1,2pankaj goyal and 2purshotam kaushik abstractbioscipress.com/images/pdfs/vol 2 1 014 f.pdf ·...

Pankaj Goyal and Purshotam Kaushik ISSN 2394 – 692X

IJHM - Bioscipress 28

International Journal of Herbo Medica Review Article Vol. - 2 (1) 28 – 36. Jan. – Mar. 2015.

Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggulu): A Rich Source of Natural Gum and Resin and

Its Potential in Combating Microbial Resistance against Antibiotics 1,2Pankaj Goyal and 2Purshotam Kaushik

1Amity Institute of Microbial Technology; Amity University, Noida, India 2Department of Botany and Microbiology

Gurukul Kangri University, Hardwar (249 404), Uttarakhand, India E-mails: [email protected]/ [email protected]

Abstract Natural gums and resins such as gum acacia, frankincense and myrrh are among the highly

valuable plant products used enormously in different forms for fragrance and in folk medicines worldwide. These resources also contribute to the amelioration of the environment, thus highly applicable for sustainable management and development of the dry lands. Oleo-gum resin secreted by Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, which is also known as Guggulu, is one of the most reputed herbal formulations for various medicinal and therapeutic applications. Due to the alarming increase in the emergence of resistance among microbial pathogens against currently available antibiotics, there is a critical requirement to search for novel sources of ‘magic bullets’ having significant potential to kill and/or inhibit these resistant bugs with greater efficacy. Natural products are important sources for new drugs and are also good lead compounds suitable for further modification during drug development. Guggulu has also been evaluated for its potential antimicrobial activities against a number of microbial pathogens. Various extracts prepared in different solvents were found to have significant antimicrobial properties which can further be evaluated for the isolation and characterization of active compound(s) and their usefulness as novel drug by using modern drug discovery techniques.

Key-Words: Commiphora wightii, Oleo-gum Resin, Antibiotics, Resistance, Guggulu, Burseraceae.

Introduction Natural gums and resins are among the highly

imperative non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that contribute to improved food security, industrial supply, income generation and many other ecological and economical benefits. Among these natural products, frankincense (from Boswellia spp.) is traded in the greatest volumes and is available in the greatest number of different grades; it ranges in appearance from pale pieces or tears up to several centimeters in size to smaller pieces, and from powder and siftings to large, reddish-brown or dark agglomerated masses. Myrrh and opoponax (from Commiphora spp.) are traded in smaller

volumes and have fewer clean, pale grades to choose from. All of the resins have a fragrant aroma due to the presence of essential oil and these accounts for their commercial importance. These resources also contribute to the amelioration of the environment. The development of these resources and commodities is a valuable key to sustainable management and development of the dry lands, which due to harsh environmental conditions have fewer alternative options (Tadesse et al., 2007). Oleo-gum resins such as gum acacia, frankincense and myrrh are widely used in unprocessed form for fragrance and in folk medicines. Table 1 listed some of the important plants producing gums and resins.



Natural Gums Gums are typical products of broadleaved trees

and shrubs. They are produced either naturally from exudations from cracks in the bark or damage to the bark by insects or animals. Gum flow is also artificially induced by incisions in the bark. The viscous, brittle nodule which forms can be removed by hand. These gums are complex polysaccharide derivatives of natural origin and are either soluble in water, as in the case of gum arable, or form mucilages by the absorption of large amounts of water (gum tragacanth). Their principal use is in foodstuffs by nature of their ability to impart desired qualities to foods by influencing their viscosity, body and texture. In the food industry they are used as thickening agents, gelling agents, emulsifying agents and stabilizers. In other industries, they are also used as adhesives, binding agents, crystallization inhibitors, clarifying agents, encapsulating agents, flocculating agents, swelling agents, foam stabilizers, etc. Most often these gums are found in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings. Natural gums can be classified according to their origin. They can also be classified as uncharged or ionic polymers (polyelectrolytes). Gum Arabic is the main commercial gum exudate. This gum is mainly obtained from Acacia species including A. Senegal, A. laeta, A. polyacantha and A. mellifera. Other gums are Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens, S. villosa (India), S. setigera (Africa) which provides the raw material for emulsifiers, adhesives, fixatives and laxatives. Gum Tragacanth from Astragalus spp. of Asia Minor is even more valuable. It is a natural emulsifier in food products such as mayonnaise but is now being replaced, because of its high cost, by synthetic fermentation type products. Gums of commercial interest are also obtained from the fruit of the carob (Ceratonia siliqua), Gum Mesquite (Prosopis latifolia) and Indian Squill from Urginea indica. RESINS Natural resins are basically hydrocarbon secretions of many plants, particularly coniferous trees and are consist primarily of secondary metabolites or compounds that apparently play no role in the primary physiology of a plant. They are distinguishable from gums because of their insolubility in water but because the exudates from so many plants possess this quality, classification of resins is difficult. Resins comprise balsams i.e. resins of a fluid character often used for healing purposes; oleoresins generally from conifers. These are solutions of resins in essential oils; turpentines also from conifers and some

