12/26/2004 sumatra-andaman islands earthquake 3rd largest earthquake of the past 100 years (m w...
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12/26/2004 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake
• 3rd largest earthquake of the past 100 years (Mw 9.3).
• Generated historically large tsunamis that struck Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Africa that killed approximately 300,000 people.
• No effective warning of tsunami due to lack of monitoring/communication system in the Indian Ocean
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Seismograms of the day: Global Seismic Displacement Wavefield, December 26, 2004.
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Earth Simulator Sumatra Surface Wave Simulation
c/o Jeroen Tromp
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0S0 - 20.5 minutes
0S3 - 35.6 minutes
0S2 - 53.9 minutes
Spheroidal Normal Modes
Very Large Earthquakes Significantly Excite the Planet’s Normal Modes
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The Sumatra-Andaman
rupture was significant, even on the scale of the
entire planet.
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c/o Miaki Ishii
The Sumatra-Andaman rupture was complex and distributed over more than 7 minutes.
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Global Moment Release (1906-2005)
Chile (1960)
Alaska (1964)
Sumatra (2004)
“Great” earthquake are very significant global events.
…seismic Momentis proportionalto fault areatimes fault slip
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Global Moment Release (1906-2005)
Approximately half of all earthquake moment release on the planet over the past 100 years occurred in just three earthquakes (a manifestation of power law statistics)!
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Physics of Water Waves
Waves are the response of a liquid to departures from gravitational equilibrium.
•Wind waves in the deep ocean: Wavelength << water depth
•Tsunami waves in the deep ocean: Wavelength >> water depth
Wind Waves (away from shore)
Tsunamis in the deep ocean
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c/o Steve Ward
Global Tsunami Simulation