12._infraestructura_escandinavia

PersPectives

CSCMP

Scandinavia

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© 2009 Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals

Scandinaviawritten by:

Britta Gammelgaard, Copenhagen Business School

John Landborn, Ab Jolares

Patrik Rydén, Oresund Logistics

Merete Vestergaard, Copenhagen Business School

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Editor: Jessica D’Amico Direct Line: +1 630.645.3460 E-Mail: [email protected]

Table of ContentsSection I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Section II. Scandinavian Logistics Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. A .. Scandinavia,.the.Nordics,.and.the.Baltic.Sea.Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. . 1 .. Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. . 2 .. The.Nordics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. . 3 .. The.Baltic.Sea.Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. B .. Evolution.of.Scandinavian.Logistics.Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. . 1 .. The.Nordic.Triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. . 2 .. The.Gothenburg.Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . 3 .. The.Stockholm.Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . 4 .. The.Oresund.Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. C .. The.Role.of.Scandinavia.in.Global.Logistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Section III. Scandinavia—A Gateway to the Baltic Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. A .. Scandinavia—Facts.and.Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. B .. .The.Link.Between.Western.Europe,.Scandinavia,.and.Eastern.Europe. . . . . 12. C .. The.Main.Seaports.in.Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.. . 1 .. Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . The.Port.of.Aarhus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . Copenhagen-Malmo.Port.(CMP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . Port.of.Fredericia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. . 2 .. Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. . . Port.of.Bergen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. . . Port.of.Karmsund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. . . Port.of.Narvik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. . . Port.of.Oslo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. . 3 .. Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. . . Port.of.Gothenburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. . . Port.of.Stockholm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. . . Port.of.Trelleborg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. D .. Main.Airports.in.Scandinavia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. . 1 .. Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. . . Copenhagen.Airport.(CPH),.Copenhagen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. . . Billund.Airport.AS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. . 2 .. Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. . . Oslo.Airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. . 3 .. Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. . . Stockholm-Arlanda.Airport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. . . Gothenburg.Landvetter.Airport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. E .. .Road.and.Rail.Systems.in.Scandinavia—Connecting.Scandinavia.to............

Continental.Europe.and.Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. . 1 .. Road.System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22. . 2 .. The.Rail.System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23. . . The.Railroad.Network.in.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden. . . . . . . . . . 23. F .. Trade.Flows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 24


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Section IV. Logistics Solutions in Scandinavia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. A .. Logistics.Knowledge.Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. . 1 .. Knowledge.hubs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. . 2 .. Universities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. B ... .Green.Logistics—A.Call.for.Efficient.Logistics........................

Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. C ... The.Control.Tower.Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Section V. Business Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. A .. Sony.Nordic.Logistics,.Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. B ... Volvo.Logistics.Corporation,.Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. C ... UNICEF.Supply.Division,.Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. D ... Marine.Harvest,.Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. E ... Ahlsell.Logistics.Center.in.Hallsberg,.Sweden. . . . . . . 32. F ... IKEA.in.Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Section VI. Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. A .. Doing.Business.in.Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. . 1 .. Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. . . .The.Corporate.Structure.and.Business.Activities....................

in.Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. . 2 .. Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. . . .Taxation.of.Ordinary.Income—An.......................

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. . . Not.an.EU.Member.State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. . 3 .. Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. . . .Tax.Accounting.According.to.International.............

Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. . . Value.Added.Tax.(VAT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 B. Logistics and Supply Chain Links in

Scandinavia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1 .. Seaports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. . 2 .. Airports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 C. Links to Logistics Research Centers and

Universities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1 .. Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. . 2 .. Research.Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. . 3 .. Other.Useful.Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 E. Links to National Government Organizations

and Investments Institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1 .. Investments.in.Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. . 2 .. Invest.in.EU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. . 3 .. Invest.in.Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. . 4 .. Invest.in.Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. . 5 .. The.Nordic.Stock.Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. . 6 .. Other.Useful.Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. F. Links to the Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 G. Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

List of Tables. Table.1:..States.in.Europe.(sovereign,.non-....................

sovereign,.and.territories). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

. Table.2:..The.Nordic.Region.Countries.and.Their.................Relationship.to.Regional.and.European.........Treaties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

. Table.3:.Scandinavia.General.Facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

. Table.4:..The.Ports.in.Numbers.and.Primary.Line..........of.Business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

. Table.5:..Foreign.Trade—Five.Largest.Scandinavian.Exports.Trade.Partners.(2007). . . . . . . . . . . . 24

. Table.6:..Foreign.Trade—Five.Largest.Scandinavian....Imports.Trade.Partners .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24

. Table.7:..The.Different.Types.of.Corporations.in........Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

List of Figures. Figure.1:.Map.of.Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Figure.2:.The.Nordic.Triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Figure.3:.The.Oresund.Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Figure.4:..Real.GDP.Change.in.the.Baltic.Sea................

Region.1995-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Figure.5:.Map.of.Copenhagen-Malmo.Port. . . . . . . . . 13. Figure.6:...Larger.Ports.Serving.the.Norwegian............

Coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Figure.7:.The.Port.of.Narvik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Figure.8:.Map.of.Ports.in.Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Figure.9:.Port.of.Gothenburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. Figure.10:..Map.of.Sea.Routes.and.Container..............

Traffic.(2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Figure.11:.Copenhagen.Airport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. Figure.12:.The.Fehmarn.Belt.Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. Figure.13:..Major.Scandinavian.University.and.............

Business.School.Logistics.Programs. . . . . . 26. Figure.14:..SONY’s.Distribution.Center.at..................

Copenhagen-Malmö.Port. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. Figure.15:..The.UNICEF.Location.at.................

Copenhagen.Freeport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. Figure.16:..Marine.Harvest.Main.Market.and. . . .Producer.Countries,.With.Import.............

Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Figure.17:..Ahlsell’s.Central.Distribution.Center.in.

Hallsberg,.Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. Figure.18:.The.Glimma.Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. Figure.19:..Lead.Time.Baltic.Sea.Region.and................

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34


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Countries:.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden.

Capitals: Copenhagen.(Denmark),.Oslo.(Norway),.and.Stockholm.(Sweden)

Government type:.Constitutional.monarchies ..The.heads.of.state.are.Queen.Margrethe.II.in.Denmark,.King.Harald.V.in.Norway,.and.King.Carl.XVI.Gustaf.in.Sweden

Languages:.Danish,.Norwegian,.and.Swedish

Area:.816,864.km²

Borders: 4,844.km

Coastline: 43,962.km²

Terrain: Mostly.flat.or.gently.undulating.lowlands,.but.the.North/West.features.glaciers.and.rugged.mountains

Natural resources: Petroleum,.natural.gas,.fish,.salt,.limestone,.chalk,.stone,.gravel,.sand,.iron.ore,.lead,.zinc,.silver,.tungsten,.uranium,.arsenic,.feldspar,.timber,.hydropower,.copper,.titanium,.pyrites,.and.nickel

Population: 19,174,569.(2007)

Population growth rate:.0 .24%.(2007)

GDP (official exchange rates):.$10 .867.trillion.(2007)

GDP growth rate:.2 .17%.(2007)

Labor force: 7,632,000.(2007)

Unemployment rate:.5 .7%.(2007)

Industries: Iron,.steel,.nonferrous.metals,.information.technology,.chemicals,.food.processing,.machinery.and.transportation.equipment,.textiles.and.clothing,.electronics,.construction,.furniture.and.other.wood.products,.shipbuilding.and.refurbishment,.wind.turbines,.pharmaceuticals,.petroleum.and.gas,.medical.equipment,.precision.equipment.(bearings,.radio.and.telephone.parts,.armaments),.wood.pulp.and.paper.products,.metals,.chemicals,.timber,.mining,.textiles,.fishing,.motor.vehicles,.logistics.solutions,.and.shipping

Imports:.$330 .64.billion.f .o .b ..(2007)

Main import countries (excluding to each other):.Germany,.Netherlands,.China,.France,.UK,.US,.Italy,.and.Belgium

Exports: $411 .6.billion.f .o .b ..(2007)

Main export countries (excluding to each other):.Germany,.Netherlands,.China,.France,.UK,.US,.and.Belgium

Currency:.Danish.Kroner.(DKK),.Swedish.Krona.(SEK),.and.Norwegian.Krone.(NOK)

Highways:.280,695.km.paved,.including.2,436.km.of.motorways

Railroads:.18,286.km

Inland waterways:.4,029.km

Airports with paved runways: six.runways.over.3,047.meters,.a.total.of.247

Pipelines: Condensate.519.km,.gas.11,400.km,.oil.6031.km,.oil/gas/water.459.km

Source: CIA Factbook, 20081


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Section I. Introduction

With.its.intersection.of.all.North-South.distribution.channels.from.Central.Europe.to.Scandinavia.and.Northern.Europe,.Scandinavia.plays.an.important.role.in.logis-tics ..Its.geographical.position.makes.it.a.central.distribution.point.to.customers.in.the.Nordic.Region,.Northern.Europe,.Russia.and.the.countries.in.the.Baltic.Sea.Region—a.total.reach.of.more.than.100.million.consumers ..Moreover,.nowhere.else.in.Northern.Europe.are.as.many.people.employed.in.the.logistics.industry,.almost.90%.of.whom.speak.English ..

It.may.be.difficult.for.international.companies.and.corporations.to.understand.and.separate.the.different.regions.within.Europe,.and.especially.to.know.which.logistics.solutions.and.advantages.these.can.offer.by.virtue.of.their.geographic.position ..The.following.section.titled.“Scandinavian.Logistics.Development,”.provides.insight.into.Scandinavian.logistics.(i .e .,.its.logistics.advantages.due.to.its.geographical.position),.as.well.as.the.Scandinavian.market ..It.will.explain.the.region’s.logistics.developments.and.how.it.can.be.of.interest.to.companies.which.require.a.quick,.agile,.and.cost-effi-cient.logistics.system.to.respond.to.ever-changing.markets ..Section.III.“Scandinavia—A.Gateway.to.the.Baltic.Region”.provides.further.insight.into.the.logistics.opportuni-ties.and.linkages.in.Scandinavia ..This.section.also.identifies.some.of.the.logistics.pos-sibilities.which.the.Scandinavian.region.provides.for.customers.in.need.of.distribution.solutions.to.the.rest.of.Europe,.Asia,.America,.and.elsewhere .

Section II. Scandinavian Logistics Development

Scandinavia.is.geographically.located.in.northern.Europe ..It.is.difficult.for.many.people.to.distinguish.Europe.from.the.European.Union,.and.it.does.not.become.any.easier.when.one.has.to.differentiate.between.Scandinavia,.the.Nordic.Region,.and.the.Baltic.Sea.Region ..This.section.hopes.to.clarify.some.of.this.confusion.with.a.definition.of.the.regions.involved ..

The.definition.of.Europe.has.multiple.uses,.but.its.principal.ones.are.geographical.and.political ..Geographically,.the.term.describes.a.location.and.all.the.countries.within.this.geographical.region ..Politically,.it.is.sometimes.used.as.a.synonym.for.the.European.Union.(EU),.or.it.refers.to.the.European.Union.(EU).together.with.other.non-EU.countries.on.the.continent ..Europe.consists.of.a.total.of.61.countries.including.50.sovereign.states,.7.non-sovereign.territories.and.regions,.and.4.partially-recognized.republics,.territories,.and.regions .

TabLe 1: STaTeS IN eUROPe (SOVeReIGN, NON-SOVeReIGN, aND TeRRITORIeS)2

Sovereign StateS in europe

Albania Andorra Austria* Belarus Belgium* Bosniaand Bulgaria* Croatia Cyprus* Czech Herzegovina Republic*

Denmark* Estonia* Finland* France* Germany* Greece* Hungary* Iceland Ireland* Italy*

Latvia* Liechtenstein Lithuania* Luxembourg* Macedonia Malta* Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands*

Norway Poland* Portugal* Romania* Russian SanMarino Serbia Slovakia* Slovenia* Spain* Federation

Sweden* Switzerland Turkey Ukraine* United Vatican Kingdom* CityState

non-Sovereign territorieS and regionS in europe

Åland FaroeIslands Gibraltar Greenland Northern Scotland Wales (FI) (DK) (UK) (DK) Ireland(UK) (UK) (UK)

*MemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion(EU).


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a. Scandinavia, the Nordics, and the baltic Sea Region

As.noted.above,.there.are.different.definitions.and.understandings.of.the.regions.within.Europe ..This.report.focuses.on.Scandinavia,.and.thus.covers.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden ..The.regions.of.Scandinavia,.the.Nordics,.and.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.are.defined.below ..

1. Scandinavia

The.term.Scandinavia.is.a.geographical.definition.and.describes.the.historical.and.geographical.region.centered.on.the.Scandinavian.Peninsula.in.Northern.Europe,.consisting.of.the.three.kingdoms.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden ..Apart.from.being.a.geographical.entity,.Scandinavia.is.also.a.cultural.and.political.region.where.the.ties.between.the.countries.are.based.on.official.membership.of.the.Nordic.Council.(see.the.“the.Nordics”.section) ..Scandinavia.has.a.population.of.about.19.million ..The.Scandinavian.languages.are.so.similar,.that.most.people.will.understand.each.other ..Scandinavia.occupies.an.area.of.approximately.816,864.km,.which.is.about.the.size.of.Texas.(696,621.km2).and.Oklahoma.(181,035.km2).together ..With.a.total.coastline.of.35,680.kilometers,.a.very.large.proportion.of.the.three.Scandinavian.countries.is.situated.by.the.sea ..By.comparison,.Germany,.which.is.almost.half.the.size.of.Scandinavia,.has.a.coastline.of.only.2,389.kilometers ..

FIGURe 1: MaP OF eUROPe2

The.European.Union.consists.of.27.member.countries ..Figure.1.shows.the.European.countries.which.are.members.of.the.EU ..The.special.relationships.between.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden.to.the.EU.are.considered.in.Section.II .


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2. The Nordics

The.larger.region.that.some.people.refer.to.as.Scandinavia.is.offi-cially.known.as.the Nordic Countries.or.the Nordic Region ..Apart.from.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden,.this.definition.includes.Finland,.Iceland,.the.Danish.territories.of.the.Faeroe.Islands.and.Greenland,.and.the.Finnish.territory.of.Åland ..The.region’s.five.nation.states.and.three.autonomous.regions.share.much.common.history.as.well.as.common.traits.in.their.respective.societies,.such.as.political.systems.and.the.Nordic.welfare.model ..The.Nordic.region.has.a.political.dimension.in.the.joint.official.bodies.called.the.Nordic.Council.(founded.just.after.World.War.II).and.the.Nordic.Council.of.Ministers.(founded.in.1971).which.are.intergovernmental.forums.for.cooperation.between.the.Nordic.countries.(Denmark,.Finland,.Iceland,.Norway,.and.Sweden) ..Several.aspects.of.a.common.market,.as.in.the.European.Union,.were.implemented.here.decades.before.the.EU.implemented.them ..Intra-Nordic.trade.is.not.governed.by.the.

United.Nations.Convention.on.Contracts.for.the.International.Sale.of.Goods.(CISG),4.but.by.local.law ..In.the.EU,.the.Northern.Dimension.refers.to.external.and.cross-border.policies.covering.the.Nordic.countries,.the.Baltic.countries,.and.Russia ..The.political.cooperation.between.the.Nordic.countries.has.not.led.to.a.common.policy.or.an.agreement.on.the.countries’.memberships.in.the.European.Union,.Eurozone,5.and.NATO ..Iceland.and.Norway.are.only.members.of.NATO,.while.Finland.and.Sweden.are.only.members.of.the.European.Union ..Denmark.alone.participates.in.both.organizations ..Only.Finland.is.a.member.of.the.Eurozone ..The.tasks.and.policies.of.the.European.Union.overlap.significantly.with.the.Nordic.council ..The.Schengen.Agreement,.for.example,.supersedes.the.Nordic.passport.free.zone.and.a.common.labor.market ..Linguistically.the.area.is.het-erogeneous,.with.three.unrelated.language.groups .

TabLe 2: THe NORDIC ReGION COUNTRIeS aND THeIR ReLaTIONSHIPTO ReGIONaL aND eUROPeaN TReaTIeS

denmark Finland iceland norway Sweden

nato6 Member(1949) Nonmember Member(1949) Member(1949) Nonmember

european union7 Member(1973) Member(1995) Nonmember Nonmember Member(1995)

eurozone (euro area)8 Nonmember Member(1999) Nonmember Nonmember Nonmember

Schengen9 Member Member Member Member Member

3. The Baltic Sea Region

The.Baltic.Sea.Region.includes.the.Nordic.countries.(Denmark,.Finland,.Iceland,..Norway,.and.Sweden),.the.Baltic.Countries.(Estonia,.Latvia,.and.Lithuania),.northern.Germany.(Hamburg,.Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,.and.Schleswig-Holstein),.northern.Poland.(Pomorskie,.Warminsko-Mazurskie,.and.Zachodnio-Pomorskie),.and.most.parts.of.Russia’s.Northwestern.Federal.District.(excluding.the.four.regions.last.connected.to.the.Baltic.Sea.Region:.the.Republic.of.Komi,.Arkhangelskaya.oblast,.Nentsky.AO,.and.Vologodskaya.oblast) .10

The.Baltic.Sea.Region.shares.many.historical.ties,.and.has.been.the.facilitator.of.integrative.processes.for.more.than.1,000.years.with.some.periods.more.intensive.than.others ..Naturally,.the.Cold.War.largely.hindered.extended.cooperation,.but.when.the.Berlin.Wall.fell.in.1989.strong.new.ties.emerged ..The.Baltic.Sea.Region.is.now.interlaced.by.a.myriad.of.formal.and.informal.cross-border.organi-zations.and.forums.signaling.the.multidimensional.scale.of.regional.interaction ..The.multitude.of.regional.organizations.in.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.constitute.regional.strength ..The.Baltic.Sea.Region.boasts.

stable.democracies,.institutional.structures.favorable.to.business,.proximity.of.markets,.good.infrastructure,.high.levels.of.education,.strong.industrial.traditions,.and.a.shared.history.of.cooperation.and.trade ..Eight.of.the.eleven.Baltic.Sea.countries.are.members.of.the.EU,.widely.extending.the.framework.for.cooperation.and.representing.a.unique.opportunity.to.establish.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.as.a.growth.and.trading.center ..

The.region.is.home.to.more.than.100.million.people,11.the.Nordic.countries.together.represent.about.45%.of.the.region’s.inhabitants ..The.region’s.labor.force.of.27 .7.million.employees.increased.by.almost.500,000.in.2007—the.largest.growth.ever.measured.in.the.region,.and.attributed.mostly.to.the.Nordic.countries ..The.region’s.annual.GDP.is.a.little.above.€1,450.billion,.where.the.Nordic.countries.account.for.about.73%.of.the.total ..Northern.Germany’s.share.is.14%,.which.is.falling,.however ..Northwestern.Russia,.now.at.5 .3%,.continues.to.grow.while.the.Baltic.countries.are.stabilizing.at.4% ..Northern.Poland.accounts.for.2 .6%.of.regional.GDP.with.a.slightly.growing.share .12


�

b. evolution of Scandinavian Logistics Structure

FIGURe 2: THe NORDIC TRIaNGLe14

A.majority.of.the.freight.going.in.and.out.of.Scandinavia.passes.through.the.Nordic.Triangle ..The.central.position.of.the.Nordic.Triangle.in.relation.to.the.international.transportation.corridors.between.cities.such.as.Copenhagen,.Gothenburg,.Oslo,.Stockholm.and.Hamburg,.Rotterdam,.and.Berlin,.etc .,.is.of.great.importance.to.the.foreign.trade.of.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden ..The.triangle.also.enjoys.a.strategic.location.due.to.the.Baltic.Region’s.growing.economies.and.major.potential.for.increased.trade ..A.large.part.of.these.goods.is.transported.by.intermodal.transportation.(air,.rail,.road,.and.sea).to.the.other.Nordic.countries,.Russia,.and.the.Baltic.States ..Given.that.a.well-functioning.infrastructure.and.good.options.are.fundamental.preconditions.for.the.competiveness.of.businesses,.investments.are.focused.on.optimizing.the.......rail.and.road.systems.between.the.countries ..