broadleaved species; mastics, such as those from Pistachio spp., used in protecting oil paintings; hard resins soluble in alcohol and benzene; dammars soluble in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and sandarac, a base for spirit varnishes derived from Callitris and Tetraclinis. Others of the oil-soluble Resin group include Copals, oriental lacquers and substances such as Cashew shell-nut oil and Lac derived from the lac insect. Resins are valued for their chemical properties and associated uses, such as the production of varnishes, adhesives, paper sizing, surfacing, fixtures for perfumes, food glazing agents, as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis, as constituents of incense and perfume, in medicines, in nail polish, and for the manufacture of synthetic polymers. Table 2 represents some important arid zone countries where resin producing plant species are used in various medicinal and other industrial purposes.

Table 1. Gums & Resins Yielding Plants (Roy and Kumar, 1995) Botanical Name Family Acacia catechu Willd Mimosaceae Acacia jacquemontii Benth. Mimosaceae Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosaceae Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Acacia senegal Willd. Mimosaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Rutaceae Anogeissus latifolia Wall. Combretaceae Anogeissus pendula Edgew. Combretaceae Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Meliaceae Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. Caesalpiniaceae Bombax ceiba Linn. Bombacaceae Boswellia serrata Roxb. Burseraceae Buchnania latifolia Roxb. Anacardiaceae Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. Fabaceae Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston. Cochlospermaceae Commiphara wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Burseraceae Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merril. Anacardiaceae Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Mimosaceae Mangifera indica Linn. Anacardiaceae Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Anonaceae Moringa oleifera Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Soymida febrifuga A. Juss. Meliaceae Sterculia urens Roxb. Sterculiaceae Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria are microscopic, single-cell and ubiquitous entities. While we live in harmony with most bacteria, and indeed rely upon many bacteria for their beneficial properties, certain pathogenic bacteria do give rise to serious, often deadly, diseases. Since the advent of the antibiotic era in the early 1940s with the clinical use of penicillin, an ever-growing arsenal of antibiotics has



provided an effective therapy against major bacterial pathogens.

Table 2. Arid Zone Countries and Resin Bearing Plants

Country Plant Species Product India Boswellia serrata and

Commiphora wightii Myrrh, Bdellium and Frankincense

Latin America

Schinus terebinthifolius and Juniperus californica

Medicinal Resins and Oleo-resins

North Africa

Pinus brutia and P. halepensis

Oleo-resins

North Africa

Tetraclinis articulate Sandarac

USA Grindelia camporum and Pinus cembroides

Oleo-resins

USA Larrea tridentate Resins and Turpentines

For the latter half of this century, many experts considered bacterial infectious diseases to be under complete therapeutic control owing to the effectiveness of antibiotics. However, the scientific community grossly underestimated the remarkable ability of these organisms, through mutations and genetic transfer, to develop resistance to antibiotics. Although it has been known for some time that bacteria can develop resistance to a particular antibiotic, there was always another drug in stock that would work. Unfortunately, that is no longer the case. With each passing decade, bacteria that defy not only single but multiple antibiotics have become increasingly common (Harrison, 1998; Levy, 1998). For example, certain strains of enterococci bacteria no longer respond to vancomycin, the drug of last resort that doctors thought could beat any bacterial infection. Resistant strains of the tuberculosis bacilli are also widespread, causing alarming outbreaks of tuberculosis. The same is true of salmonellae, a leading cause of food borne infections, and enterococci bacteria, which cause a host of complications in hospital patients (Treadway, 1998).

Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have estimated that some 50 million of the 150 million outpatient prescriptions for antibiotics every year are unneeded. Current costs related to treatment of antibiotic resistant infections are estimated by the CDC to be more than $4 billion annually (Harrison, 1998). A number of factors contribute to antibiotic resistance including 1) misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, and agriculture; 2) patients’ demand for and receipt of antibiotics when they don’t need them;

and 3) failure to finish an antibiotic prescription. Thus, there is a great need to combat the problem of microbial resistance. Reversing and curbing the resistance problem lies in restoring the original microbial balance between susceptible and resistant bacteria. Reversal of resistance requires an awareness of the broad consequences of antibiotic use – a perspective that concerns itself not only with curing bacterial disease at the moment but also with preserving microbial communities in the long run, so that bacteria susceptible to antibiotics will always be there to outcompete resistant strains (Levy, 1998; Treadway, 1998). Combat Microbial Resistance: Ayurvedic Approach

A feasible way to combat the problem of microbial resistance is the development of new antibacterial agents for substitution with ineffective ones. During the last decade, the pace of development of new antimicrobial drugs has slowed down while the prevalence of resistance (especially multi-drug resistance) has increased astronomically. Thus, there is an important demand to explore and develop new classes of effective antimicrobial agents to delay or prevent the arrival of a post-antibiotic era (Kaushik and Goyal, 2009). Western allopathic medicine emphasizes the use of antibiotics and other medicines and approaches to defend against “germs” or microbes believed to be the primary cause of many health conditions and diseases. Ayurveda recognizes the microbial approach to some degree, but generally does not recognize microbes as the primary cause of disease. The principles of Ayurvedic medicine and the medicinal uses of herbs are contained in thousands of poetic hymns in Rigveda (Kaushik and Goyal, 2013).

According to the Ayurvedic approach, anyone who has developed an imbalance in their bodily elements, or “doshas,” and has thereby weakened their immune system, may be subject to a microbial infection which is considered a symptom of that imbalance. Ayurveda recognizes as useful anything that will save the patient in an emergency, including antibiotics, but takes exception to the “magic bullet” approach of preventing and treating microbial infections strictly with antibiotics. Ayurveda recommends that balance be established in the individual for the prevention and treatment of microbial infection. From the Ayurvedic perspective, an individual who is balanced and healthy has a strong immune system and, therefore, it will be difficult for microbial infection to take hold. Balance in Ayurveda is equivalent to health, which is equivalent to a strong and well-functioning immune



system capable of defending against microbial infection. The Ayurvedic approach is to treat the whole person including application of correct diet, lifestyle recommendations, and herbal supplements. When a person develops an infection, the design of an Ayurvedic

herbal formula reflects the holistic approach. Based on traditional use, herbs are selected and combined for their ability to inhibit microbial overgrowth in various parts of the body and support those organ systems responsible for detoxification and immune function (Treadway, 1998).

Figure 1. Commiphora wightii; (A) Dried Plant, (B) Mature Plant,

(C) Exudation of Oleo-gum Resin from Stem, and (D) Dried Guggul Gum.

