bureau lasted from 3/3/1865-1872)

What was the job of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

- distribute food and clothing

- help house

- help educate

- help train for independence

Why did Pres. Johnson veto the Freedmen’s Bureau?

King AndrewThis Thomas Nast cartoon, published in Harper's Weekly just before the 1866 congressional elections, conveyed Republican antipathy to Andrew Johnson. The president is depicted as an autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his head on the block and is about to lose it. The Republic sits in chains. (Harper's Weekly, 1866)

King Andrew

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

REPUBLICAN CONGRESS VS. “ANDY VETO”

• South returns “whitewashed rebels” to Congress

• Republicans close Congress to “rebels” Dec. 4, 1865

• Johnson recognizes Southern states Dec. 6, 1865

• Johnson vetoes extension of Freedmen’s Bureau

• Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Bill of 1866

• Republicans pass 14th Amendment – DOES NOT GRANT RIGHT TO VOTE TO FREEDMEN!!!

• Johnson defeated in 1866 Congressional Elections

Johnson Impeached (Almost!!!)

• 1867: Congress passes “Tenure of Office Act”

• Johnson fires Sec. Of War Stanton, a Radical sympathizer in the Administration

• House of Reps votes 126 to 47 to impeach

• Senate fails to impeach by ONE vote

NOTE: Vice Presidency still vacant – many fear Ben Wade as President, despite dislike of Johnson

Congressional Reconstruction/ Military Reconstruction: 1867-1877

1867-1869:

• South divided into 5 military districts

• Disenfranchised former Confederates

• Req. South to ratify 14th Amendment

• Req. South to guarantee full suffrage to Freedmen

1870-1877:

• Fifteenth Amendment passed to ensure suffrage

• Federal troops enforce Reconstruction until 1877

Map: The Reconstruction

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Distinguished Colored MenThis lithograph from 1883 depicts prominent African American men, several of whom had leading roles in Black Reconstruction. (Library of Congress)

Distinguished Colored Men

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Grant Administration

• Grant (Republican) wins 214 electoral votes to Seymour’s (Democrat) 80

• NOTE: Grant only wins popular vote by 300,000

SIGNIFICANCE: The approx. 500,000 to 700,000 Freedmen’s votes swing election to Grant.

Map: Popular Vote for President in the South, 1872

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

• Did we learn any lessons from Reconstruction?

• Compare and Contrast Reconstruction after the Civil War and reconstruction in Iraq.

• Are there any lessons from the Civil War that could be helpful in Iraq?