The.higher.the.level.of.consumption,.the.more.the.need.increases.for.global.logistics ..Due.to.the.increasing.need.for.transportation.of.large.vol-umes.of.goods,.more.items.are.moved.by.contain-ers.via.rail,.road,.and.sea ..In.2001.there.were.4.million.container.movements.or.throughputs.in.the.Baltic.Region.container.market ..By.2007.this.figure.had.grown.to.8.million,.and.it.is.expected.to.increase.to.15.million.by.2015—a.growth.rate.of.around.10%.per.year .13

The.population.density—and.those.neighboring.markets.that.can.be.reached.within.24.hours—is.crucial.when.companies.are.selecting.their.“first.entry”.location ..The.longer.the.distance.between.custom-ers.and.the.point.of.arrival.for.the.goods,.the.longer.the.delivery.time.and.the.higher.the.uncertainty.becomes.for.the.customer ..To.avoid.this,.companies.oftentimes.place.their.warehouses.and.dis-tribution.centers.close.to.the.market.by.choosing.logistics.hubs.in.or.close.to.the.densely.populated.areas.in.Scandinavia ..The.areas,.which.tend.to.overlap.to.some.extent,.are.presented.below .

1. The Nordic Triangle

When.examining.the.Scandinavian.logistics.structure,.it.is.evident.that.the.largest.concentration.of.Scandinavian.logistics.operations.is.in.the.Nordic.Triangle,.between.Copenhagen/Malmo.in.the.South,.Oslo.in.the.West,.and.Stockholm.in.the.East ..The.bigger.cities.along.the.“legs”.of.the.triangle.(Copenhagen,.Gothenburg,.Malmo,.Oslo,.and.Stockholm).have.seen.constant.growth.in.recent.years,.which.to.some.extent.can.be.explained.with.the.provision.of.an.improved.transport.structure .


��

The.large.flow.of.goods.in.transit.through.the.Nordic.Triangle,.combined.with.its.strategic.position.for.distribution.to.the.Nordic.Region.and.the.Baltic.Sea.area,.has.attracted.a.large.number.of.logistics.providers ..Most.of.the.megacarriers.(DHL,.UPS,.FedEx,.Maersk,.and.DB.Schenker).are.also.present.within.the.Nordic.Triangle,.operating.a.number.of.Nordic.Distribution.Centers.(DCs).on.behalf.of.some.of.the.largest.corporations.in.the.world ..The.area.enjoys.a.very.good.foundation.for.efficient.goods.distribution.due.to.a.strong.presence.from.the.four.modes.of.transport,.no.major.bottleneck.problems.in.the.infrastructure,.a.large.number.of.logistics.providers,.and.a.unified.source.of.relevant.knowledge .

2. The Gothenburg Region

The.region.is.the.Scandinavian.center.for.industry,.international.commerce,.international.trade,.logistics,.and.transportation.for.northern.Europe—among.others,.is.home.to.the.automotive.and.commercial.vehicle.companies.SAAB,.Volvo.Cars,.and.AB.Volvo.and.their.suppliers ..The.region.has.also.developed.into.a.center.for.other.industries.such.as.medical.technology,.the.environment,.ener-gy,.culture,.media,.and.information.technology.(IT) ..The.logistics.and.transportation.arteries.in.the.region.are.significant.establish-ing.factors.for.businesses ..The.central.position.in.the.Nordic.and.Baltic.region.provides.a.substantial.ground.for.existing.and.newly.emerging.logistics.and.transportation.companies ..Some.70%.of.Nordic.industrial.companies.are.located.within.500.kilometers.of.Gothenburg—as.are.three.capital.cities:.Copenhagen,.Oslo.and.Stockholm ..In.spite.of.strong.competition.within.the.logistics.flow.of.ships.and.aircraft,.the.Port.of.Gothenburg.has.been.able.to.establish.a.global.network.of.trans-ocean.shipping.lines.and.a.high.frequency.European.short.sea.and.scheduled.North.Sea.route,.making.it.unique.in.northern.Europe .15.The.region.is.also.a.signifi-cant.center.for.academic.research.and.education.within.logistics.and.transportation .

3. The Stockholm Region

Located.by.the.Baltic.Sea,.the.Stockholm.region.is.considered.to.be.a.knowledge-generating.region ..With.the.largest.stock.exchange.within.Scandinavia.located.in.Stockholm,.the.Swedish.capital.attracts.the.headquarters.of.banks,.IT.companies,.high-tech.companies,.and.more ..Near.Stockholm,.the.city.of.Södertälje.is.home.to.commercial.vehicle.manufacturer.Scania ..Stockholm.is.located.in.the.very.heart.of.the.Swedish.consumer.base.and.has.a.number.of.ports,.with.extensive.ferry.services.between.Sweden,.Finland,.Estonia,.and.Latvia ..The.Stockholm.region.is.also.strategically.located.to.meet.the.future.growth.in.trade.between.the.Nordic.countries.and.the.Russian,.Baltic,.and.Polish.markets ..

Ever.since.the.independence.of.the.former.Communist.states.in.the.Baltic.Sea.Region,.and.some.of.these.countries’.admission.into.the.European.Union,.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.has.enjoyed.a.skyrocketing.economy.with.a.substantial.increase.in.the.flow.of.goods ..The.geographical.position.has.made.Stockholm.a.natural.logistics.hub.in.the.distribution.of.goods.coming.from.the.Nordic.Triangle.(by.rail.and.road).in.transit.to.the.northern.part.of.the.Baltic ..

In.2007,.the.second.largest.container.port.in.this.part.of.the.world.was.Gothenburg.with.a.throughput.of.841,000.containers.a.year .Aarhus.(Denmark).came.third.with.a.throughput.of.504,000.contain-ers ..The.largest.container.harbor.is.St ..Petersburg.with.a.throughput.last.year.of.1 .7.million.containers .16.The.Port.of.Gothenburg.can.be.seen.as.the.“Port.of.Scandinavia,”.emphasizing.its.geographical.location.by.the.sea ..Its.strong.infrastructure.for.transportation.into.the.mainland.make.it.the.logical.port.of.entry.for.many.large.vessels.coming.from.the.Far.East.and.North.America ..Functioning.as.a.logis-tical.hub,.the.majority.of.the.containers.going.in.and.out.of.the.Port.of.Gothenburg.are.transported.by.rail.and.road.with.destinations.in.the.Oresund.Region.(DK/SE),.Stockholm.(SE),.and.Oslo.(NO).with.only.5%.of.the.containers.continuing.on.by.ship ..While.road.haulage.enjoyed.a.boom.for.many.years,.it.is.now.rail.traffic.which.domi-nates.with.an.almost.200%.increase.from.2001.to.2008 ..The.reason.for.the.increase.in.rail.traffic.is.the.establishment.of.dry.ports.(see.the.“Sweden”.section),.but.also.to.some.degree.due.to.environmental.issues ..Apart.from.being.Sweden’s.largest.export.port,.the.Port.of.Gothenburg.is.also.Norway’s.biggest.import.port.for.container.and.trailer.based.cargo ..


10

4. The Oresund Region

FIGURe 3: THe OReSUND ReGION18

C. The Role of Scandinavia in Global Logistics

The.Oresund.Region.consists.of.Zealand,.Lolland-Falster,.Møn,.and.Bornholm.in.Denmark,.and.Scania.in.Sweden ..The.south-ern.part.of.the.Region.is.connected.through.the.Oresund.Bridge,.the.fixed.link.between.Danish.capital.Copenhagen,.and.Malmo,.Sweden ..The.northern.part.of.the.region.is.connected.via.ferries.between.Elsinore.(DK).and.Helsingborg.(SE) ..This.loca-tion,.together.with.the.level.of.economic.development,.positions.the.region.as.one.of.the.major.hubs.and.traffic.linkage.points.between.Scandinavia,.the.Baltic.Region,.and.Northern.Europe ..The.Oresund.Region.has.the.highest.population.density.in.the.Nordic.Region,.with.more.than.3 .6.million.inhabitants.within.an.area.half.the.size.of.Switzerland ..With.a.workforce.of.1 .8.mil-lion,.the.region.also.provides.the.largest.recruitment..base.in.Scandinavia ..

The.Oresund.Region.is.the.largest.of.the.Scandinavian.logistics.hubs.and.the.fifth.largest.in.Northern.Europe ..With.more.than.$20.billion.in.turnover.and.77,000.employees.in.the.logistics.sector,.the.Oresund.Region.can.compare.itself.with.cities.like.Paris,.Rotterdam,.and.Hamburg ..With.25%.of.the.Swedish.and.Danish.total.GNP.produced.within.the.region,.and.with.

A.good.logistics.and.transportation.infrastructure.is.an.important.building.block.in.efforts.to.create.the.foundation.for.profitable.trade.and.industry—both.nationally.and.internationally ..Successful.companies.depend.heavily.on.an.efficient.logistics.setup.in.order.to.be.able.to.react.rapidly.to.changes.in.customer.demand ..Competition.has.traditionally.existed.between.different.individual.firms ..However,.since.the.individual.firm.in.the.chain.now.tends.to.add.less.and.less.value,.competition.is.gaining.a.whole.new.meaning ..Today’s.competition.tends.to.be.between.different.supply.chains.instead.of.between.companies,.each.of.which.aims.to.deliver.a.product.or.a.service.with.high.customer.value.in.a.cost-effective.way.to.the.end.consumer ..In.the.search.for.cost.efficiencies.in.production,.many.firms.are.now.emphasizing.their.core.competencies,.and.in.doing.so.they.are.outsourcing.more.and.more.of.their.non-core.activities ..As.a.result.a.larger.portion.of.their.operations.are.there-fore.now.being.carried.out.on.a.global.basis ..Because.of.globalization,.supply.chains.now.tend.to.become.more.geographically.dispersed,.leading.to.more.

transportation.and.therefore,.increased.costs ..The.potential.for.competition.is.now.worldwide,.which.makes.companies.very.dependent.on.information.on.the.local.transportation.infrastructure.system.(i .e ..the.physical.infrastructure,.gateways.and.interchanges,.etc .) .

This.issue.of.CSCMP Global Perspectives.seeks.to.provide.companies.the.informa-tion.they.need.on.the.logistics.possibilities.and.opportunities.in.the.Scandinavian.Region ..Section.III.will.therefore.con-tribute.some.main.insights.on.logistics..........in.Scandinavia ..

SeCTION III. SCaNDINaVIa—a GaTeWaY TO THe baLTIC Sea ReGIONAlthough.Scandinavian.countries.have.many.common.features,.there.are.also.some.differences ..A.brief.overview.of.the.characteristics.of.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden.is.presented.in.table.3 ..

a.total.growth.rate.of.2 .7%,.the.Oresund.Region.is.thus.positioned.as.one.of.Europe’s.most.dynamic.regions .17.The.largest.industries.in.this.region.are.medical.and.biotech,.IT.and.telecommunication,.environment,.food,.and.design ..Moreover,.the.Oresund.Region.possesses.the.largest.concentra-tion.of.highly.educated.people.in.Scandinavia ..There.is.a.close.cooperation.among.universities,.industries.and.the.public.sectors.across.the.Oresund .


1111

TabLe 3: SCaNDINaVIa GeNeRaL FaCTS19

GreeceGermany

MaltaMacedoni a

SwitzerlandDenmark

TurkeySwedenSan Marino

RussianFederation

HollandNorway

Andorra

Bulgaria

Bosnia-Herzegovina

LatviaYugoslaviaItalia

Ireland

Island

MonacoGreat Britain Moldova Rep.

FranceEstonia Finland

VaticanUkraine Hungary

SpainSlovakia Slovenia

Romani aPoland Portugal

BelgiumAustria Belarus

CroatiaCehia Cypre

Luxemburg

Liechtenstein Lithuania

The statesEuropean official flags

Albania

GreeceGermany

MaltaMacedoni a

SwitzerlandDenmark


RussianFederation

HollandNorway

Andorra

Bulgaria

Bosnia-Herzegovina


Ireland

Island







CroatiaCehia Cypre

Luxemburg



Albania

GreeceGermany

MaltaMacedoni a

SwitzerlandDenmark


RussianFederation

HollandNorway

Andorra

Bulgaria

Bosnia-Herzegovina


Ireland

Island







CroatiaCehia Cypre

Luxemburg



Albania

capital

government type

languages

area

Borders

coastline

terrain

natural resources

population

population growth rate

gdp (official exchange rate)

gdp growth rate

labor force

unemployment rate

industries

imports

main import countries

exports

main export countries

currency (code)

Highways (paved)

railroads

inland waterways

airports (paved runways)

pipelines

Copenhagen

Constitutionalmonarchyandparliamentarydemocracy

Danish,Faeroese,Greenlandic(anInuitdialect),German(smallminority)

Total:43,098sqkm

Total:69kmBorder countries: Germany

7,314km

Lowandflatgentlyundulatingplains

Oil,naturalgas,fish,salt,limestone,chalk,stone,gravelandsand

5,484,723(2008est.)

0.295%(2008est.)

$311.9billion(2007est.)

1.7%(2007est.)

2.86million(2007est.)

2.8%(2007est.)

Iron,steel,nonferrousmetals,chemicals,foodprocessing,machineryand

transportationequipment,textilesandclothing,electronics,construction,furniture

andotherwoodproducts,shipbuildingandrefurbishment,windturbines,

pharmaceuticals,medicalequipment,logisticssolutionsandshipping

$102billionf.o.b.(2007est.)

Germany,Sweden,Netherlands,Norway,China,UK,Italy,France

$101.2billionf.o.b.(2007est.)

Germany,Sweden,UK,US,Norway,France,Netherlands(2007)

Danishkrone(DKK)

72,362km(incl.1,032kmofmotorways)

Total: 2,644km

400km

2(over3,047m)Total:28

Condensate11km;gas4,073km;oil617km;oil/gas/water2km

Stockholm


Swedish,smallSami-andFinnish-speakingminorities

Total:449,964sqkm

Total:2,233kmBorder countries:Finland614km,

Norway1,619km

11,500km

Mostlyflatorgentlyundulatinglowlands;mountainsintheNorthwest

Ironore,lead,zinc,silver,tungsten,uranium,arsenic,feldspar,timber,

hydropower

9,045,389(2008est.)

0.157%(2008est.)


2.7%(2007est.)


6.1%(2007est.)

Ironandsteel,precisionequipment(bearings,radioandtelephoneparts,armaments),woodpulpandpaper

products,processedfoods,motorvehicles


Germany,Denmark,Norway,UK,Finland,Netherlands,France,China,Belgium

(2007)


Germany,Norway,US,Denmark,UK,Finland,Netherlands,France,Belgium

(2007)

Swedishkrona(SEK)

139,300km(incl.1,740kmofmotorways)

Total:11,528km

2,052km


Gas798km

Oslo


BokmalNorwegian(official),NynorskNorwegian(official),smallSami-and

Finish-speakingminorities

Total:323,802sqkm

Total:2,542kmBorder countries:Finland727km,Sweden1,619km,Russia196km

25,148km

Glacial;mostlyhighplateausandruggedmountainswithfertilevalleys;small

scatteredplains;coastlinedeeplyindentedbyfjords;ArctictundraintheNorth

Oil,naturalgas,ironore,copper,lead,zinc,titanium,pyrites,nickel,fish,timber,

hydropower

4,644,457(2008est.)

0.35%(2008est.)


0.7%(2007est.)


2.5%(2007est.)

Oilandgas,foodprocessing,shipbuilding,pulpandpaperproducts,

metals,chemicals,timber,mining,textiles,fishing


Sweden,Germany,UK,Denmark,China,US,andCanada(2007)


UK,Germany,Netherlands,France,Sweden,US(2007)

Norwegiankrone(NOK)

72,033km(incl.664kmofmotorways)

Total:4,114km

1,577km


Condensate508km;gas6,529km;oil2,444km;oil/gas/water457km

SeCTION III. SCaNDINaVIa—a GaTeWaY TO THe baLTIC Sea ReGION

a. Scandinavia—Facts and Figures

denmark Sweden norway


1�

b. The Link between Western europe, Scandinavia, and eastern europe

FIGURe 4: ReaL GDP CHaNGe IN THe baLTIC Sea ReGION 1994-200420

1995

1996

1

997

1

998

1

999

2

000

2001

2002

2003

2004

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

BelarusLatvia

EstoniaLithuania

Poland

Finland

NorwaySweden

EU25Denmark

German BSR

GD

P r

eal change index 1

995=

100

Russian BSR

With.the.increase.in.growth.in.the.Baltic.Region,.there.has.been.a.concomitant.increase.in.Foreign.Direct.Investment.(FDI).in.the.transportation.infrastructure ..These.investments.are.among.the.factors.which.strengthen.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.in.regard.to.its.economic.importance ..At.the.same.time,.the.growth.in.this.region.is.increasing.the.relative.geo-economic.importance.of.Scandinavia ..Given.its.density.of.transportation.infrastructure,.especially.in.the.South,.Scandinavia.is.becom-ing.a.focal.point.for.the.arrival.and.departure.of.goods.and.materials.to.the.Nordic.countries.as.well.as.the.Baltic.Sea.Region ..The.gateways.from.the.Gothenburg.and.Oresund.Region.thus.play.an.important.role.in.the.logistics.flow ..The.fol-lowing.section.deals.with.the.most.important.infrastructures.(air,.sea,.road,.and.rail).in.Scandinavia,.and.their.advantages .

Logistics.capabilities.enable.companies.to.bring.value.to.their.customers ..Recent.decades.have.been.characterized.by.extraordinary.economic.growth.and.a.general.decrease.in.barriers.to.international.trade.and.investments ..The.economic.situation.is.now.changing,.which.means.new.chal-lenges.need.to.be.met ..Volatile.energy.prices.are.eroding.the.competitive.advantages.of.many.Asian.economies ..At.the.same.time,.there.is.the.risk.of.pirate.attack.in.the.Suez.Canal.area,.which.is.forcing.shipping.companies.to.lengthen.their.routes.to.avoid.these.attacks—thus.increasing.their.transportation.costs ..Environmental.challenges.are.also.forc-ing.companies.to.take.explicit.account.of.their.transport.sourcing.and.distribution.costs ..These.circumstances.are.all.placing.at.risk.a.trade.model.that.was.built.on.low.trans-port.costs.and.efficient.green.logistics ..