A B

C D

Guggulipid Inhibit HMG-CoA No Cholesterol

Synthesis

Figure 3. Blockade of Cholesterol Synthesis by Guggulipid



The value of natural products can be assessed using three criteria; (1) the rate of introduction of new chemical entities of wide structural diversity, including serving as templates for semi-synthetic and total synthetic modification; (2) the number of diseases treated or prevented by these substances; and (3) their frequency of use in the treatment of disease (Chin et al., 2006). Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari {syn. Commiphora mukul Hook ex Stocks}

Commiphora wghtii (Arn.) Bhandari belongs to amily Burseraceae. This family is supposed to have about 185 species of the genus Commiphora. It is a small tree having sharp spines and papery bark as shown in Figure 1-A. Plant is highly branched and slow growing that grows up to 1-2.5m in height (Figure 1-B). This endangered plant is indigenous to India, growing wild in the semi-arid states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Karnataka. This plant is known as Guggul (Hindi); Guggulu, Devadhupa, Palankasha, Mahisaksah, Koushikaha (Sanskrit); Indian Bdellium, Mukul Myrrh Tree (English). Ayurvedic Description

The resin of the guggul plant is known as gum Guggulu. The earliest reference to its medicinal and therapeutic properties was found in The Atharva Veda. Ancient Sanskrit literatures such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Vagbhata also have its detailed description. This plant has been mentioned for its various medicinal aspects in Chikitsa Sthanam of Charaka Samhita (Adhyaya 3, Shloka 59; Adhyaya 23, Shloka 100 and 231; Adhyaya 25, Shloka 53 and 100; Adhyaya 25, Shloka 145 and 175; Adhyaya 28, Shloka 242; Adhyaya 29, Shloka 159; and Adhyaya 30, Shloka 121). According to Ayurveda, there are five types of Guggulu namely; Krishnan (black), Peet varn (yellow), Neel (blue), Kapish (light brown) and Rakt (blood red); among which only first two are suitable for human consumption. The Atharvaveda; one of the four well known Holy Scriptures (Vedas) of the Hindus, is one of the earliest references to the medicinal and therapeutic properties of guggul. Chikitsa Sthanam of Charaka Samhita also describes various medicinal properties of Guggulu. Oleogum resin is the economically viable part of the plant. It is excreted by specialized cells or ducts in plants, especially from stem-bark as shown in Figure 1-C (Soni, 2010). Gum guggul is physically present as

moist, viscous, dry powder or granules with acrid or fragrant odour, bitter in taste, thermogenic, astringent and pale yellow in colour (Figure 1-D). Chemical Constituents of Oleogum Resin

Oleogum resin from the bark contains essential oil, which mainly consist of phytosterols, gugulipids and guggulsterones (the ketonic steroid compounds) (Figure 2), Z-gugglusterone, E-gugglusterone, gugglusterone-I, gugglusterone-II, gugglusterone-III, octanordammarane terpenes manusumbionic acid, manusumbinone, cholesterol, sesamin, camphorene, myrcene, dimyrcene and polymyrcene. As per constituents, it has 6.9% moisture, 0.6% volatile oil, resin 61%, gum 29.6%, and insoluble substances 3.2%. It also contains certain alkaloids in low amounts.

Ethnobotanical Studies and Therapeutic Uses

Frankincense and myrrh have been used in a number of medicinal contexts since long time and still today in several countries across Europe, Africa, China and Middle East, and especially in the traditional Ayurvedic medicines of India. Furthermore, they continued to find modern pharmacological applications most of them as claimed by traditional therapies. Recently it was known that two compounds of myrrh, furanoeudesma-1,3-diene and curzarene, had indeed pronounced pain relieving (analgesic) properties as claimed by traditional therapies (Archaeology, 1996). Well-known Ayurvedic formulations containing guggul are Yograj Gugguluvati, Pachamrit loh Guggulu, Kaishore gugguluvayi and Triphla Guggulu. The anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antihistaminic effects of Commiphora myrrha (Tariq et al., 1985), hypolipidemic (Malhotra et al., 1977), hypocholesteremic,