In.response.to.these.challenges,.more.and.more.companies.now.outsource.their.production.to.countries.closer.to.their.domestic.market ..Eastern.Europe,.in.particular,.has.been.a.direct.beneficiary.of.these.changes.with.a.constant.growth.rate.of.6%.to.12%.within.the.last.couple.of.years ..With.good.adaptability,.membership.in.the.European.Union,.and.good.infrastructure,.the.Baltic.countries.have.become.attrac-tive.markets.for.investments.and.business.from.around.the.world—especially.Scandinavia ..With.wage.cost.at.15-20%.less.than.in.the.Scandinavian.countries,.combined.with.a.high.work.ethic.and.close.geographic.and.cultural.proxim-ity,.establishment.of.production.facilities.in.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.has.become.an.important.solution.in.the.search.for.lower.production.costs.and.value.creation.in.the.supply.chain .

Source: Eurostat Statistics Finland, Bank of Finland. Growth for Russian BSR regions 1995-96estimated as the average Russian federal growth rate during the same period. Growth for Regierungsbezirk Lüneburg estimated as the average growth rate for entire Niedersachsen.


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C. The Main Seaports in Scandinavia

Scandinavia.has.several.main.seaports:.Copenhagen-Malmo Port.(DK),.Karmsund Port.(NO),.Port of Bergen.(NO),.Port of Gothenburg.(SE),.Port of Narvik.(NO),.Port of Aarhus.(DK),.Port of Stockholm.(SE),.and.Port of Trelleborg.(SE) ..The.main.responsibilities.of.and.differences.among.these.ports.are.presented.in.the.following.section .

1. Denmark

THE.PORT.OF.AARHUS21.The.Port.of.Aarhus.is.the.largest.container.port.in.Denmark.with.a.market.share.of.65%.of.the.containers.handled.in.Danish.ports ..The.containers.sailed.on.the.largest.container.ships.(from.Maersk.Line).on.a.daily.basis.to.and.from.a.num-ber.of.ports.in.the.Baltic.Sea.Region ...Besides.being.the.largest.container.port,.the.Port.of.Aarhus.is.also.the.largest.Danish.public.bulk.port.with.grain,.feedstuffs,.and.oil.as.the.goods.most.frequently.passing.over.the.quays.in.bulk.and.multi.ter-minals ..The.quay.at.the.Port.of.Aarhus.13 .5.kilometers.long,.covers.an.area.of.2,270,000.square.meters,.and..it.has.a.water.depth.of.up.to.14.meters.allowing.the.largest.container.ships.to.enter ..A.railroad.connects.the.quays.with.the.highway ..The.port’s.geographical.advantages.(i .e .,.having.no.natural.hin-drances.that.can.impede.vessels.calling.at.the.port,.such.as.large.waves.and.winter.ice),.combined.with.high.levels.of.efficiency,.have.enabled.it.to.be.one.of.the.most.competitive.ports.on.the.market ..In.terms.of.efficiency,.the.port.holds.the.European.record.for.the.number.of.container.lifts.per.crane.hour .

COPENHAGEN-MALMO.PORT.(CMP)22

Copenhagen.Malmo.Port.is.the.second.largest.port.and.terminal.operator.in.Scandinavia,.operating.quays.and.terminals.in.both.Copenhagen.(DK).and.Malmo.(SE).with.a.freight.turnover.of.18 .3.million.tons.in.2007 ..Ever.since.the.Port.of.Copenhagen.and.Malmo.Port.merged.in.2001,.CMP.has.developed.into.an.integrated.central.hub.between.Denmark.and.Sweden.for.transport.and.logistics.in.Scandinavia.and.to.the.Baltic.Region—which.makes.it.a.cross-border.corporation.between.Denmark.and.Sweden ..This.is.partly.due.to.its.strategic.location.in.close.proximity.to.an.integrated.motorway.system.and.railroad.connections,.Copenhagen.Airport,.and.the.Oresund.Bridge.(between.Denmark.and.Sweden) ..Copenhagen.Malmo.Port.is.also.directly.connected.to.the.Nordic.Triangle.Multimodal.Corridor.with.excellent.road.and.rail.connections.to.the.Stockholm,.Gothenburg,.and.Oslo.regions ..This.strategic.position.is.also.important.for.development.of.logistics.solutions.targeting.Russia.and.Finland ..From.its.geographical.position,.the.whole.of.the.Nordic.and.Baltic.regions.(with.more.than.100.million.consumers).can.be.covered.through.a.combination.of.sea,.rail,.and.roads.facilitating.mass.distribu-tion,.economies.of.scale,.and.low.costs ..

FIGURe 5: MaP OF COPeNHaGeN-MaLMO PORT23

• BothDanishandSwedish• Productionareaof2millionm²• 16.5kmquay• 36kmrailtracks

• 10ferryandRO/ROberths• 200,000m²warehouse• 2moderncontainerterminals

withanareaof250,000m²

• 4carterminalswithPDI• Transshipmentpossibilitiesfor

Panamaxships

Some facts on the port


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CMP.is.the.largest.port.for.automobile.logistics.in.the.Nordic.Region,.serving.as.a.hub.for.the.distribution.of.cars.to.the.entire.Nordic.and.Baltic.regions.at.a.turnover.of.more.than.350,000.new.cars.per.annum ..CMP.has.six.car.terminals.covering.a.total.of.800,000.square.meters.and.four.pre-delivery.inspection.(PDI).centers.to.serv-ice.them ..A.large.number.of.national.and.major.multinational.companies.have.already.established.terminals.and.facilities.in.the.port.for.the.distribu-tion.of.goods ..For.example,.Toyota.and.Honda.have.concentrated.their.automobile.distribution.to.the.Nordic.Region.and.Western.Russia.at.Copenhagen.Malmo.Port ..The.port.also.enjoys.a.strong.position.in.ferry.traffic,.roll-on/roll-off.(ro/ro),.and.container.handling,.and.plays.a.key.role.in.Scandinavia.for.storage.capacity.and.the.trans-shipment.of.oil—with.3.million.square.meters.of.land.still.available.for.further.development ..

The.main.benefit.of.CMP.is.its.geographical.posi-tion.with.a.market.of.four.million.people.right.on.its.doorstep—which.means.direct.contact.with.large.numbers.of.affluent.consumers ..Since.its.establishment.in.2001,.CMP.and.its.owners.have.invested.more.than24.$100.million.in.new.facili-ties.and.terminals,.and.are.planning.to.invest.even.more.in.new.quays,.terminals,.and.cruise.facilities.over.the.next.5-10.years.to.accommodate.future.growth ..

PORT.OF.FREDERICIA25.................The.Port.of.Fredericia.is.located.on.the.Little.Belt.strait.(DK).and.has.the.largest.cargo.ship.freight.turnover.measured.by.metric.tons.in.Denmark ..The.core.business.area.for.the.port.is.bulk.liq-uid.products.comprising.crude.oil,.oil.products,.chemicals,.and.tar ..The.most.important.product.is.crude.oil.from.the.North.Sea ..The.port.is.located.close.to.Denmark’s.major.motorway.junction,.where.North/South.traffic.meets.the.East/West.motorways.E20.and.E45 ..Taulov,.Denmark’s.international.railroad.junction.,.is.only.a.few.minutes’.drive.from.the.Port.of.Fredericia—where.cargo.is.distributed.to.the.rest.of.Denmark.and.the.other.Scandinavian.countries ..With.water.up.to.15.meters.deep.at.the.quayside,.Fredericia.ter-minal.is.one.of.the.deepest.ports.in.Denmark.with.a.direct.channel.out.to.the.deep-water.route.in.the.Great.Belt.strait ..The.Port.of.Fredericia.has.rail.tracks.in.all.quays,.and.extensive.crane.facilities.(including.portal.and.mobile.cranes) ..The.infra-structure.connects.the.railway.from.the.quay.to.the.“E”.highway.road.system—the.E20.and.E45.(see.the.“Road.System”.section) ...

2. Norway

Norway.has.a.coastline.of.25,148.kilometers,.and.about.300.of.its.cities,.towns,.and.villages.border.coastal.waters ..About.80%.of.the.population.is.located.less.than.10.kilo-meters.from.the.coast ..Not.only.does.the.country.have.a.long,.narrow.shape.with.a.long.coastline,.but.it.also.has.numerous.fjords.and.islands ..Sea.transport.handles.almost.95%.of.the.transportation.associated.with.foreign.trade.and.close.to.45%.of.domestic.transport ..The.high.moun-tains.and.deeply.sculptured.valleys.and.fjords.combined.with.a.harsh.northern.climate.have,.however,.made.inland.transportation.difficult.during.the.winter.season ..These.circumstances.have.forced.Norway.to.rely.on.shipping.as.a.fundamental.part.of.its.transportation.system—ports.are.many.and.ice-free ..Thus.maritime.transport.is,.and.has.always.been,.of.major.importance.to.Norway ..

The.Norwegian.West.and.North.coast.(from.Bergen.to.the.Russian.border).is.an.important.international.shipping.route.for.both.passengers.and.cargo.from.the.Atlantic.to.the.Arctic.Ocean ..Norway.is.one.of.the.world’s.leading.shipping.nations,.with.Norwegian.merchant.shipping.companies.owning.some.10%.of.the.world’s.total.fleet ..Moreover,.the.offshore.services.fleet.is.the.world’s.second.largest.in.terms.of.tonnage,.mostly.due.to.the.country’s.huge.oil.and.gas.industry ..Norway.is.also.particularly.influ-ential.in.the.area.of.specialized.and.complex.vessels,.since.Norwegian.companies.control.about.25%.of.the.world’s.passenger.cruise.ships.and.close.to.20%.of.the.world’s.larg-est.chemical.tankers.and.gas.carriers ..

The.growth.of.the.Oresund.Region.has.not.only.been.ben-eficial.to.Denmark.and.Sweden,.it.has.also.been.of.major.significance.for.Norway,.permitting.new.partnerships.with.Norwegian.companies.and.scientific.and.equivalent.institutions.within.the.biotechnology.and.other.indus-tries ..Although.Norway.is.not.at.the.center.of.logistics.in.Scandinavia,.it.still.has.some.very.important.logistics.loca-tions,.especially.with.regard.to.the.oil.and.fishing.industry ..With.exports.valued.at.30.billion.Norwegian.Krone,.the.fishing.industry.is.one.of.the.largest.exporters.in.Norway ..Apart.from.the.fishing.industry,.Norway.possesses.approxi-mately.50%.of.Western.Europe’s.oil.and.gas.reserves ..In.2004.Norway.had.average.exports.of.2 .9.million.barrels.of.oil.per.day,.and.was.the.third.largest.exporter.in.the.world.after.Saudi.Arabia.and.Russia ..Norway.was.also.the.world’s.third.biggest.gas.exporter,.and.with.a.share.of.15%.of.gas.consumption.became.the.second.biggest.in.Europe ..To.manage.these.heavy.transports.on.an.everyday.basis.calls.for.exceptional.logistics ..The.three.main.ports.and.their.functions.with.respect.to.logistics.services.are.described.on.the.next.page ..


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PORT.OF.BERGEN26..Bergen.is.located.in.Hordaland.County.on.the.Southwestern.coast.of.Norway ..Its.city.center.is.situated.among.a.group.of.mountains.known.as.“De.syv.fjell”.(literally.“The.Seven.Mountains”) ..Bergen.holds.a.strong.position.in.maritime.activi-ties.such.as.aquaculture.and.marine.research,.and.is.also.the.base.for.the.Royal.Norwegian.Navy ..The.port.of.Bergen.is.not.only.Norway’s.largest.port,.but.is.also.one.of.Europe’s.largest,.ranking.third.after.Rotterdam.and.Antwerp ..In.2005.the.port.received.over.a.thousand.more.visits.by.ships.than.in.the.year.before,.accounting.for.100.million.tons.gross.weight ..Within.the.Bergen.port.district.there.are.marine.oil.refineries,.a.number.of.bunkering.facilities,.slipways,.and.dry.and.floating.docks ..The.Port.of.Bergen.is.linked.to.the.train.tracks.leading.directly.to.the.wharf.facilities ..The.port.handles.arrivals.of.goods.in.transit.to.the.rest.of.Norway.and.Sweden,.as.well.as.exports.to.the.UK,.the.continent,.and.other.overseas.traffic-.and.oil-related.operations.in.the.North.Sea ..

PORT.OF.KARMSUND27.The.Port.of.Karmsund.is.located.in.the.southwest.of.Norway.and.is.an.operational.center.for.the.ports.in.the.municipali-ties.of.Bokn,.Bømlo,.Haugesund,.Kramøy,.Sveio,.and.Tysvær ..This.harbor.district.is.the.third.largest.in.Norway.measured.by.freight.turnover ..The.main.industry.in.this.harbor.district.is.fishing,.combined.with.those.industries.covered.by.Hydro.Aluminum.and.Statoil.Kårstø ..

FIGURe 6: LaRGeR PORTS SeRVING THeNORWeGIaN COaST

PORT.OF.NARVIK28..The.Port.of.Narvik.is.located.in.the.Northern.part.of.Norway.and.has.historically.served.as.a.port.for.the.unload-ing.of.iron.ore.from.Kiruna.in.Lapland.in.Northern.Sweden ..Within.the.last.few.years.the.port.has,.however,.been.involved.in.a.major.future-oriented.project.known.as.the.Northern.East-West.Freight.Corridor ..The.aim.of.this.trans-port.corridor.is.to.establish.a.link.between.China.in.the.East.and.the.United.States/Canada.in.the.West—passing.through.Russia,.Finland,.Sweden,.and.Norway.by.rail.and.crossing.the.North.Atlantic.Ocean.by.ship.from.Narvik ..The.project.is.a.cooperative.effort.between.Norwegian.and.Russian.governments,.as.well.as.other.parties.interested.in.the.area’s.development ..Sixty.percent.of.Northern.Norway’s.popula-tion.is.within.a.radius.of.300.kilometers.of.Narvik ..The.Narvik.terminal.is.an.intermodal.terminal.combining.rail,.sea,.and.road.transportation,.and.possesses.the.country’s.largest.dry.bulk.transit.port ..With.its.ambitious.project,.the.port.is.experiencing.many.changes.involving.large.invest-ments.in.its.facilities.and.infrastructure .

FIGURe 7: THe PORT OF NaRVIk29

Today.the.quay.at.Fagernes.is.280.meters.long.with.a.water.depth.of.15.meters.at.low.tide,.making.the.port.easily.accessible.and.able.to.accommodate.vessels.of.more.than.300,000.dead-wight.ton.(DWT) ..Although.the.port.is.located.within.the.Arctic.Circle,.it.is.free.of.ice.all.year.and.well-shielded.from.wind.and.adverse.weather.condi-tions ..The.Narvik.terminal.has.several.warehouses.for.indoor.dry.storage,.with.a.capacity.covering.4,510.square.meters,.and.holds.the.only.Gantry.container.crane.in.northern.Norway ..Its.logistics.infrastructure.(with.itson-dock.rail).connects.the.port.with.the.European.......railroad.network,.and.its.link.to.the.Trans-Siberian.Railroad.essentially.links.the.port.with.Asia .

Barents Sea

RUSSIA

FINLAND

SWEDEN

ESTONIA

VardøHammerfest

Tromsø

Harstad

Bodø

Mo

Trondheim

Gulf of

Bot

hnia

Florø

BergenHamar

OSLODrammenStavanger

Kristiansand

Gulf of Finland

North Sea

Norwegian Sea

Ålesund

0 100 200 mi

0 100 200 km


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PORT.OF.OSLO30.This.port.is.one.of.the.largest.cargo.ports.in.Norway,.located.in.the.Inner.Oslo.Fjord.Region.in.the.middle.of.Oslo,.the.capital.of.and.the.largest.city.in.Norway ..Most.of.the.consumer.goods.and.industrial.cargo.brought.to.the.port.is.destined.for.the.Oslo.region,.which.itself.contains.a.third.of.the.country’s.population ..Besides.being.a.container.port.and.a.very.important.junction.for.transportation.and.distribution.to.the.rest.of.the.country,.its.other.primary.function.is.as.a.passenger.gateway.for.the.many.tourists.coming.to.Oslo.every.year ..

The.port.of.Oslo.has.the.facilities.to.handle.all.kinds.of.cargo,.with.the.bulk.of.the.products.being.(oil,.salt,.cement,.stone,.timber,.newsprint,.grain,.and.animal.feed ..The.fastest.growing.cargo.activity.in.the.port.is.lift-on/lift-off.(LO/LO).container.handling,.since.half.of.the.general.cargo.is.transported.by.ferries.and.other.ships ..The.port.handles.more.than.500,000metric.tons.of.cement.and.200,000.metric.tons.of.grain.annually ..A.substantial.number.of.new.automobiles.are.also.im-ported.through.the.port,.and.there.is.also.a.growing.trade.in.used.cars ..Half.of.the.Norwegian.oil.suppliers.enter.the.port.by.tanker.since.the.port.handles.and.stores.oil.in.large.volumes ..The.link.to.the.Nordic.Triangle.facilitates.ports.with.a.good.logistics.infrastructure .

FIGURe 8: MaP OF PORTS IN SWeDeN

3. Sweden

With.its.central.location.in.Scandinavia,.Sweden.is.a.natural.transit.area.for.logistics.flows ..Goods.are.mainly.transported.to.the.Port.of.Gothenburg,.and.from.there.shipped.further.by.rail,.sea,.or.road.to.the.rest.of.Sweden,.Norway,.Denmark,.Finland,.and.the.Baltic.Region ..The.focus.here.is.on.the.primary.ports.in.Sweden.and.their.main.activities,.particular.strengths,.and.possibilities ..The.Port.of.Malmo.has.already.been.discussed.in.the.Copenhagen.Malmo.Port.section ..

PORT.OF.GOTHENBURG31.The.Port.of.Gothenburg.is.the.largest.logistics.hub.in.Sweden.as.well.as.in.Scandinavia ..For.more.than.300.years.the.Port.of.Gothenburg.has,.due.to.its.central.geographical.position,.been.the.natural.central.port.for.the.Nordic.Region ..More.than.70%.of.the.Nordic.countries’.industrial.production.lies.within.a.radius.of.500.kilometers.and.can.be.reached.within.six.hours ..Because.of.the.short.entrance.(only.1 .5.hours.from.the.open.sea).and.its.depth,.it.is.the.only.port.in.Northern.Europe.with.direct.transoceanic.calls.from.the.Far.East,.and.Central.and.North.America ..The.Port.of.Gothenburg.houses.the.larg-est.container.terminal.in.Scandinavia,.where.most.of.the.goods.are.on.their.way.to.or.from.other.parts.of.the.world.either.directly.by.transoceanic.vessels.or.by.feeder.vessels.via.the.Continent ..The.port.has.a.container.terminal.with.about.900,000.twenty-foot.equivalent.units.(TEUs)32.and.a.potential.for.handling.three.million.TEUs,.a.total.quayside.of.1,750.meters,.and.a.terminal.area.for.container.handling.of.640,000.square.meters ..Besides.handling.65%.of.the.container.traffic.in.Sweden,.it.also.handles.100.RO/RO.domestic.and.international.departures.a.week,.with.a.turnover.in.2007.of.686,000.RO/RO.units ..The.Port.of.Gothenburg.is.the.only.port.in.Scandinavia.with.a.Container.Security.Initiative.(CSI).certificate .33

Sundsvall

Gävle

Stockholm

Norrköping

Karlshamn/Karlskrona

Trelleborg

Malmö

Helsingborg

Göteborg

Luleå

Main Swedish Ports

Source: Swedish Maritime Administration


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FIGURe 9: THe PORT OF GOTHeNbURG

What.makes.the.port.so.important.apart.from.its.geographical.position.is.the.infrastructure ..The.connection.between.sea.and.land.is.facilitated.through.a.fast.link.to.both.the.rail.and.road.systems,.linking.the.port.to.the.rest.of.Sweden,.Norway,.and.Denmark ..About.half.the.container.transport.to.and.from.the.port.are.by.rail ..The.Port.of.Gothenburg.has.the.most.frequently.used.and.operated.goods.tracks.in.Sweden.with.the.best.ratio.of.heavy.to.large.goods,.and.with.its.“on-dock”.terminal—all.facilitated.through.the.rail.shuttle.system.operating.over.23.shuttles.with.daily.departures.and.arrivals.for.more.than.70.trains ..More.information.on.the.rail.and.road.systems.is.given.in.the.“Road.and.Rail.Systems.in.Scandinavia”.section .

The.Port.of.Gothenburg.has.been.developing.a.dry.port.concept.and.the.poten-tial.for.rail.shuttles.since.1998 ..The.dry.port.is.an.inland.terminal.directly.linked.to.a.maritime.port ..By.using.intermodal.rail.shuttles.between.the.port.and.inland.terminals.and.feeder.ports.and.by.road.marshalling.to/from.inland.terminals.and.feeder.ports,.the.concept.makes.it.possible.for.the.port.to.increase.access.to.the.hinterland.and.to.limit.bottlenecks.in.terminals.and.hinterland ..There.can.often.be.surplus.rail.terminal.capacity.in.the.port,.which.can.be.used.to.develop.this.logistics.solution ..Dry.ports.also.provide.inland.destination.access.to.import.and.export.markets,.and.make.it.possible.for.small-.and.medium-sized.companies.(through.consolidation.of.goods.volumes).to.achieve.the.logistics.capabilities.of.large.companies .

The.port.has.therefore.increased.the.number.of.rail.shuttle.lines.to.24.in.2008.from.southern.Sweden,.Helsingborg.(in.the.Oresund.Region),.and.up.to.Umeå.(650.kilometers.north.of.Stockholm) ..During.2007,.9.rail.operators.handled.340,000.TEUs—nearly.40%.of.the.Port.of.Gothenburg’s.container.volumes ..As.a.result.of.this.development,.there.has.been.an.improvement.in.the.environmental.performance,.lowered.costs.of.hinterland.transit,.and.overall.logistics.services .

Stora-EnsoSome.frequent.operations.include.the.Stora.Enso.transport.system ..Stora.Enso.is.a.global.paper,.packaging.and.forest.products.company.producing.newsprint.and.book.paper,.magazine.paper,.fine.paper,.consumer.board,.industrial.packaging.and.wood.products ..

Stora.Enso.provides.an.interesting.case.through...its.sea.transport.system,.a.“hub-and.spoke”.sys-tem.based.on.Gothenburg.as.its.center ..The.system.connects.the.ports.of.Ajos.(near.Kemi).and.Oulu.in.Finland.with.Lübeck.and.Gothenburg—which.serves.as.the.hub.for.onward.transport.to.the.UKand.Belgium ..Three.RO/RO.vessels.operate.this.three-times-per-week.service,.which.carries.overseas.containers.in.addition.to.the.basic.cargo.of.paper.products.in.Stora.Enso.Cargo.Units.(SECUs)—con-tainers.three.times.as.large.as.the.standard.40-foot.overseas.containers ..The.system.uses.general.RO/RO.vessels.adapted.for.SECU.carriage.and.with.special.attention.to.ice.performance.and.winter.conditions.in.the.Baltic.Sea .

PORT.OF.STOCKHOLM34.The.Port.of.Stockholm.comprises.the.ports.in.Stockholm,.Kapellskär,.and.Nynäshamn ..The.Port.of.Stockholm.is.the.central.port.for.freight.and.pas-sengers.coming.from.the.mainland.in.transit.to.and.from.Finland,.Russia,.and.some.of.the.Baltic.coun-tries ..The.ports.at.Kapellskär.(90.kilometers.north.of.Stockholm),.and.Nynäshamn.(60.kilometers.south.of.Stockholm),.serve.as.supplemental.outer.ports.to.the.main.port.via.their.shorter.entrance.channels ..The.Port.of.Kapellskär.is.very.important.for.rapid.freight.services.to.and.from.Finland.and.Estonia ..The.Port.of.Nynäshamn.is.the.mainland.port.for.services.to.Gotland.and.is.ideal.for.ferry.services.to.ports.in.the.central.and.southern.Baltic ..

The.majority.of.the.ferries.that.serve.the.Ports.of.Stockholm.in.Nynäshamm,.Kapellskär,.and.the.capital.itself.are.“combi-ferries”.which.carry.both.passengers.and.rolling.freight.(RO/RO).such.as.trucks.and.trailers ..There.is.also.a.rail.ferry.from.Värtahamnen.to.Turku.in.Finland ..The.Ports.of.Stockholm.have.purpose-built.quays.with.fairways.to.secure.the.region’s.supply.of.bulk.products,.for.heating.and.running.motorized.vehicles,.and.to.meet.the.building.industry’s.need.for.materials ..The.Ports.of.Stockholm,.with.the.region’s.only.deep-water.port.for.grain.exports,.aim.to.be.a.long-term.solution.provider.for.handling.large.ves-sels.for.grain.export ..It’s.therefore.an.important.logistics.hub.for.goods.transported.by.rail.and.road.from.Gothenburg.with.destinations.in.Stockholm,.Russia,.or.Finland.(See.table.4) ..

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Norway Sweden

Finland

Denmark

Latvia

Lithuania

Russia

Estonia

Stockholm

Halzinki

Tallinn

RigaGöteborg

Amsterdam

Berlin

Warsaw

Poland

Germany

Netherlands

500 km

Oslo

Copenhagen

Source: Port of Gothenburg Note: Map.aims.to.depict.port’s.reach.of.500.km.radius,.not.central.location .


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PORT.OF.TRELLEBORG35..The.Port.of.Trelleborg.is.one.of.Sweden’s.main.ports ..The.port.has.six.ferry.connections.to.and.from.the.continent.with.38.daily.connections,.and.one.of.Sweden’s.largest.RO/RO.terminals.with.direct.rail.access ..The.total.transshipment.at.the.Port.of.Trelleborg.in.2008.was.almost.7.million.tons,.an.increase.of.2%.from.2007 ..The.port.has.700,000.square.meters.of.dock.area.with.a.total.quay.of.1,830.meters ..Its.geographical.position,.the.southernmost.port.in.Sweden,.makes.it.a.very.good.logistical.point.between.the.Nordic.Triangle,.the.Baltic.Sea,.and.Germany ..The.E6.motorway.is.the.direct.access.to/from.the.Southern.and.Northern.parts.of.Sweden.and.Norway,.and.the.E22.is.a.direct.motorway.to.the.southeastern.part.of.Sweden ..The.railroad.facilitates.direct.connections.to.all.the.major.cities.in.Sweden,.Denmark,.and.Norway ..The.Port.of.Trelleborg.is.currently.developing.its.facilities:.4.new.RO/RO.berths,.new.intermodal.terminal,.new.access.roads.from.the.E6.to.the.port.area,.etc ..

FIGURe 10: MaP OF Sea ROUTeS aND CONTaINeR TRaFFIC (2003)36

TabLe 4: THe PORTS IN NUMbeRS aND PRIMaRY LINe OF bUSINeSS

total cargo turnover primary BuSineSS 2007 (million tonS) Function

denmark37 PortofAarhus 12.2 Container

CopenhagenMalmoPort 7.4 Container

PortofFredericia 15.3 Oilrefinery

norway38 PortofBergen 16.7 Oilrefinery

PortofKarmsund 3.7 Fish

PortofNarvik 3.9 IronOre

PortofOslo 3.6 Transit

Sweden39 PortofGothenburg 19.7 Container,RO/RO,andOil

PortofStockholm 2.5 RO/ROandtransit

PortofTrelleborg 6.6 RO/ROandtransit

Ocean.traffic.to.Scandinavia.is.normally.not.greatly.affected.by.icy.conditions,.but.during.harsh.winters,.the.ice.can.reach.as.far.as.the.Danish.West.Coast.and.the.Oslo.Fjord ..In.a.mild.winter.only.the.innermost.part.of.the.Gulf.of.Bothnia.and.some.of.the.Western.and.Northern.ports.in.Norway.are.normally.ice-covered ..


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COPENHAGEN.AIRPORT.(CPH),.COPENHAGEN40..Copenhagen.Airport.is.the.largest.airport.in.Scandinavia ..It.has.four.cargo.terminals.with.a.total.space.of.63,000.square.meters.includ-ing.a.state-of-the-art.veterinary.center.and.international.customs.center ..Speedy.EU.entry.and.cus-toms.procedures,.combined.with.efficient.cargo.terminals,.mean.that.Copenhagen.offers.the.shortest.cargo.lead.times.in.Europe.in.addi-tion.to.the.lowest.cargo.charges.in.Scandinavia ..The.airport.operates.24.hours/365.days.a.year.and.has.no.slot.constraints ..In.2008.it.han-dled.347,156.metric.tons.of.cargo.with.7,734.operations.and.an.aver-age.of.16.weekly.all-cargo.flights .

Together.with.the.Airport.Business.Park,.a.418,000.square.meters.intermodal.development.area,.Copenhagen.Airport.offers.indi-vidual.opportunities.for.logistics,.forwarding,.cargo.handling,.ware-housing,.terminal.activities,.region-al.distribution,.and.production.facilities ..Companies.such.as.DHL,.LDG.Sky.Chefs,.Spirit.Air.Cargo.handling.,and.WFS.are.currently.located.here,.and.more.companies.are.expected.to.relocate.to.the.park.to.take.advantage.of.the.attractive.infrastructure ..Operated.by.the.cargo.carriers.Singapore.Airlines,.Korean.Air.Cargo,.Air.China,.and.China.Cargo.Airlines.as.well.as.the.integrators.FedEx.and.DHL,.the.airport.has.connections.to.North.America,.Asia,.and.the.Pacific ..The.passenger.airlines.SAS,.Delta.Air.Lines,.Thai.Airways,.and.Singapore.Airlines.also.carry.cargo.on.all.intercontinental.passenger.flights ..

Copenhagen.Airport.has.direct.motorway.and.railroad.access.and.is.close.to.the.Oresund.Bridge.to.Sweden ..With.the.direct.link.to.the.European.Route.E20.and.E47,.all.of.Scandinavia,.Northern.Europe,.and.the.Baltic.countries.can.be.reached.by.overnight.trucking .

D. Main airports in Scandinavia

Airfreight.has.come.to.play.a.fundamental.role.in.global.logistics ..It.is.the.only.mode.of.transport.that.can.meet.today’s.need.for.quick.lead.times.between.different.parts.of.the.world ..At.the.same.time.it.calls.for.good.connections.to.other.modes.of.transport.(i .e .,.road,.rail,.and.sea).to.be.able.to.transfer.the.goods.to.the.final.destination.and.still.meet.the.demand.for.short.lead.times ..The.following.section.deals.with.the.primary.airports.in.Scandinavia:.Copenhagen.Airport.(DK),.Billund.Airport.(DK),.Stockholm-Arlanda.Airport.(SE),.Gothenburg.Landvetter.(SE),.and.Oslo.Airport.(NO) .

1. Denmark

BILLUND.AIRPORT.(AS)42.Billund.Airport,.centrally.located.in.Jutland.in.Western.Denmark,.is.the.second.largest.air-port.in.Denmark.after.Copenhagen.Airport ..The.airport.services.both.passengers.and.inter-national.freight.with.29.international.and.two.domestic.destinations ..Today.Cargo.Center.Billund.(CCB).is.the.handling.agent.for.the.transportation.of.freight.at.Billund.Airport,.with.the.cargo.community.servicing.the.shipping.agents,.air.freight.companies,.and.other.avia-tion-related.companies ..The.CCB.occupies.about.25,000.square.meters.of.dispatch.facili-ties.with.modern.equipment.for.organizing,.loading,.and.reloading.from.trucks.and.planes.(Road.Feeder.Service.or.RFS),.and.the.handling.of.temperature-sensitive.goods,.etc ...

The.Cargo.Center.is.associated.with.over.50.airline.companies,.providing.regional.industries.a.wide.range.of.air.transport.options ..As.the.airport.has.become.a.center.for.international.passenger.flights.in.Western.Denmark,.it.has.also.become.a.center.for.airfreight,.with.more.than.55,000.metric.tons.of.goods.transported.in.2008 ..

FIGURe 11: COPeNHaGeN aIRPORT41


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The.growth.of.the.airport.has.a.lot.to.do.with.its.geographical.location ..One.of.the.driving.forces.behind.development.in.the.region.is.the.growth.of.the.large.manufac-turing.sector.located.here ..This.area.has.been.home.for.many.years.to.agriculture,.which.has.since.developed.and.transformed.into.industrial.and.service.companies ..The.production.of.metal.components.has.devel-oped.into.a.multifarious.production.of.fin-ished.goods.and.components.for.complex.products.all.over.the.world ..One.of.the.larger.industries.in.the.area.is.the.textile.industry ..With.the.advent.of.globalization,.much.of.the.production.has.been.moved.to.low.cost.countries,.and.the.design,.proc-essing.of.the.fabrics,.and.sale.are.thus.now.the.primary.businesses.there ..Two.thirds.of.Danish.industry.is.now.located.west.of.the.Great.Belt.Bridge,.which.is.within.the.trade.area.serviced.by.Billund.Airport’s.interna-tional.flight.routes ..The.growing.network.of.routes.and.destinations.which.the.air-port.offers.ensures.that.the.companies.in.the.region.are.closer.to.the.global.market.and.vice.versa .

2. Norway

OSLO.AIRPORT43..Oslo.Airport,.Gardermoen,.was.founded.in.1992.and.is.located.48.kilometers.north.of.Oslo—it.is.also.the.largest.airport.in.Norway ..Oslo.Airport.is.a.national.junc-tion.for.distribution.and.logistics.with.good.road.and.rail.connections.to.Norway.and.Sweden.(i .e .,.E6) ..The.airport.has.flights.to.more.than.a.hundred.destinations.at.home.and.abroad ..In.2007.the.airport.had.223,000.flights.with.more.than.19.mil-lion.passengers,.and.97,311.tons.of.cargo.and.post ..The.freight.area.of.the.airport.is.located.near.the.terminal.(Oslo.Airport.has.only.one).to.offer.efficient.handling.of.both.passenger.and.freight.transportation ..SAS.Cargo.(20,840.square.meters).and.Braathens.(2,600.square.meters).each.have.their.own.freight.terminal,.and.DHL.has.its.own.for.express.shipments ..The.airport.has.a.strong.environmental.profile.with.focus.on.public.transport.to.and.from.the.airport ..The.airport.also.continues.to.invest.in.development.and.is.already.expanding.capacity.in.2009,.handling.more.than.28.million.passengers.a.year ...

3. Sweden

STOCKHOLM-ARLANDA.AIRPORT44.Stockholm-Arlanda.Airport.is.the.largest.airport.in.Sweden.and.is.also.the.primary.gateway.to.Stockholm.and.other.cities,.serving.166.destinations.around.the.world ..The.air-port.is.located.42.kilometers.north.of.the.Swedish.capital.Stockholm ..In.2007.more.than.215,600.flights.flew.more.than.17.million.passengers.and.carried.192,000.tons.of.cargo.and.mail,.handled.by.80.domestic.as.well.as.interna-tional.airlines ..The.Stockholm-Arlanda.Airport.has.three.runways.and.four.passenger.terminals.as.well.as.five.cargo.terminals ..The.cargo.traffic.in.2007.increased.by.18 .6%.compared.with.2006,.and.is.the.largest.air.cargo.market.in.the.region,.with.almost.400,000.tons.of.cargo.flown.in.and.out.of.Sweden ..Within.recent.years,.Stockholm-Arlanda.Airport.has.expanded.its.cargo.business.by.two.new.cargo.carriers,.and.it.is.also.still.expanding.with.new.cargo.routes.to.meet.the.growth.in.air.traffic ..

Its.central.location.in.Sweden.makes.truck.and.rail.transport.to.domestic.destinations.optimal ..With.the.direct.link.to.E4.connecting.Denmark.(South).and.Finland.(North),.the.airport.also.facilitates.international.destinations.reached.by.trucks ..The.airport.does.not.have.a.rail.connection.............for.cargo .


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GOTHENBURG.LANDVETTER.AIRPORT45.Gothenburg.Landvetter.Airport.is.an.international.airport.located.in.the.West.of.Sweden,.serving.the.Gothenburg.region ..The.airport.is.locat-ed.20.kilometers.East.of.Gothenburg ..Gothenburg.Landvetter.Airport.is.an.important.freight.airport,.complementing.the.Port.of.Gothenburg.and.the.many.businesses.located.in.the.region ..Two.thirds.of.the.employees.in.western.Sweden’s.business.sector.work.in.a.foreign-owned.company.with.international.operations ..A.number.of.global.corporations.such.as.Volvo,.SKF,.and.AstraZeneca.have.their.headquarters.or.other.major.facilities.in.the.region ..Supporting.such.an.international.and.globalized.business.community.requires.international.accessibility ..Air.transport.is.thus.a.prerequisite.for.maintaining.and.increasing.the.region’s.global.competitiveness ..In.2007,.more.than.60,000.tons.of.air.cargo.passed.through.the.airport,.and.by.further.increasing.the.frequency.of.cargo.flights,.the.airport.is.a.hub.for.intercontinental.air.cargo ..

e. Road and Rail Systems in Scandinavia—Connecting Scandinavia to Continental europe and asia

Today,.large.volumes.of.cargo.in.Sweden.are.transported.locally.as.well.as.to.global.destinations ..Both.local.and.international.divisions.of.labor.are.the.primary.forces.behind.economic.sustainability ..It.is.now.possible.to.produce.goods.in.the.locations.where.they.can.be.made.best.and.most.economically ..The.growing.need.for.transportation.over.longer.distances.calls.for.an.integrated.infrastructure.across.borders,.and.through.modular.modes.of.transportation ..In.Scandinavia,.the.Nordic.Triangle.(Figure.2).functions.as.the.main.intersection.of.North-South.distribution.channels.from.Central.Europe.to.Scandinavia.and.Northern.Europe ..This.makes.the.region.central.in.supplying.consumers.in.Scandinavia,.Northern.Europe,.Russia,.and.the.Baltic.States ..One.very.important.piece.of.the.infrastructure.is.the.Oresund.Bridge:.the.fixed.link.that.connects.Denmark.to.Norway.and.Sweden ..

Since.the.establishment.of.the.Oresund.Bridge.in.2000,.transportation.by.road.and.rail.has.increased.and.is.expected.to.continue.with.the.construction.of.a.Fehmarn-Belt.Bridge—a.fixed.link.between.Denmark.and.northern.Germany.across.the.Fehmarn.Belt.in.the.Baltic.Sea.(see.Figure.12) ..The.18-kilometer-long.bridge.will.indirectly.provide.a.fixed.link.to.Central.Europe ..Scheduled.for.2018,.this.bridge.will.help.strengthen.Scandinavia’s.position.as.a.central.and.strategically.important.logistics.gateway ..Given.the.quality.of.the.roadway.system,.there.are.one-day.connections.from.the.Nordic.Triangle.to.more.than.1,200.larger.cities.in.Europe ..The.fixed.link.over.the.Fehmarn.Belt.may.be.the.starting.point.for.a.larger.network.of.bridges.connecting.three.countries:.Germany,.Denmark,.and.Sweden.(and.Norway.indirectly),.not.only.physically.but.also.communally—and.at.the.same.time.making.way.for.a.huge.new.cross-border.cluster.in.logistics .