antiartheroscerotic (Lata et al., 1991), antiarthritic potential (Duwiejua et al., 1993), antigastric ulcer and cytoprotective effect (Al-Harbi et al., 1997), anti-tumour potential, smooth muscle relaxing effect of Commiphora guidottii Chiov. (Claeson et al., 1991), anti-inflammatory effect of Commiphora mukul (Kook.) Engl. and Commiphora incisa (Duwiejua et al., 1993), anti-ulcer effect (Al-Harbi et al., 1997); anti-schistosomiasis, anti fascioliasis, reduction of cholesterol and triglycerides (Michie and Cooper, 1991), hypolipidemic (Malhotra et al., 1977), hypocholesteremic and antiartherosclerotic (Lata et al., 1991), pediatric and blood lipid remedies in Children (Michie and Cooper, 1991), and without toxicity side effects (Rao et al., 2001) were verified. Myrrh also has astringent properties and has a soothing effect on inflamed tissues in the mouth and throat. Studies continue on the potential anticancer actions of myrrh resin (Queshi et al., 1993). In addition to its antiseptic & expectorant abilities, myrrh destroys putrefaction in the intestines and prevents the absorption of toxins in the blood; it stimulates blood flow to the capillaries and promotes menstruation (Frawley and Lad, 1986). Figure 3 demonstrates the mode of actions of guggulipid for blocking the cholesterol synthesis (Jain and Gupta, 2006). Burning of guggul over hot coals produce a fragrant dense smoke. This is said to drive away evil spirits as well as remove the evil eye from the home and its family members in Hindu tradition. Guggulu is vata and kapha suppressant and is widely used in the diseases caused by vata. It is a good pain reliever and also acts on inflammation. It promotes wound healing and is very effective vermicide. It strengthens the nervous system. It also promotes digestion and is good for liver and thyroid functioning. It is also anti-haemorrhoidal in action, a good vasodilator and prevents any kind of infecting happening in body. It also acts on the urinary system and helps in dysurea and renal calculi. It acts as aphrodisiac agent and also helps in relieving from menstrual disturbances. It provides strength to the body tissues and helps in recovering from weakness. A small controlled trial compared oral gugulipid against tetracycline for the treatment of acne and other skin related problems and reported equivalent results. It works as carminative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and emmenagogue.

Guggul gum has been employed as a traditional remedy in the practice of various Ayurvedic medicines. Purported benefits of guggul gum included relief from epilepsy, ulcers, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis. Herbal extracts from Commiphora mukul (guggul) have been widely used in Asia as cholesterol-lowering agents and their popularity is also increasing in the United States. Recently, guggulsterones, the purported bioactive compounds of guggul, have been shown to be potent antagonists of two nuclear hormone receptors involved in cholesterol metabolism, establishing a plausible mechanism of action for the hypolipidemic effects of these extracts (Jachak and Saklani, 2007).

Antibacterial Activity of Gum Resin Extracts of Commiphora wightii

The antibacterial activity of Commiphora mulkul (synonym of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari) has been tested in vitro against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (Kaushik and Goyal, 2011). It is approved for topical treatment of wounds, and for oral and pharayngeal mucosa as a mouthwash.

In a study carried out by Goyal et al. (2010); oleo-gum resin of Commiphora wightii was extracted using various solvents viz. aqueous, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. These extracts were evaluated for their potential antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species of clinical significance. Agar well diffusion assay and microbroth dilution assay were used as the key process to evaluate the efficacy of respective extract against each of the bacteria. Methanol extract of the resin was found to have

Figure 4. Flavonoid

O

R

O

HO

OH

R=H/OH



maximum inhibitory power, while extracts prepared in ethanol and ethyl acetate were shown to demonstrate comparatively weaker inhibitions of tested bacterial species. Hexane and aqueous extracts were found to be effective only against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium. This bacterium was inhibited almost all the gum resin extracts thus showed the maximum susceptibility followed by Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. However Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes were found resistant to all the extracts evaluated. Phytochemical evaluation reveals the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids in methanol extract of guggul. Flavanoids (Figure 4) are the key metabolic compounds having antiinflammatory, antihistaminic, antibacterial and antiviral properties (Miller, 1996).