FIGURe 12: THe FeHMaRN beLT LINk46


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1. Road System

On.average.the.international.transport.of.goods.by.road.has.grown.by.2 .5%.a.year.in.the.period.1999.to.2003 ..Intra-regional.road.traffic.volumes.have.also.experienced.an.increase.as.a.result.of.a.growing.East-West.trade.and.an.increasing.volume.of.seaborn.transportation .

The.European.road.system.is.called.the.International.“E”.road.network.and.uses.a.numbering.system.developed.by.the.United.Nations.Economic.Commission.for.Europe.(UNECE) ..The.road.system.runs.across.national.borders.and.reaches.Central.Asian.countries ..The.network.is.divided.into.two.classes:.A.and.B.roads ..The.A.class.of.roads.are.called.reference.and.intermediate.roads.and.have.two-digit.num-bers.(e .g .,.E55) ..These.numbers.run.from.E1.to.E99.with.the.exception.of.the.North-South.Class.A.roads.located.east.of.road.E99,.which.have.three-digit.odd.numbers.from.101.to.129 ..The.Class.B.roads.are.national,.linking.and.connecting.roads.which.have.three-digit.numbers.running.from.E134.to.E962 ..Many.of.the.E-routes.have.been.extended.to.Asia.since.2000 .

The.main.roads.(motorways).connecting.Scandinavia.with.the.European.continent.are.routes.E20,.E47,.and.E55 ..Since.Denmark.is.the.fixed.link.between.Scandinavia.and.the.rest.of.Europe,.these.routes.also.function.as.the.main.routes.in.Denmark ..E47.is.a.highway.running.from.Helsingborg.(Sweden),.passing.through.eastern.Denmark,.and.ending.in.Lübeck,.Germany ..The.highway.has.a.ferry.connection.between.Denmark.and.Germany.(Rødby/Puttgarden).which.in.the.near.future.will.be.replaced.by.the.Fehmarn.Belt.Bridge ..The.future.bridge.between.Denmark.and.Germany.is.expected.to.increase.road.transportation.from.locations.such.as.Hamburg.and.Rotterdam .

Another.important.motorway.is.E45 ..It.begins.in.Finland.and.runs.through.Sweden,.Denmark,.Germany,.and.Austria,.and.ends.in.Italy ..In.Jutland,.the.western.part.of.Denmark,.a.large.production.industry.has.developed.close.to.E45,.and.the.route.has.therefore.come.to.play.an.important.strategic.and.logistics.role.for.Danish.industrial.production ..A.large.quantity.of.goods.from.Norway.is.also.shipped.to.Frederikshavn.in.northern.Jutland.and.then.transported.by.truck.on.route.E45 ..With.the.Fehmarn.Belt.Bridge.the.

Scandinavian.logistics.infrastructure.will.change,.affect-ing.the.position.of.some.industries ..On.the.other.hand,.infrastructure.projects.for.western.Denmark.are.also.in.the.Danish.government’s.investment.plans .

The.E20.runs.West-East.through.Ireland,.the.UK,.Denmark,.Sweden,.and.Estonia,.and.ends.in.Russia ..The.E20.con-nects.Denmark.with.Sweden.in.two.places:.through.the.Oresund.Bridge.and.through.the.ferry.connection.Elsinore/Helsingborg—with.a.connection.to.both.Gothenburg.and.Stockholm ..Since.the.Oresund.Bridge.opened.in.2000,.there.has.been.an.increase.in.road.transportation ..

The.E55.runs.from.Helsingborg.in.Sweden.through.Denmark.with.a.ferry.connection.to.Germany.(Gedser/Rostock) ..From.Germany.the.E55.runs.through.the.Czech.Republic,.Austria,.and.Italy,.and.ends.in.southern.Greece ..With.the.planned.Fehmarn.Belt.Bridge.in.place,.there.will.be.an.increase.in.transport.on.the.E55 ..In.Sweden.the.main.connecting.routes.are.the.E4,.E6,.E22,.and.E65 ..The.E6.is.the.link.to.Norway,.where.it.also.functions.as.the.main.route ..E65.begins.in.Malmo,.Sweden,.and.ends.in.Chaniá,.Greece ..

The.E22.is.one.of.the.longest.European.routes,.running.from.the.United.Kingdom.through.Holland,.Germany,.Sweden,.Latvia,.and.Russia ..In.Russia.it.follows.the.Russian.route.M7.and.the.Trans-Siberian.Railroad.all.the.way.to.Asia ..

There.are.large.differences.between.various.parts.of.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.with.respect.to.road.traffic ..In.Denmark,.Germany,.and.Poland.there.are.extremely.high.traffic.loads.as.well.as.a.few.other.areas.in.Scandinavia.whereas.it.in.other.parts.of.the.region.it.is.more.moderate ...In.Denmark,.Finland,.Norway,.and.Sweden.there.is.a.very.high.traffic.volume.within.the.capital.city.regions ...

The.main.ports.and.airports.discussed.in.this.report.(within.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden).all.have.direct.connec-tions.to.the.European.Route.(road).network,.and.all.except.Stockholm-Arlanda.Airport.are.connected.to.the.European.railroad.network ..These.modular.transportation.modes.are.necessary.facilities.to.achieve.efficient.logistics ..


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Success.in.integrating.global.supply.chains.begins.with.the.ability.of.firms.to.have.goods.moved.across.borders.rapidly,.reliably,.and.cheaply ..In.2007,.692,564.million.t/km.were.transported.internationally.by.rail,.road,.or.sea.from.the.EU.member.countries ..But.although.the.transportation.of.goods.has.increased.within.the.last.decade,.the.quantity.of.goods.transported.by.rail.has.fallen.drastically ..Compared.to.goods.transported.internationally.by.road.from.the.European.countries.(421,257.million.t/km),.less.than.half.is.transported.by.rail.although.it.is.possible.to.transport.much.larger.vol-umes ..This.trend.is.not.restricted.to.Scandinavia,.but.concerns.all.European.countries ..In.the.1970s.the.railroads.accounted.for.21%.of.the.total.trans-portation.of.goods.within.the.EU ..In.1999.the.figure.was.4 .8% ..At.the.same.time,.the.quantity.of.goods.transported.by.truck.has.tripled .47.

There.are.several.reasons.for.this.development ..Some.explanation.can.be.found.in.the.poor.performance.of.some.rail.services.and.the.rapidly.increased.availability.of.private.haulers.in.some.countries—but.also.in.a.redirection.of.trade.flows.from.East.to.West ..Another.of.the.core.problems.preventing.the.rail.system.from.being.a.competitive.mode.of.transportation.is.the.lack.of.international.integration.of.railroad.systems ..The.railroad.systems.have.long.been.developed.on.a.national.level,.which.has.resulted.in.divided.markets.for.railroad.products.fitting.local.needs ..Therefore,.it.is.now.very.complicated.and.costly.to.operate.across.borders ..Non-integrated.railroad.systems.have.resulted.in.different.track.sizes,.track.signals,.and.operating.voltages,.causing.unreliable.schedules ..The.effect.of.these.prob-lems.is.that.the.average.speed.of.transportation.by.rail.through.Europe.is.approximately.18.km/h—which.does.not.support.fast.lead.times.or.com-petitiveness ..

There.is.no.question.among.the.countries.within.Scandinavia.and.the.EU.that.to.be.able.to.successfully.compete.in.the.highly.competitive.global.market,.the.railroad.system.must.be.integrated.across.borders ..Denmark,.Germany,.Norway,.and.Sweden.are.investing.heavily.to.improve.interna-tional.and.regional.systems,.while.Eastern.Europe.still.needs.to.develop.cor-responding.railway.networks ..Similarly,.the.EU.is.facilitating.projects.forthe.development.of.a.trans-European.railroad.network.and.interoperability ..In.2008.the.EU.decided.that.the.many.different.national.rail.control.sys-tems.within.the.railway.infrastructure.should.be.replaced.with.a.common.European.rail.control.system,.the.European.Rail.Transport.Management.System.(ERTMS) ..Thus.issues.like.the.establishment.of.international.tech-nical.standards,.securing.international.cooperation,.environmental.issues.....and.green.logistics,.and.transportation.strategies.remain.to.be.addressed .

In.spite.of.these.challenges.it.is.still.relevant.for.many.companies.to.use.the.rail.system.because.it.is.more.secure,.does.not.generate.as.much.CO2.as.other.modes.of.transportation,.and.can.transport.much.larger.volumes.(up.to.the.amount.of.goods.contained.by.40-50.trucks) ..As.such,.rail.is.still.a.means.of.transportation.with.major.potential,.especially.transportation.over.long.distances ..The.renewal.of.the.railway.system.is.key.to.achieving.modal.rebalance ..All.the.major.cities.(Bergen,.Copenhagen,.Gothenburg,.Oslo,.Stockholm,.and.Aarhus).are.located.near.the.sea.with.railway.con-nection.to.the.major.ports ..These.railways.are.also.connected.to.the.conti-nental.railway.system.in.Central.and.Southern.Europe ..In.order.to.meet.the.demands.of.customers.in.a.competitive.way,.logistics.rail.goods.operators.are.now.buying.new.“multi-trains”.and.redesigning.existing.ones.with.elec-tricity.and.security.systems.to.cope.with.the.differences.in.signals,.power.supply,.etc .

2. The Rail System

THE.RAILROAD.NETWORK.IN.DENMARK,.NORWAY,.AND.SWEDENIn.Denmark,.the.3,240.kilometers.of.railroad.tracks.cover.most.of.the.country.and.reach.from.the.far.north.to.the.southernmost.part.of.the.country.to.Germany ..For.the.most.part.Danish.rail.transports.passengers,.although.a.million.tons.of.goods.are.also.transported.by.rail.each.year ..The.railroad.system.in.Denmark.is.owned.by.the.Danish.government ..The.transportation.of.goods.is.handled.by.several.different.operators ..

In.Norway.the.railroad.network.runs.from.Kristiansand.in.the.southernmost.part.of.the.country.to.Bode.in.North-central.Norway,.and.consists.of.4,178.km.of.tracks ..Establishing.the.railroad.has.been.a.challenge.due.to.the.nature.of.the.landscape ..The.majority.of.the.railroad.sys-tem.is.concentrated.in.the.South,.connecting.Oslo.with.larger.towns.such.as.Bergen.and.Stavanger,.as.well.as.leading.to.neighboring.Sweden ..A.high-speed.railroad.connects.the.international.airport.at.Gardermoen.with.Oslo ..In.the.Northern.part,.Narvik.has.a.closed.rail.track.connecting.to.Sweden.and.also.through.Sweden.to.the.Trans-Siberian.network,.to.southern.Norway.and.to.the.rest.of.Europe ..

In.Sweden,.13,000.kilometers.of.railroad.tracks.cover.most.parts.of.the.country—although.cover-age.is.lighter.in.the.North ..The.railroad.tracks.connect.to.Denmark,.Finland,.Norway,.and.to.Germany.(via.railroad.ferries) ..The.goods-car-rying.rail.cars.destined.for.countries.such.as.Germany,.primarily.cross.the.Oresund.Bridge.(DK/SE).and.the.Great.Belt.Fixed.Link.(DK) ..Due.to.capacity.problems.over.these.distances,.railroad.ferries.between.Trelleborg.and.Sassnitz.in.Germany.are.used .

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TabLe 6: FOReIGN TRaDe—FIVe LaRGeST SCaNDINaVIaN IMPORTS TRaDe PaRTNeRS (2007)

rank denmark norway Sweden

1 Germany Sweden Germany ($20,329,224) ($9,902,764) ($20,873,668)

2 Sweden Germany Denmark ($13,473,261) ($9,160,079) ($10,311,768)

3 Netherlands UnitedKingdom Norway ($6,246,082) ($4,652,650) ($9,708,063)

4 China Denmark UnitedKingdom ($5,146,266) ($4,323,127) ($7,841,442)

5 UnitedKingdom China Finland ($4,741,425) ($4,078,467) ($6,914,919)

F. Trade Flows

A.common.feature.among.the.three.Scandinavian.countries.is.the.high.standard.of.living ..The.effect.of.this.wealth.has.been.a.high.level.of.consumption,.which.in.turn,.has.increased.the.quantity.of.goods.being.imported ..At.the.same.time,.the.Scandinavian.industries.have.a.high.level.of.productivity,.which.calls.for.a.market.to.buy.the.goods.being.produced ..Germany.in.particular.is.an.important.trading.partner,.but.it.is.interesting.to.note.that.four.out.of.the.top.five.trade.part-ners.are.neighboring.countries.to.Denmark,.Norway,.and.Sweden ..Tables.5.and.6.clearly.show.the.importance.of.proxim-ity.to.the.market ..The.three.Scandinavian.countries.are.among.the.top.five.for.both.exports.and.imports.to.each.other ..Another.example.of.the.importance.of.short.distances.to.market.is.that.the.Scandinavian.countries—with.the.expectation.of.a.large,.new,.nearby.market—have.been.very.active.in.the.integration.of.the.new.members.from.the.Baltic.region.into.the.EU ..The.largest.proportion.of.goods.being.imported.and.exported.to.and.from.Scandinavia.is.within.the.EU .

TabLe 5: FOReIGN TRaDe—FIVe LaRGeST SCaNDINaVIaN exPORTS TRaDe PaRTNeRS (2007)

rank denmark norway Sweden

1 Germany UnitedKingdom Germany ($16,137,055) ($30,068,605) ($13,237,306)

2 Sweden Germany Norway ($13,968,685) ($14,112,224) ($11,868,427)

3 UnitedKingdom Netherlands USA ($7,638,777) ($11,783,809) ($9,677,066)

4 USA France Denmark ($6,100,422) ($9,187,958) ($9,392,574)

5 Norway Sweden UnitedKingdom ($5,742,939) ($7,503,265) ($9,076,364)


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SeCTION IV. LOGISTICS SOLUTIONS IN SCaNDINaVIaIn.today’s.business.environment.the.development.of.knowledge.is.considered.the.most.important.economic.growth.factor,.including.for.logis-tics.and.supply.chain.management ..Efficient.supply.chains.are.considered.to.be.one.of.the.cornerstones.of.competitive.advantage,.but.since.infrastructure.is.not.restricted.within.national.borders.it.calls.for.partnership.and.integration.between.institutions.to.achieve.competitive.advantage ..Now.more.than.ever.there.is.a.need.for.close.interaction.among.society,.science,.and.industry .

a. Logistics knowledge Centers

1. Knowledge hubs

The.complexity.and.the.frequently-changing.demands.of.the.market.are.highlighting.the.importance.of.logistics.solutions—and.emphasiz-ing.the.need.for.continuous.development.of.logistics.solutions.and.investment ..In.response.to.these.challenges.and.to.strive.to.develop.a.solid.base.of.new.jobs,.various.institutions.increasingly.collaborate.to.achieve.synergies.in.logistics.development ..The.Triple.Helix,.(i .e .,.knowledge-development.collaboration.between.businesses,.govern-ments,.and.universities),.is.an.often-used.organizational.approach.in.Scandinavia ..The.concept.is.a.natural.addition.to.historic.col-laborative.relations.between.universities.and.industry ..The.benefits.of.working.together.within.and.across.industries,.universities,.and.society.are.considered.a.necessity.to.successfully.compete.in.today’s.global.markets .

The.Oresund.Science.Region.is.an.example.of.the.Triple.Helix,.with.its.cross-border.cooperation.between.companies,.government.institutions,.and.universities,.the.focus.is.on.knowledge-based.eco-nomic.development.in.the.region ..The.Oresund.Science.Region.is.an.alliance.between.four.regional.and.bi-national.network.organi-zations:.Oresund.Food.Network,.Oresund.IT,.Oresund.Environment.Academy,.and.Oresund.Logistics ..The.Oresund.Science.Region.won.the.prestigious.EU.RegioStar.award.2008.for.its.excellence.in.

inter-regional.partnership,.good.administrative.foundation,.success-ful.networking,.and.bottom-up.triple.helix.approach ..The.strength.of.the.collaboration.is.reflected.by.the.region’s.large.number.of.researchers.and.high.technology.companies ..The.Oresund.University.platform.is.owned.by.the.region’s.universities;.the.Capital.Region.of.Denmark;.Region.Scania;.the.Danish.Ministry.of.Economic.and.Business.Affairs;.the.Swedish.Ministry.of.Enterprise,.Energy,.and.Communications;.and.more.than.100.member.companies.on.both.sides.of.the.region ..

The.Logistic.Hub.Scandinavia.(Gothenburg),.based.on.a.unique.cooperative.relationship.between.infrastructure.owners.and.other.key.players.in.the.Gothenburg.region,.is.another.example ..The.Logistics.and.Transportation.Foundation.(LTS);.Chalmers.University.of.Technology;.and.the.School.of.Business,.Economics,.and.Law.at.the.University.of.Gothenburg.all.work.on.research.and.development.in.logistics ..LTS.applied.the.Triple.Helix.concept.before.it.was.com-monly.used ..In.cooperation.with.its.80.member.organizations.(main-ly.companies),.LTS.has.taken.part.since.1978.in.the.leadership.of.the.long-run.planning.efforts.concerning.logistics.and.transportation.at.Chalmers.University.of.Technology.and.Gothenburg.University’s.School.of.Business,.Economics,.and.Law .

2. Universities

The.main.responsibilities.of.universities.are.the.development.and.dissemination.of.knowledge.through.educating.students.in,.for.example,.the.newest.theories.and.trends.within.logistics,.innovation,.and.supply.chain.management ..Scandinavian.universities.offer.courses.and.programs.such.as.diplomas,.bachelors.degrees,.and.masters.in.science.programs—and.an.increasing.number.of.masters.in.business.administration.pro-grams ..Nordic.researchers.in.logistics.and.supply.chain.management.meet.via.the.Nordic.Research.Network.in.Logistics.(NOFOMA),.which.organizes.annual.conferences,.doctoral.workshops,.and.other.events ..The.aim.of.this.20-year-old.research.network..is.to.stimulate.quality.research.and.to.encourage.international.publication ...


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b. Green Logistics—a Call for efficient Logistics Systems

Due.to.the.frequent.changes.in.the.market.and.global.trade,.transportation.has.become.a.competitive.driver.for.business ..But.high.oil.prices.caused.closer.consideration.of.the.security.of.supply ..The.need.to.reduce.CO2.emissions.in.the.transpor-tation.sector.translated.into.heavy.pressures.to.become.more.efficient ..Since.the.rise.of.the.Internet.with.its.unlimited.access.to.information,.consumers.are.becoming.more.aware.of.the.origin.of.the.products.they.buy,.and.whether.they.are.produced.in.a.sustainable.way ..Companies.are.consequently.now.forced.to.take.their.social,.corporate.responsibility.seriously ..This.also.extends.to.modes.of.transport .

FIGURe 13: MajOR SCaNDINaVIaN UNIVeRSITY aND bUSINeSS SCHOOL LOGISTICS PROGRaMS

denmark

• CopenhagenBusinessSchool,Copenhagen

• UniversityofSouthernDenmark,KoldingandSønderborg

• AarhusSchoolofBusiness,AarhusUniversity,Aarhus

norway

• NorwegianSchoolofManagement,Oslo

• MoldeUniversityCollege,Molde

• NTNU,NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Trondheim

Sweden

• ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,Gothenburg

• SchoolofBusiness,EconomicsandLawatUniversityofGothenburg,Gothenburg

• LinköpingUniversity,Linköping

• FacultyofEngineeringatLundUniversity,Lund

• JönköpingInternationalBusinessSchoolatJönköpingUniversity,Jönköping


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Today.the.environment.is.not.just.on.the.political.agenda,.but.also.on.that.of.the.private.sector ..There.is.now.serious.focus.on.pollution.and.CO2.emis-sions ..According.to.the.European.Environmental.Agency.(EEA),48.an.agency.of.the.European.Union,.transportation.accounts.for.approximately.a.third.of.all.energy.consumption.in.EEA-member.countries,.and.more.than.a.fifth.of.greenhouse.gas.emissions .

The.parties.to.the.UN.Framework.Convention.on.Climate.Change.entered.into.an.agreement.in.2007.to.meet.the.overall.greenhouse.gas.emission.reduc-tion.targets.by.2012 ..For.example,.Denmark.has.committed.itself.to.reducing.its.CO2.emissions..by.21%.by.2012 ..Previous.and.current.EU.policies.have.mainly.focused.on.improving.vehicle.technology.and.fuel.quality.to.reduce.pressure.on.the.environment ..However,.trends.and.research.have.shown.that.these.policies.have.not.been.enough.to.succeed.in.reducing.greenhouse.gas.emissions.within.transportation ..

Vehicle.fleets.are.growing.in.number,.and.the.gains.in.energy.efficiency.have.been.smaller.than.expected ..Although.technology.can.deliver.some.of.the.reductions.needed.in.greenhouse.gas.emissions,.it.is.not.enough ..Rail.trans-port.emits.on.average.less.greenhouse.gas.per.transport.unit.compared.with.road.transportation ..Waterborne.transport.is.one.of.the.least-polluting.modes.but.it.is.also.the.largest.emitter.of.sulfur49.in.the.transportation.sector ..

Reliable.figures.of.actual.effects.on.climate.and.health.from.transportation.of.goods.are.crucial.to.optimizing.supply.chains.and.choosing.alternatives.with.the.lowest.environmental.impact ..A.calculation.tool.developed.by.the.non-profit.association.Network.for.Transport.and.Environment,.offers.exactly.this.capability ..With.members.ranging.from.buyers.to.the.transportation.industry,.the.association.has.succeeded.since.1993.in.getting.stakeholders.from.different.modes.to.agree.on.common.and.accepted.methods.for.calculating.emissions,.using.natural.resources,.and.analyzing.other.effects.from.goods.and.passenger.transportation ..The.method.is.primarily.developed.for.buyers.and.sellers.of.transport.services,.hence.enabling.evaluation.of.the.environmental.impact.from.their.own.transportation.activities ..It.is.based.on.an.extensive.database.of.all.modes.of.transport.with.a.web-based.interface.for.calculating.environ-mental.impact ..Using.this,.logistics.companies.and.customers.can.make.better.decisions.when.transporting.goods .

C. The Control Tower Concept

A.supply.chain.consists.of.several.players,.which.are.cooperating.in.the.best.way.possible ..Those.players.who.succeed.gain.superior.com-petitive.power ..Increasingly.tougher.competition.is.forcing.companies.to.constantly.take.a.position.in.regard.to.what.the.company’s.actual.core.competence.is,.and.what.competences.need.to.be.gained.through.cooperation.with.partners ..By.selecting.the.right.partners,.functions.outside.individual.core.competence.can.be.carried.out.more.efficiently.and.with.a.higher.degree.of.flexibility ...

The.role.of.the.Control.Tower.Concept.then—also.called.Knowledge.Based.Outsourcing.or.fourth.party.logistics.(4PL)—is.to.design.the.whole,.to.integrate.the.players.in.mutual.processes,.and.create.increased.competitiveness.with.the.help.of.supply.chain.management ..The.concept.is.focusing.on.achieving.cost.reductions.and.increased.service.levels.as.an.“insourced”.logistics.department,.taking.responsibilityfor.both.operations.and.development.but.always.with.a.focus.on.providing.increased.competitiveness ..In.Scandinavia.there.are.several......providers.offering.these.services.and.an.increasing.number.of.companies.are.taking.advantage.of.these.services .

The.Control.Tower.Service.provider.is.independent.to.the.other.logistics.players ..In.that.way.it.can.operate.and.develop.the.supply.chain.network.with.a.long-term.perspective.and.without.the.aim.of.imposing.the.use.of.a.logistics.network.or.warehouses.of.its.own ..When.com-mitments.are.made.to.operating.and.developing.a.function,.it.often.involves.taking.responsibility.for.the.customer’s.total.logistics.function,.but.sometimes.only.for.a.certain.part—such.as.material.procurement,.order.management,.or.transportation.functions ..These.services.include.the.complete.logistics.function,.order.management,.material.procurement,.distribution.management,.freight.management,.and.environmen-tal.supervision ..

Although.there.have.been.many.initiatives.to.protect.the.environment,.new.and.more.environ-mentally.friendly.modes.and.combinations.of.transportation.methods.are.still.required—such.as.an.integration.of.transport.modes.by.sea,.rail,.road,.and.air ..But.this.requires.not.only.domestic.integration.and.efficient.infrastructures,.but.also.calls.for.cross-border.integration ..Integration.and.collaboration.between.universities,.govern-ment.institutions,.knowledge.hubs,.and.industry.will.facilitate.these.initiatives ..The.development.of.sustainable.modes.of.transportation.requires.exchange.of.knowledge.between.sectors.and.across.countries,.which.is.why.this.is.high.on.the.EU.research.agenda ...


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One.of.the.reasons.for.choosing.Denmark.as.the.location.for.Sony’s.centralized.Nordic.warehouse.was.the.importance.of.the.Danish.market ..Many.of.the.retailers.are.located.in.Denmark.and.in.the.South.of.Sweden,.which.make.Copenhagen.an.ideal.location.for.Sony’s.activities,.with.reduced.costs.of.transporta-tion.to.a.large.number.of.customers ..An.important.localization.factor.for.Sony.was.also.the.good.supply.of.skilled.personnel.in.Copenhagen ..In.the.beginning.of.the.1990s.the.warehouse.facility.was.totally.destroyed.in.a.fire,.forcing.the.company.to.construct.a.new.facility ..Sony.decided.to.stay.at.the.exact.same.location.in.the.port.area,.and.established.its.new.facility.at.the.Free.Port.at.Copenhagen.Malmo ..Today,.the.distribution.center.can.provide.added-value.services.such.as.labeling,.packaging,.and.adding.country-specific.manuals.or.electronic.equipment.to.the.packages ...The.location.at.the.Free.Port.was.also.ideal.in.terms.of.security ..During.the.last.few.years,.the.increased.port.security.has.comple-mented.the.company’s.own.security.measures ..

Innovation,.product.development,.and.commercial-ization.move.very.quickly.in.the.high-tech.industry,.and.high-tech.companies.must.be.flexible.in.order.to.be.able.to.compete.in.the.global.market ..One.way.of.maintaining.flexibility.for.the.core.business.is.to.outsource.the.logistics.activities ..In.2004.Sony.outsourced.its.logistics.activities.in.the.Nordic.coun-tries.to.DHL.who.works.as.a.third.party.logistics.provider.and.is.also.responsible.for.the.warehouse.facilities.in.Copenhagen ..The.concept.of.having.one.single.distribution.center.for.a.large.Nordic.or.Baltic.Sea.market.has.grown.over.the.years ..The.construc-tion.of.the.Oresund.Bridge.in.2000,.connecting.southern.Sweden.with.Denmark,.was.the.starting.point.for.a.cluster.of.warehouses.centralizing.their.Nordic.distribution.at.one.location,.and.thereby.reducing.the.total.costs.of.logistics.in.Scandinavia .

SeCTION V. bUSINeSS CaSeSa. Sony Nordic Logistics, Denmark

1. Overview

Sony.is.one.of.the.leading.manufacturers.of.audio,.video,.communications,.and.information.technology.products ..With.its.motion.picture,.television,.and.computer.entertainment.branches,.Sony.is.regarded.as.one.of.the.most.comprehensive.enter-tainment.companies.in.the.world .

2. Business Drivers for Creating the Solution

COST.SAVINGS.AND.EFFICIENT.LOGISTICS.SOLUTIONS.Sony.initiated.the.process.of.centralizing.the.distribution.system.for.the.Nordic.Countries.as.early.as.1998 ..The.work.was.completed.a.few.years.later,.and.a.large.distribution.center.in.the.port.of.Copenhagen.was.the.heart.of.the.new.distribution.setup.for.the.Nordic.countries ..In.1997.the.concept’s.boundaries.were.extended.to.include.Estonia,.Latvia,.and.Lithuania ..Today,.the.distribution.center.in.Copenhagen.supports.more.than.10,000.retailers.in.Sweden,.Denmark,.Norway,.Finland,.Iceland,.Greenland,.and.the.Baltic.states .

FIGURe 14: SONY’S DISTRIbUTION CeNTeR aT COPeNHaGeN-MaLMO PORT

Source: Copenhagen Capacity


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b. Volvo Logistics Corporation, Sweden

1. Overview

Volvo.Logistics.Corporation,.which.belongs.to.the.AB.Volvo.Group,.has.its.headquar-ters.in.Gothenburg,.Sweden,.and.operates.more.than.30.on-site.locations.globally .

Their.global.logistics.services.consist.of.inbound.flow.and.distribution.of.finished.vehi-cles.and.packaging.management.for.the.production.units.in.more.than.15.countries.to.almost.4,000.component.suppliers,.and.finished.vehicle.distribution.to.more.than.150.countries ..Services.include.cross.docks,.warehousing,.IS/IT,.risk.management,.customs,.and.value.added.services ..

Most.of.the.customers.are.various.well-known.brands.within.the.commercial.and.automotive.vehicles.and.aviation.industries ..Non.AB.Volvo.Group.customers.represent.40%.of.turnover ..


EFFICIENT.LOGISTICS.SOLUTIONSDespite.high.global.growth,.most.flows.are.still.between.Sweden.and.Western.Europe,.with.Gent.in.Belgium .

The.flows.consist.of.high-efficiency.sustainable.intermodal.solutions.and.integrated.logistics.systems.which.include.the.Port.of.Gothenburg’s.short.and.deep.sea.connec-tions.and.Gothenburg’s.comprehensive.domestic.and.European.rail.and.road.connec-tions ..This.helps.to.make.Gothenburg.a.strategic.location.for.Volvo .

SUSTAINABLE.INTERMODAL.LOGISTICS.SERVICESSustainable.solutions,.including.cost.efficiency,.high.performance,.and.minimal.envi-ronmental.impact.are.core.values.for.Volvo.Logistics.Corporation ..

The.logistics.system.is.based.on.intermodality,.where.different.transport.modes.are.used.either.together.in.the.same.assignment.or.in.parallel.and.independently.of.each.other ..The.significance.of.the.modes.and.the.integration.between.them.is.thus.utilized.to.form.the.most.efficient.and.sustainable.total.system ..The.logistics.system,.under.continuous.development,.consists.of.two.rail.systems,.two.short.sea.systems,.and.road.systems ..The.most.recent.addition,.a.rail.system,.was.introduced.in.the.fall.of.2008 ..

The rail systems:.One.concept.connects.Umeå.in.the.north.and.Olofström.on.the.east-ern.side.of.Sweden.with.Gothenburg.and.Gent.by.delivering.truck.cabins.and.stamped.body.parts.in.Volvo.Logistics.block.trains ..The.other.concept,.recently.introduced.in.2008,.is.also.a.block.train.connecting.Kornwestheim.and.Hanover.in.Germany.with.Gothenburg.and.other.parts.of.Sweden.by.delivering.components.from.suppliers.by.truck.to.combi-terminals,.where.trailers.are.loaded.on.rail.wagons.destined.for.Sweden ..The.concept.has.possibilities.for.expansion.in.Germany.and.other.parts.of.Europe ..

The short sea systems:.EuroBridge,.which.has.daily.calls.to/from.Gothenburg.and.Gent,.is.the.main.system ..The.second.system.is.AngloBridge.which.has.daily.calls.to/from.Gothenburg.and.Immingham,.United.Kingdom ..Both.systems.are.used.for.components.from.suppliers.and.finished.vehicles.for.the.Scandinavian.and.European.markets ..

Road systems:.Road.transportation.to/from.Gothenburg.and.Sweden.is.used.for.both.components.from.suppliers.and.finished.vehicles.with.destinations.all.over.Europe ..There.is.a.mix.of.direct.and.collection.transportation.mainly.via.the.Oresund.Bridge.and.Denmark.to.the.European.continent ..Different.truck.combinations.and.lengths.are.continuously.tested.to.achieve.the.most.optimal.sustainable.solutions.for.the.future .

C. UNICeF Supply Division, Denmark

1. Overview

Copenhagen.is.the.sixth.largest.United.Nations.base.city.in.the.world ..The.city.houses.six.offices.that.employ.around.1,000.people:

1)..World.Health.Organization.(WHO):.the.regional.European.office.situated.in.Copenhagen .

2)..UNFPA/Nordic.office:.This.Nordic.branch.facilitates.the.UN.Population.Fund’s.global.work.in.reproductive.health.and.develop-ment,.and.facilitates.partnership.with.donors.in.the.Nordic.countries .

3)..UNFPA/Procurement:.manages.procure-ment.of.contraceptives.and.related.items.for.reproductive.health .

4)..WFP/Nordic.Office:.the.World.Food.Program.provides.information.about.WPF.activities.around.the.world.to.the.Nordic.public .

5)..The.Office.for.Project.Services.(UNOPS):.provides.assistance.in.project.management.(including.purchasing).to.other.UN.organi-zations,.governments,.and.NGOs ..UNOPS’.global.headquarters.are.in.Copenhagen ..The.total.annual.expenditure.is.around.$1.bil-lion .

6)..The.UN.Childrens.Fund.(UNICEF):.located.its.Supply.Division.in.Copenhagen ..The.Supply.Division.manages.purchasing.and.logistics.from.the.main.warehouse.in.Copen-hagen.and.has.done.so.since.the.early.sixties .

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UNICEF.is.headquartered.in.New.York,.but.its.main.global.warehouse.and.distribution.center,.the.UNICEF.Supply.Division,.is.located.in.Copenhagen.Freeport ..The.warehouse.covers.approximately.25,000.square.meters.and.the.supply.division.employs.250.people.of.approximately.55.nationalities ..In.2007,.UNICEF.procured.$1 .4.billion.worth.of.supplies.for.children.and.their.families ..The.main.warehouse.maintains.a.stock.of.around.750.items.and.assembles.37.different.kits.for.schooling.and.emergencies ..The.throughput.of.the.central.warehouse.reached.$93.mil-lion.in.2007,.an.increase.of.27%.compared.to.2006 ..In.2007,.the.supply.division.managed.8,500.shipments.includ-ing.26.charter.flights.for.emergency.supplies ..A.population.of.250,000.can.be.supplied.with.emergency.equipment.for.three.weeks.within.24-48.hours ..

The.UNICEF.Supply.Division.coordinates.purchasing.and.distribution.of.products.for.emergency.situations.espe-cially.for.children.worldwide ..But.UNICEF.also.distributes.everyday.products.for.children.and.for.improving.children’s.lives ..These.include.school.boxes.(with.textbooks,.pencils,.etc .).and.equipment.for.teachers ..Boxes.such.as.those.with.leisure.sports.equipment.are.also.distributed.from.the.ware-house ..Educational.materials.were.supplied.to.12.million.children.and.100,000.teachers.in.2007 ..In.relation.to.logis-tics,.the.most.demanding.tasks.are.obviously.emergency.deliveries.in.the.aftermath.of.catastrophes.such.as.wars,.earthquakes,.storms,.etc ..This.is.the.special.expertise.of.the.UNICEF.Supply.Division,.which.also.houses.tents.and.other.emergency.supplies.for.other.organizations.(such.as.the.Red.Cross) ..

The.task.of.the.supply.division.is.to.plan.procurement.activities,.including.forecasting,.choice.of.shipping.modes,.securing.necessary.documentation,.customs.processing,.han-dling.and.storage.conditions,.and.choosing.the.right.trans-port.and.distribution.methodology.for.each.unique.delivery ..Not.all.purchases.go.via.the.Copenhagen.warehouse ..For.example,.as.a.lot.of.equipment.is.now.bought.in.China.and.needs.to.be.distributed.in.Asia,.increasing.volumes.will.go.

via.a.hub.in.Shanghai ..Downstream,.UNICEF.supply.chain.products.need.to.pass.seamlessly.through.customs,.storage.and.distribution.to.the.last.mile,.and.to.every.child.in.need ..The.main.warehouse.in.Copenhagen.works.with.three.ware-house.hubs.in.Panama,.Dubai,.and.Shanghai ..In.addition,.approximately.160.country.and.regional.offices.facilitate.the.UNCIEF.supply.chain ..

FIGURe 15: UNICeF LOCaTION aT COPeNHaGeN FReePORT


The.UNICEF.Supply.Division.recently.changed.its.primary.focus.from.cost.to.delivery.and.supply.chain.management ..The.ability.to.reach.people.in.need.has.become.even.more.important,.not.least.for.the.donors.who.want.to.see.their.donations.getting.to.the.right.destination ..The.2004.tsunami.in.the.Indian.Ocean.highlighted.the.need.for.collaboration.between.humanitarian.organizations,.UN.organizations,.governments,.and.NGOs.in.order.to.increase.efficiency.in.the.deliveries.to.people.in.areas.that.are.hard.to.reach.during.catastrophes ..The.location.of.the.central.warehouse.in.Copenhagen.is.ideal.in.terms.of.logistics.because.of.the.presence.of.global.service.providers.as.well.as.general.competence.in.management.and.languages ..The.presence.of.other.UN.and.humanitarian.organizations.also.facilitates.essential.collaboration ..Finally,.the.Scandinavian.countries.have.a.long.and.well-established.tradition.of.aid.and.NGO.work ..The.location.of.the.warehouse.in.the.port.and.close.to.the.airport.makes.fast.emergency.shipment.easy.and.convenient ..Pricewise.it.is.often.also.an.advan-tage.because.of.the.uneven.balance.of.goods.in.and.out.of.Copenhagen .

Source: Copenhagen Capacity


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D. Marine Harvest, Norway

1. Overview

Salmon.farming.is.a.fast-growing.global.industry.with.production.concentrated.in.a.few.regions,.Norway,.Scotland.and.Ireland,.Chile,.Australia’s.east.coast,.and.the.west.and.east.coasts.of.Canada.and.the.USA ..In.2007,.54%.of.the.world’s.total.production.of.farmed.salmon.(670,000.tons),.was.produced.in.Norway ..Of.this,.10%.was.distributed.by.air.freight.to.destinations.in.Japan,.China,.Hong.Kong,.Singapore,.Korea,.and.other.countries.in.Southeast.Asia,.the.Middle.East,.and.South.Africa ..Upcoming.markets.are.India.and.the.Asian.part.of.Russia ..

Marine.Harvest.is.the.world’s.leading.seafood.company.and.largest.producer.of.farmed.salmon ..The.company.produces.one.third.of.the.world’s.farmed.salmon.and.trout,.is.present.in.18.countries,.and.has.around.7,500.employees.worldwide ..The.headquarters.are.in.Oslo,.Norway ..

The.company.has.operations.in.all.areas.where.salmon.is.produced—production.areas.in.Norway.are.situated.along.the.west.coast ..In.addition.to.fillet.production.and.further.processing.in.Norway,.Scotland,.Ireland,.Chile,.and.Canada.Marine.Harvest.performs.processing.activities.in.the.US,.France,.Belgium,.Poland,.and.Netherlands ..The.company.is.among.the.top.three.providers.of.the.full.range.of.seafood.in.European—with.major.European.retail.chains.as.the.larg-est.customers ..The.product.range.includes.breaded.seafood,.ready-to-eat.meals,.finger.food,.and.a.variety.of.smoked.sea-food ..In.addition.to.salmon.farming,.the.company.also.pro-duces.halibut ..The.food.market.demands.for.fresh.fish.mean.that.the.fish.must.be.consumed.within.9-10.days ..Every.day.of.delay.means.that.retailers.will.lose.14-17%.of.their.sales.forecast.for.the.period .

Marine.Harvest’s.products.are.distributed.in.an.unbroken.cold.chain.using.a.combination.of.road,.rail,.ship,.and.air.freight ..Despite.an.increasing.global.market,.the.flows.between.Norway.and.Western.Europe.represent.one.of.the.most.important.flows.at.600,000.tons ..For.the.European.market,.the.fish.is.loaded.on.trucks.on.day.1.for.distribution.to.customers.on.day.4-5 ..The.company.is.investigating.different.solutions.to.service.the.European.market.by.sea,.but.distribution.by.truck.still.dominates ..With.air.freight,.the.fish.will.arrive.to.a.customer.in.East.Asia.on.day.4 ..Trucks.take.the.fish.to.Oslo.or.Landvetter.airports,.but.also.to.some.airports.on.the.Continent ..In.the.late.1970s,.SAS.and.Norsk.Flyfrakt.AS.started.flying.fresh.salmon.by.air.to.the.United.States ..In.the.early.1990s,.Norway.started.to.airfreight.the.salmon.to.Japan,.Hong.Kong,.Singapore,.and.Taiwan ..In.the.mid.1990s,.the.volumes.to.Asia.(including.mainland.China).exceeded.10,000.tons.a.year ..Today.these.Asian.markets.remain.the.main.markets,.with.volumes.in.2007.reaching.60,000.tons .

FIGURe 16: MaRINe HaRVeST MaIN MaRkeT aND PRODUCeR COUNTRIeS, WITH IMPORT VOLUMeS


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Ahlsell’s.central.distribution.center.covers.60,000.square.meters.(almost.650,000.square.feet),.and.approximately.150.trucks.arrive.and.depart.every.day.with.a.daily.volume.of.5,000.cubic.meters.of.goods ..

The.center.is.located.in.Hallsberg,.one.of.the.Nordic.region’s.most.important.transport.hubs ..Ahlsell.is.able.to.distribute.to.Denmark.and.Sweden.within.24.hours ..Ahlsell.offers.distribution.to.Norway.and.Finland.within.48.hours.but.it.can.be.accomplished.within.24.hours ..Russia.normally.takes.three.days ..Ahlsell’s.logistics.center,.outlets,.distribution.operations,.and.purchasing.in.Sweden.are.environmentally.certified.under.ISO.14001.and.9001 .

2. Business drivers for establishing in the Hallsberg Logistic Region

The.logistics.region.consists.of.the.cities.of.Hallsberg,.Kumla,.Örebro,.and.Arboga ..The.location.is.in.the.logistics.center.of.the.Nordic.countries,.approximately.200.kilometers.west.of.Stockholm,.which.allows.Ahlsell.the.best.strategic.location.for.distribution.in.Denmark,.Finland,.Norway,.and.Sweden ..


The.main.driver.for.Marine.Harvest.to.create.efficient.logistics.solutions.is.the.lead.time ..Today.the.company.uses.air.freight.for.long-distance.distribution.and.a.mix.of.direct.and.terminal-based.transportation.mainly.via.Sweden,.the.Oresund.Bridge,.and.Denmark.to.the.European.continent—but.also.via.ferries.from.Norway.to.Denmark .

The.company.is.continuously.looking.at.different.intermodal.solutions.for.the.supply.chain,.but.road.transport.still.domi-nates ..Trucks.are.also.used.from.terminal.to.airport ..In.the.future.there.will.be.direct.sea.transport.from.the.production.areas.along.the.western.coast.in.Norway.directly.to.the.Continent.if.the.transport.system.can.meet.demands.with.respect.to.regularity,.price,.frequency,.lead.time,.flexibility,.etc ..All.intermodal.systems.will.be.benchmarked.against.today’s.trans-port.system ..Sustainable.solutions,.including.cost.efficiency,.high.performance,.and.minimal.environmental.impact.are.very.important.for.the.company ..

e. ahlsell Logistics Center in Hallsberg, Sweden

1. Overview

Ahlsell.is.the.leading.technical.trading.company.in.the.Nordic.countries.for.installation.products,.tools,.and.machinery ..Ahlsell.offers.professional.users.a.wide.range.of.goods.and.associated.services.within.the.following.product.segments:.heat-ing.and.plumbing,.electrical,.tools.and.machinery,.refrigeration,.and.hardware ..The.group.has.an.annual.profit.of.approxi-mately.€2 .5.billion.and.employs.about.5,300.individuals .

Ahlsell’s.business.operations.cover.the.Nordic.countries,.the.Baltic.States,.and.Russia.but.markets.are.ultimately.local ..Ahlsell.has.outlets.in.Sweden,.Norway,.Finland,.Denmark,.Estonia,.Latvia,.and.Russia.and.currently.has.more.than.250.establishments.in.the.various.countries,.over.90.of.which.are.in.Sweden .

FIGURe 17: aHLSeLL’S CeNTRaL DISTRIbUTION CeNTeR IN HaLLSbeRG


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The.largest.railroad.terminal.is.nearby.Hallsberg.Terminal.in.Sweden,.which.is.an.intermodal.terminal.in.conveniently.close.proximity.to.Ahlsell’s.distribution.center ..There.is.also.the.dry.port.with.connections.with.Gothenburg.harbor ..The.E18.and.E20.motorways.pass.through.the.region.together.with.the.national.highways.RV50.and.RV51 ..Örebro.Airport,.Sweden’s.fourth.largest.cargo.airport,.is.also.close ..Establishing.a.presence.in.the.area.leverages.the.shortest.transportation.distances.for.a.company.which.wants.to.distribute.in.the.Nordic.countries ..There.is.also.excellent.potential.to.use.rail.transportation.for.cargo.as.an.environmentally.friendly.option ..The.area.also.provides.the.most.economic.distribution.to.the.Baltic.States,..St ..Petersburg,.Russia,.as.well.as.the.Nordic.Countries ..Locating.a.distribution.center/warehouse.in.this.region.is.also.the.most.environmentally.friendly.option ..The.use.of.rail.transportation.allows.daily.cargo.transportation.to.northern.Sweden,.Oslo.in.Norway,.and.Copenhagen.in.Denmark—and.many.cargo.trains.travel.directly.to.Hamburg,.Germany,.and.the.rest.of.Europe.daily .

F. Ikea in Sweden

1. Overview

IKEA.was.founded.in.1943.in.the.small.village.of.Agunnaryd.in.Sweden,.when.its.founder.Ingvar.Kamprad.was.just.17 ..The.name.IKEA.is.formed.from.the.founder’s.initials.(I .K .).plus.the.first.letters.of.Elmtaryd.and.Agunnaryd,.the.farm.and.village.where.he.grew.up ..Today,.IKEA.is.recognized.as.the.world’s.leading.retailer.of.home.furnishing.products.in.terms.of.sales.volume,.number.of.stores,.and.annual.growth ..The.IKEA.group.has.more.than.100,000.employees.and.operates.in.44.countries.throughout.the.world ..The.main.market.for.IKEA.is.Europe,.fol-lowed.by.North.America.and.Asia .

2. Business drivers

The.old.Glimma.package.contained.100.candles,.loose.in.a.plastic.bag.and.placed.in.large.cardboard.boxes ..The.utilization.of.floor.space.with.the.old.concept.was.not.optimal ..With.the.new,.more.sophisticated.packaging.solution,.the.candles.are.stacked.on.top.of.each.other.thereby.reducing.the.empty.space.in.the.package.to.a.minimum ..With.the.new.concept,.IKEA.managed.to.stack.360.packages.of.candles.on.each.pal-let.instead.of.the.original.252 ..This.resulted.in.a.30%.reduction.in.pallets.used,.and.at.the.same.time.reducing.the.number.of.trucks.needed.to.transport.candles.each.year.by.200 ..The.savings.made.it.possible.for.IKEA.to.increase.its.profit.margin.on.the.candles ..The.new.solution.also.had.environmental.benefits.with.the.reduction.of.road.transportation.and.the.need.for.less.packaging.material.such.as.plastic.bags.and.cardboard.boxes .

IKEA.has.been.working.very.actively.with.rail.transportation,.and.in.2001.the.com-pany.started.to.run.its.own.rail.operations.through.IKEA.Rail ..The.use.of.rail.is.con-sidered.to.be.an.important.part.of.IKEA’s.strategy.to.promote.sustainable.transport.of.its.products ..One.interesting.example.is.the.use.of.the.Trans-Siberian.railroad.to.complement.sea.transportation.between.Asia.and.Europe ..

At.IKEA.stores,.customers.select.their.products.directly.from.the.stock.or.immediately.receive.the.product.from.the.store.warehouse ..Customers.then.do.the.final.assembly.at.home ..

IKEA.does.not.own.its.manufacturing.facilities.but.has.total.control.over.the.supply.chain.from.the.supplier.to.the.end.customer ..Product.development.is.mostly.in-house ..A.continuous.goal.for.IKEA.has.been.to.reduce.the.volume.of.empty.space.in.packages,.consequently.reducing.the.empty.space.transported.in.vehicles ..IKEA.has.worked.actively.over.the.years.to.make.the.packaging.con-cept.and.the.distribution.service.a.dynamic.component.of.the.supply.chain .

One.such.case.is.the.IKEA.product.Glimma.(tealight.candles) ..In.its.search.for.ways.to.reduce.the.volume.of.empty.space.in.the.supply.chain,.IKEA.found.that.the.Glimma.packages.contained.more.unused.space.than.other.packages ..A.change.in.the.packaging.was.thus.considered.to.be.beneficial.for.the.company ..

FIGURe 18: THe GLIMMa PaCkaGe

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Several.other.Scandinavian.companies.have.also.shown.interest.in.leveraging.the.Trans-Siberian.link.to.connect.the.Baltic.Sea.Region.with.Asia ..The.obvious.benefit.from.using.the.link.is.reduced.lead.time.for.traffic.to.and.from.Asia,.but.there.have.also.been.many.challenges ..The.need.for.a.track.and.trace.system.and.balanced.traffic.are.two.examples ..Given.the.current.world.market.situation,.many.Trans-Siberian.railroad.projects.have.been.postponed .

According.to.various.international.ranking.institutions,.the.Scandinavian.countries.are.easy.to.do.business.with ..The.World.Bank51.rates.Sweden.number.4,.Denmark.number.13,.and.Norway.number.15.on.their.logistics.per-formance.index ..The.index.shows.the.logistics.friendliness.of.countries.in.which.the.surveyed.respondents.operate ..The.Economist.Business.Unit52.ranks.Denmark.number.1,.Sweden.number.11.and.Norway.number.13.in.terms.of.the.business.environment.for.foreign.direct.investments ..And.IMD.World.Competitive.Yearbook53.ranks.Sweden.number.5,.Denmark.number.7.and.Norway.number.10.in.meeting.the.needs.of.businesses.for.basic,.technology,.and.scientific.infrastructure.as.well.as.human.resources .

But.companies.exporting.to.Scandinavia.have.to.deal.with.taxation,.customs.duty,.and.value.added.tax.(VAT) ...It.is.important.to.note.that.Denmark.and.Sweden.are.members.of.the.European.Union,.while.Norway.is.not ..When.shipping.within.the.European.Union.there.is.no.customs.duty.to.be.paid,.although.some.goods.are.assigned.other.types.of.taxes ..When.shipping.goods.from.a.country.outside.the.EU,.other.rules.apply.and.customs.duty.must.be.paid ..This.means.that.when.ship-ping.to.Scandinavia.there.are.different.trade.issues.to.be.aware.of ..For.example,.when.sending.goods.via.Sweden.or.Denmark.to.Norway,.customs.duty.must.be.paid.between.the.two.countries ..Meanwhile,.this.is.not.the.case.with.trade.between.Denmark.and.Sweden ..Since.there.are.many.different.legislations,.regulations,.and.taxes.depending.on.the.nature.of.the.goods.and.destination.(and.since.these.are.of.a.changing.nature),.we.recommend.that.companies.seek.further.information.at.the.official.links.included.at.the.end.of.Section.VI ..The.following.section.provides.some.general.information.on.how.to.invest.in.the.Scandinavian.countries ..

FIGURe 19: LeaD TIMe baLTIC Sea ReGION aND CHINa50

Trans-Siberian Railway 17 days

Ocean route 35 days

Ocean route 45 days

SeCTION VI. aDDITIONaL INFORMaTIONThis.section.will.contribute.information.about.how.to.do.business.in.Scandinavia,.and.where.to.find.additional.relevant.information.and.resources ..

a. Doing business in Scandinavia


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1. Denmark

When.investing.in.Denmark,.there.are.several.issues.to.take.into.account ..In.accordance.with.its.membership.of.the.European.Union,.Denmark.has.fully.implemented.the.EU.rules.regarding.the.European.public.limited.company.(SE.company).for.both.corporate.and.tax.....purposes ..The.legal.framework.of.the.SE.company.is.to.a.large.extent.subject.to.national.company.law .

THE.CORPORATE.STRUCTURE.AND.BUSINESS.ACTIVITIES.IN.DENMARKThe.corporate.structure.of.the.business.is.highly.dependent.on.the.type.of.activities.that.the.business.chooses.to.perform.in.Denmark ..Some.corporation.types.are.used.for.activities.that.require.a.broad.level.of.public.presence.and.visibility,.whereas.other.types.are.better.suited.for.activities.such.as.investment.activities.(see.table.7.which.also.indicates.that.corporate.income.tax.is.25%) .

TabLe 7: THe DIFFeReNT TYPeS OF CORPORaTIONS IN DeNMaRk54

application

registration

capital requirement

liability

management

place of management

accounting

tax

incorporation

corporate law

Mid-sizedandlargecompanies.OnlyanA/Smaybelistedon

theCopenhagenStockExchange

MustberegisteredattheDanishCommerceandCompaniesAgency55

Min.DKK500,000

Limitedtothevalueofsharessubscribed

Mandatorytwo-tiersystem.ASupervisoryBoardofminimum3

persons,andatleastoneCEO

NorequirementsapplyastotheresidencyofthemembersoftheExecutive

andSupervisoryBoards

Annualfinancialstatementsauditedbyanaccountant(maybe

optional*)

Corporateincometaxrateof25%

MustberegisteredattheDanishCommerceand

CompaniesAgency

TheDanishActonPublicLimitedCompanies

Smallandmid-sizedcompanies


CompaniesAgency

Min.DKK125,000

Limitedtothevalueofsharessubscribed

Optionaloneortwosystemswitheithera

SupervisoryBoardoranExecutiveBoard(CEO),or

both

NorequirementsapplyastotheresidencyofthemembersoftheExecutive

andSupervisoryBoards

Annualfinancialstatementsauditedbyanaccountant(maybe

optional*)

Corporateincometaxrateof25%


CompaniesAgency


UsedforcarryingoutbusinessactivitiesinDenmark,whichare

includedintheobjectivesoftheheadoffice


CompaniesAgency

Nominimumcapitalrequirements.Fortax

purposestheheadofficemayberequiredto

providedocumentationofaminimumcapitalofDKK

125,000

Theheadofficeofthebranchisfullyliable

Atleastonebranchmanagermustbe

registered

Norequirementsapplyastotheresidencyofthe

branchmanager

Notrequiredtopreparefinancialstatementsfor

thebranch.Acopyofthefinancialstatementsoftheforeigncorporationmust

befiled

IncomefrompermanentestablishmentinDenmarkissubjecttoacorporate

taxrateof25%


CompaniesAgency


a/S apS BrancH repreSentative oFFice

Oftenusedintheinitialstagesofestablishinga

morepermanentbusinessinDenmark

Norequirements

None

Theforeignentityisfullyliable

Norequirements

Norequirements

Norequirementstoprepareannualfinancial

statements

Fortaxpurposesarepresentativeofficeisnotconsideredapermanentestablishment,provideditdoesnotconcludeanysalesorcarrypoutanyafter-salesactivitiesin

Denmark

Norequirements

Nocorporateregulationsofrepresentativeoffices

*Annualaccountsandtaxreturn.VATinDenmarkis25%.This document is available from our site and provided for your personal use only and may not be retransmitted or redistributed without written permission from the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP). You may not upload any of this site's material to any public server, online service, network, or bulletin board without prior written permission from CSCMP.

��

2. Norway56

When.establishing.a.business.in.Norway,.there.are.a.few.aspects.to.be.considered.before.the.enterprise.becomes.a.reality ..First,.the.authorities.must.be.notified.when.a.company.is.formed,.when.employees.are.hired,.and.when.the.sale.of.goods.and/or.services.liable.to.VAT.and.other.taxes.commences .

The.type.and.extent.of.the.actual.registration.will.depend.on.the.type.of.business.and.enterprise ..Certain.areas.of.business.require.explicit.consent,.authorization,.or.a.license ..Whether.your.business.falls.within.the.categories.requiring.explicit.consent.is.a.matter.that.should.be.raised.with.the.proper.authorities ..In.Norway.there.are.9.different.types.of.business.enterprises:.public.limited.liability.company,.private.limited.liability.company,.branch.of.a.foreign.company,.corporation,.etc .57.A.private.limited.liability.company.must.have.a.minimum.share.capital.of.NOK.100,000,.while.a.public.limited.liability.company.must.have.a.share.capital.of.at.least.NOK.1.million ..If.at.least.one.of.the.above.conditions.applies,.the.business.must.be.must.registered.with.the.Central.Coordinating.Register.for.Legal.Entities .

TAXATION.OF.ORDINARY.INCOME—AN.INTRODUCTIONA.flat.tax.rate.of.28%.applies.to.corporate.taxable.profits.(ordinary.income) ..The.tax.base.is.the.sum.of.operating.profit/loss,.financial.rev-enues,.and.net.capital.gains.minus.tax.depreciation ..Since.2005,.the.gen-eral.rules.for.the.timing.of.income.and.expenditure.for.tax.purposes.are.no.longer.based.on.the.accounting.rules ..Under.the.so-called.realization.principle,.taxable.income.is.recognized.when.it.is.earned.and.expenditure.when.it.is.incurred ..The.general.regulations.for.tax-related.depreciation.are.based.on.the.declining.balance.depreciation.method ..An.exception.is.hydroelectric.power.plants,.where.linear.depreciation.schedules.apply.for.certain.fixed.capital.categories ..For.tax.depreciation.purposes,.fixed.assets.are.divided.into.9.different.categories.according.to.the.expected.life.of.the.assets .58

NOT.AN.EU.MEMBER.STATE.Norway,.unlike.Denmark.and.Sweden,.is.not.a.member.state.of.the.EU ..The.relationship.with.the.Union.is.therefore.based.on.other.forms.and.means.of.close.contact.and.cooperation ..This.cooperation.enables.Norway.to.maintain.a.very.high.level.of.economic.integration.and.politi-cal.cooperation.with.the.EU.and.its.member.states ..Under.Norway’s.par-ticipation.in.the.European.Economic.Area.(EEA),.it.is.required.through.the.European.Free.Trade.Association.(EFTA)59.to.adopt.much.of.the.EU.legislation ..Norway’s.trade.flows.have.traditionally.been.dominated.by.trade.with.the.EU,.and.this.trend.is.being.enhanced.after.the.latest.EU.expansion .

The.EEA.Agreement.is.by.far.the.single.most.important.agreement.regu-lating.the.relationship.between.Norway.(and.the.two.other.EEA/EFTA.states,.Iceland.and.Liechtenstein).and.the.European.Union ..The.purpose.of.the.agreement.is.to.expand.the.EU’s.internal.market.to.include.the.EEA/EFTA.states,.which.it.has.done.by.creating.a.common.“European.Economic.Area .”.It.is.then.up.to.the.national.parliaments.and.legislators.to.ensure.national.implementation ..Norway.has.also.signed.the.Schengen.Agreement,.and.thus.participates.in.the.common.passport.and.border.controls.as.well.as.several.other.issues.within.the.EU.policy.area.of.free-dom,.security,.and.justice ..

3. Sweden60

You.will.find.the.latest.information.on.the.website.www .isa .se,.where.you.also.will.find.links.to.other.resources.regard-ing.investments.in.Sweden ..

A.foreign-based.company.wishing.to.establish.an.enterprise.in.Sweden.will.most.likely.choose.one.of.two.main.business.structures:.subsidiary.(a.limited.liability.company,.oraktiebolag).or.a.branch.(filial) ..A.limited.liability.company.is.a.legal.entity.incorporated.in.Sweden ..A.branch.is.not.incorporated.in.Sweden.but.is.a.divisional.office.(part.of.a.foreign.lim-ited.company).organized.to.conduct.busi-ness.in.Sweden ..Both.must.be.registered.with.the.Swedish.Companies.Registration.Office.(Bolagsverket).and.the.Swedish.Tax.Agency.(Skatteverket) .

A.branch.structure.can.offer.tax.benefits.for.a.transitional.period.at.the.time.of.launching.a.business ..This.is.because.deficits.may.be.tax.deductible.for.the.for-eign-based.company.as.the.branch.is.not.a.legal.entity.in.its.own.right ..This.advan-tage.is.not.open.to.a.subsidiary,.which.is.considered.a.Swedish.legal.entity.regard-less.of.ownership ..Moreover,.a.branch.is.not.obliged.to.maintain.any.share.capital,.as.a.limited.liability.company.must .

The.issue.of.starting.a.representative.office.is.sometimes.raised ..A.representa-tive.office.can.perform.a.very.limited.range.of.functions ..It.is.not.a.legal.struc-ture.in.Sweden,.and.cannot.conduct.business.on.its.own.behalf.or.through.its.employees.or.premises ..A.representative.office.also.cannot.be.granted.a.power.of.attorney.to.act.on.behalf.of.the.owning.company ..A.branch.or.a.limited.liability.company.offers.much.greater.flexibility ..

It.is.important.to.establish.whether.a.license.is.needed.to.carry.out.the.busi-ness.of.the.company,.although.it.should.be.noted.that.it.is.quite.unusual.for.a.business.to.require.a.license.in.Sweden ..Few.businesses.require.licenses ..License.requirements.are.generally.regulated.by.law ..Police.authorities,.municipalities,.and.county.councils.are.often.involved.in.licensing.activities .


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TAX.ACCOUNTING.ACCORDING.TO.INTERNATIONAL.STANDARDSLimited.companies.and.certain.other.legal.persons.must.pay.a.national.income.tax.of.28% ..The.tax.is.deducted.from.the.enterprise’s.pre-tax.results.of.operations,.subject.to.certain.fiscal.adjustments ..Swedish.VAT.is.a.general.expenditure.tax ..It.is.payable.on.most.commercial.turnover.of.goods.and.services ..Companies.supplying.taxable.goods.or.serv-ices.as.part.of.their.commercial.operations.are.liable.to.pay.VAT ..These.companies.are.also.entitled.to.deduct.input.VAT.incurred.on.costs.for.goods.or.services.acquired.for.purposes.of.their.taxable.business ..Input.VAT.on.investments.is.also.deductible.under.certain.condi-tions ..There.are.also.certain.issues.regarding.whether.the.company.has.an.establishment.within.Sweden,.the.EU,.or.neither ..Besides.the.VAT,.customs.charges.are.heavily.dependent.on.the.type.of.goods.and.the.country.from.which.the.goods.are.being.imported ..

b. Logistics and Supply Chain Links in Scandinavia

1. Seaports

•. .Copenhagen-Malmö.Port.(CMP),.DK.and.SE.(www .cmport .dk).

•. .Port.of.Aarhus,.DK.(www .aarhushavn .dk).

•. .Port.of.Bergen,.NO.(www .bergenhavn .no).

•. .Port.of.Fredericia,.DK.(www .adp-as .dk).

•. .Port.of.Gothenburg,.SE.(www .portgot .se).

•. .Port.of.Karmsund,.NO...........................(www .karmsund-havn .no).

•. Port.of.Oslo,.No.(www .oslohavn .no).

•. .Port.of.Narvik,.NO.(www .portofnarvik .com).

•. .Port.of.Stockholm,.SE.(www .stoports .com).

•. .Port.of.Trelleborg,.SE.............................(www .trelleborgshamn .se).

2. Airports

•. .Copenhagen.Airport,.CPH,.DK.(www .cph .dk).

•. .Oslo.Airport,.NO.(www .osl .no).

•. .Stockholm-Arlanda.Airport,.SE.................(www .arlanda .se).

•. .Gothenburg.Landsvetter.Airport,.SE...........(www .lfv .se).

C. Links to Logistics Research Centers and Universities

1. Universities

•. .Aarhus.School.of.Business,.at.Aarhus.University,.Aarhus,.DK.(www .au .dk).

•. Aalborg.University,.Aalborg,.DK.(http://en .aau .dk)..

•. Blekinge.Institute.of.Technology,.Blekinge,.SE.(www .bth .se).

•. .Chalmers.University.of.Technology,.Gothenburg.,.SE.(www .chalmers .se).

•. Copenhagen.Business.School,.Copenhagen,.DK ..(www .cbs .dk)

•. .Faculty.of.Engineering,.at.Lund.University,.Lund,.SE.(www .lth .se),.and.NGIL.Excellence.Centre,.Lund.University,...Lund,.SE.(www .ngil .se).

•. .Jönköping.International.Business.School,.at.Jönköping.University,.Jönköping,.......SE.(www .hj .se).

•. KTH,.Royal.Institute.of.Technology,.Stockholm,.SE.(www .kth .se).

•. Linköping.Universitet,.Linköping,.SE.(www .liu .se).

•. Luleå.University.of.Technology,.Luleå,.SE.(www .ltu .se).

•. Malmö.Universitet,.Malmö,.SE.(www .mah .se).

•. Molde.University.College,.Molde,.NO.(www .himolde .no).

•. Narvik.University.Collage,.Narvik,.Norway.(www .hin .no).

•. Norwegian.School.of.Management,.Oslo,.NO.(www .bi .no).

•. .NTNU,.Norwegian.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Trondheim,.NO.......(www .ntnu .no).

•. Roskilde.University.(RUC),.Roskilde,.DK.(www .ruc .dk).

•. .School.of.Business,.Economics.and.Law,.at.University.of.Gothenburg,.SE........(www .gu .se).

•. .Skogforsk.(The.Forestry.Research.Institute.of.Sweden,.Uppsala,.SE.................(www .skogforsk .se).

•. Skövde.University,.Skövde,.SE.(www .his .se).

•. STFI-Packforsk,.Stockholm,.SE.(www .STFI-Packforsk .se)

•. .Swedish.University.of.Agricultural.Science,.Uppsala,.SE.(www .slu .se).

•. .Technical.University.of.Denmark,.DTU.Transport,.Lyngby,.DK.......................(www .transport .dtu .dk).

•. University.Collage.of.Borås,.Borås,.SE.(www .hb .se)

•. University.of.Gävle,.SE.(www .hig .se)

•. .University.of.Southern.Denmark,.Kolding.and.Sønderborg,.DK.(www .sdu .dk).

•. University.West,.Trollhättan,.SE.(www .hv .se).

•. Växjö.Universitet,.Växjö,.SE.(www .vxu .se).

•. Örebro.University,.Örebro,.SE.(www .oru .se).

VALUE.ADDED.TAX.(VAT)The.standard.rate.of.VAT,.known.in.Sweden.as.moms,.is.25% ..A.reduced.rate.of.12%.applies.primarily.to.food,.hotel.accommo-dation,.camping,.and.cultural.and.sporting.events ..A.reduced.rate.of.6%.applies.mainly.to.newspapers,.books,.magazines,.and.public.transport ..Certain.services.are.exempt:.medi-cal.and.dental.care,.social.services,.and.bank-ing.and.financial.services .


��

2. Research Centers

•. .The.Institute.of.Transport.Economics,.Norway.(www .toi .no).

•. .Northern.Lead.Logistics.Centre,.Gothenburg.(www .chalmers .se/tme/lead-en/).

•. .The.Öresund.Science.Region.-.Oresund.Logistics,.DK.and.SE.(www .orelog .org).

•. The.Nordic.Logistics.Research.Network.(NOFOMA).(www .nofoma .net).

•. .Nordic.Business.Institute,.NBI,.Norway.and.Sweden.(www .nbi .no./.www .nbi .se).

•. The.Noria-Net.(www .nordforsk .org)..

3. Other Useful Links

•. www .ntm .a .se

e. Links to National Government Organizations and Investments Institutions

1. Investments in Denmark

•. .How.to.invest.in.Denmark:.www .investindk .com..

•. ..The.Danish.Commerce.and.Companies.Agency:.......................www .eogs .dk/sw21252 .asp.

•. .The.Ministry.of.Economic.and.Business.Affairs:........................www .oem .dk/sw184 .asp

•. .The.homepage.of.Denmark’s.Road.Safety.and.Transport.Agency:.www .faerdselsstyrelsen .dk

2. Invest in EU

•. .www .gdi-solutions .com/directory/invest_europe .htm.

3. Invest in Norway

•. .How.to.make.investments.in.Norway:.www .norway .info.

•. www .bedin .no

•. ..www .nortrade .com/index .php?cmd=branch&send._branch=140

•. .The.Norwegian.Agency.for.Road.and.Transport:www .samferdselsetaten .oslo .

4. Invest in Sweden

•. .How.to.make.investments.in.Sweden:.www .isa .se.

•. .The.Swedish.Transport.Agency:.www .transportstyrelsen .se.

5. The Nordic Stock Exchange

NASDAQ.OMX:.www .nasdaqomxnordic .com/...

6. Other Useful Links

Information.about.countries,.continentals.etc .:.www .nationsonline .org

Information.about.the.NATO:.www .nato .int.

Information.about.the.European.countries:.http://europa .eu...

CIA.Factbook,.2008.(www .cia .gov/library/publications/the-world-fact-book/index .html).

F. Links to the Cases

•. Sony and IKEA: . –.www .investindk .com.

. –.www .copcap .com.

. –.www .ikea .com.

. –.www .balticgateway .se.

. –..Jakobsen.P.&.Søderberg.R .(2005).”Hvad.skal.der.til.for.at.Øresundsregionen.kan.fungere.som.nordisk.logistisk.hub?,”.CBS.

. –..Jönson.G ..(2005).“Packaging.logistics.and.retailers’.profitability:.an.IKEA.case.study,”.Division.of.Packaging.Logistics,.Lund.Technical.University.

•. Volvo: . –.www .volvo .com

. –.www .volvologistics .com

•. UNICEF: . –..http://www .unicef .org/supply,.accessed.

23.January.2009

. –..http://um .dk.accessed.23.January.2009

. –..http:// .unicef .dk,.accessed.23.January.2009

. –..IMD.World.Competitiveness.Yearbook,.1995-2008

. –...Jørgensen,.K ..G .:.“SOS.Supply.Division”,.Supply Chain Magasinet,.30.September.2008.

. –.UNICEF.Supply.Annual.Report,.2007

•. Marine Harvest: . –.www .marineharvest .com

. –.www .seafood .no.

•. Ahlsell Logistics Centre in º–Hallsberg: . –.www .ahlsell .se...

. –.www .logistikregionen .se.


��

1..CIA.Factbook,.2008.www .cia .gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index .html

2.Source:.www .nationsonline .org.3.http://images .google .dk..4..The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.(CISG).is.a.treaty.offering.a.uni-form.international.sales.law.that,.as.of.July.2008,.had.been.ratified.by.71.countries.that.account.for.a.significant.proportion...of.world.trade,.making.it.one.of.the.most.successful.international.uniform.laws .

5..Refers.to.a.currency.union.among.the.European.Union.member.states.which.have.adopted.the.euro.as.their.sole.official.currency ..The.Eurosystem,.headed.by.the.European.Central.Bank,.is.responsible.for.monetary.policy.within.the.Eurozone .

6..NATO.www .nato .int/cps/en/natolive/nato_countries .htm.

7..The.European.Union.Member.States. .europa .eu/abc/european_countries/index_en .htm.

8..The.Eurozone.www .eurocoins .co .uk/eurozone .html.

9..The.Schengen.Zone.includes.22.EU.coun-tries.as.well.as.Iceland.and.Norway,.which.are.non-EU.members ..As.a.citizen.in.one.of.the.Schengen.countries.it.is.possible.to.move.freely.across.borders.within.the.24.countries.which.are.members.of.the.Schengen.agreement ..

10..Report:.State of the region report 2008, by the Baltic Development Forum ..Page.7 ..

11..The.Ministry.of.Economic.and.Business.Affairs.www .oem .dk.

12..State.of.the.Region.Report.2007.(The.Baltic.Sea.Region):.www .bdforum .org.

13. Journal of Nordregio – European Space 2020 – planning, energy and transport ..No ..2 ..June,.Vol ..8,.2008 .

14..http://ec .europa .eu/ten/transport/maps/doc/axes/pp12 .pdf.

15..Port.of.Gothenburg.www .portgot .se.16..Ibid ..17..www .oresundsregionen .org.report.done.by.

Roskilde.University.2006.18..Invest.in.Denmark,.200919..Facts.of.Scandinavia.www .cia .gov/library/

publications/the-world-factbook/index .html.

20..www .nordregio .se/.economy.and.labor.market

21..The.Port.of.Aarhus.www .aarhushavn .dk/en/welcome .htm.

22..The.Copenhagen-Malmo.Port...........www .cmport .dk.

23....www .cmport .dk/80256A0D00463B4B/0. ../9EE693BAB383286CC12573D20036D4.

EB?opendocument24....Pre.Delivery.Inspection.(PDI).center...

www .cmport .dk..25....The.Port.of.Fredericia.www .adp-as .dk.26....The.Port.of.Bergen.www .bergenhavn .no.27....The.Port.of.Karmsund.....................

.www .karmsund-havn .no.28....The.Port.of.Narvik.www .portofnarvik .com29....www .portofnarvik .com.30....The.Port.of.Oslo.www .oslohavn .no.31....The.Port.of.Gothenburg.www .portgot .se.32....TEU.=.20-foot.equivalent.unit33....The.Container.Security.Initiative.(CSI),.

under.the.control.of.the.US.Customs.and.Border.Projection ..The.purpose.is.to.proj-ect.the.global.trading.system.and.the.trade.lanes.between.CSI.ports.and.the.US .

34....The.Port.of.Stockholm.www .stoports .se.35....The.Port.of.Trelleborg......................

www .trelleborgshamn .se.36....www .balticmaster .org/media/files/file_279 .

ppt ..Baltic.Maritime.Outlook.2006 ..Swedish.Maritime.Administration

37....Statistics.www .dst .dk38....Statistics.www .ssb .no/english.39....Statistics.www .scb .se40....www .cph .dk.41....www .um .dk/Publikationer/

Eksportraadgivning/FocusDenmark/0603/0603/html/...........chapter19 .htm

42....www .billund-airport .dk.43....www .osl .no.44....www .arlanda .se.45....www .lfv .se.

46....www .fehmarnlink .com/uk/Service+menu/Media/Galleries/Computer+graphics.

47....www .orelog .org.

48....Includes.27.European.Union.member.States.together.with.Iceland,.Liechtenstein,.Norway,.Switzerland.and.Turkey ........www .eea .europa .eu.

49....The.burning.of.coal.and/or.petroleum.by.industry.and.power.plants.generates.sulfur.dioxide.(SO2),.which.reacts.with.atmo-spheric.water.and.oxygen.to.produce.sul-furic.acid.(H2SO4) ..This.sulfuric.acid.is.a.component.of.acid.rain,.which.lowers.the.pH.of.soil.and.freshwater.bodies,.some-times.resulting.in.substantial.damage.to.the.environment.and.chemical.weathering.of.statues.and.structures ..Fuel.standards.increasingly.require.sulfur.to.be.extracted.from.fossil.fuels.to.prevent.the.formation.of.acid.rain .

50....BalticGateway.2006.www .balticgateway .se.51....Connecting.to.Compete ..Trade.

Logistics.in.the.Global.Economy ..The.International.Bank.for.Reconstruction.and.Development/The.World.bank,.2007

52....The.Economist.Intelligence.Unit.(2007):.World.Investment.Prospects.to.2011 ..Foreign.direct.investment.and.the.challenge.of.political.risk .

53....IMD.World.Competitive.Yearbook.1995-2008,.“Infrastructure,”.......................www .worldcomptetitveness .com

54....www .investindk .com/visPublikation .asp?artikelID=9688&publikationID=45 ..Establishing.a.business.in.Denmark ..

55....The.Danish.Commerce.and.Companies.Agency.(DCCA).is.an.Agency.under.The.Minister.of.Economic.and.Business.Affairs.(Deputy.Prime.Minister).Lene.Espersen.www .oem .dk/sw184 .asp.

56....www .bedin .no,.www .innovasjonnorge .no/system/Global-toppmeny/English/,......www .nortrade .com/ ..

57....www .bedin .no.58....www .bedin .no/php/d_emneside_eng/cf/

hApp_102/hPKey_1669/hParent_18/hDKey_2.

59....EFTA.is.an.intergovernmental.organization.set.up.for.the.promotion.of.free.trade.and.economic.integration.to.benefit.the.four.member.states:.Iceland,.Liechtenstein,.Norway,.and.Switzerland.www .efta .int/.

60....How.to.invest.in.Sweden.www .isa .se/...templates/Normal_63917 .aspx

G. endnotes


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