Ishnava et al. (2010) evaluated the antibacterial activity of guggul gum extracts (prepared in dichloromethane and methanol) against selected the six Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-positive organisms, Bacillus megaterium, Micrococcus luteus and Enterococcus faecalis were found to be most susceptible organisms to gum extract where as Staphylococcus aureus was shown to have resistance to gum extract. Guggul gum displayed moderate inhibitory activity towards gram-negative bacteria. The MIC value for Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis was 0.5 mg/ml where as for Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus was 1 mg/ml, which is comparable to antibiotic streptomycin. The results of bioautograpy revealed that inhibitory compound showed blue florescence at Rf 0.31 at 254 nm on control plate. The study of infrared spectra revealed the presence of amino as a major functional group. The peak showing maximum percentage area at RT 7,3.000 in GC-Mass analysis and scan 9.56 e4 through mass spectrophotometer, revealed the presence of 5(1-methyl, 1- amino ethyl)-5- methyl-2-octanone and have molecular weight of 213, pK is 16.696. As general observation, there is increment in inhibitory efficacy with increase concentration of extract or compound. But in the present investigation, the inhibitory activity was not steadily increased at higher concentration of extracts. The guggul gum extract displayed lower inhibitory activity towards

Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Romera et al. (2005) reported the similar results while studying the antibacterial activity of Commiphora molmol. The ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts of Commiphora opobalsamum L. was found moderately active against Staphylococcus aureus as studied by Abbas et al. (2007). Zhu et al. (2001) carried out bioactivity-directed fractionation and purification of cytotoxic components of Commiphora wightii. The ethyl acetate extract from the exudates of the plant was subjected to repeated column chromatography that gave rise to a fraction showing cytotoxic activity. This fraction also showed moderate scavenging effect against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In a similar study; inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria by the essential oil of Commiphora myrrha was shown by Hammer et al. (1999).

Conclusion

Taking into account the vast number of plants that exist, and their evolved chemical diversity, one can see the basis for screening plants for medicinal compounds. However, combining these inherent qualities of plants with the direction of thousands of years of amassed traditional knowledge creates an even better venue in which to search for new drugs. Oleo-gum resins are among the wonderful substances being excreted by members of family Burseraceae. These natural compounds do have a number of pharmacological activities as described in earlier section of this article. These nature’s gifts are also proven to inhibit many microbial pathogens, thus helpful in preventing various infectious diseases. This is also helpful in terms of isolation, purification and characterization of pure chemical compound(s) from these resins having antimicrobial potential which can further be led to develop novel antibiotics in order to combat the problems of microbial resistance. Therefore, research and development efforts and international collaborations could have strong potentials to the conservation, production and commercialization of these vast and untapped renewable natural resources for the benefits of the local, national as well the international communities. Therefore, devising mechanisms to promote the value addition and industrialization of gum resin products should be one of the priority collaboration line in the near future.



References

Abbas, F.A., Al-Massarany, S.M., Khan, S., Al-Howiriny,

T.A., Mossa, J.S. and Abourashed, E.A. 2007. Phytochemical and biological studies on Saudi Commiphora opobalsamum L. Natural Product Research, 21(5), 383-391.

Al-Harbi, M. M., Qureshi, S., Raza, M., Ahmed, M. M., Afzal, M., and Shah, A. 1997. Gastric anti-ulcer and cytoprotective effect of Commiphora molmol in rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 55, 141-150.

Archaeology. 1996. News brief–Medicinal myrrh. Archaeological Institute of America, 49(3).

Chin Y.W., Balunas M.J., Chai H.B. and Kinghorn A.D. 2006. Drug discovery from natural sources. The AAPS Journal, 8(2), E239-E253.

Claeson, P., Andersson, R., and Samuelsson, G. 1991. T-Cadinol: A pharmacologically active constituent of scented myrrh: Introductory pharmacological characterization and high field 1H- and 13 C- NMR data. Plant Med, 57, 352-356.

Duwiejua, M. Zeitlin, I.Z., Waterman, P.G., Chapman, J., Mhango, G.J., and Provan, G. J. 1993. Anti-inflammatory activities of resins from some species of the plant family Burceraceae. Planta Med, 59, 12-16.

Frawley, D. and Lad, V. 1986. The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine. Twin Lakes: Lotus Press.

Goyal, P., Chauhan, A. and Kaushik, P. 2010. Assessment of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul) as potential source for antibacterial agent. Journal of Medicine and Medicinal Sciences, 1(3), 071-075.

Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. and Riley, T.V. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86(6), 985-990.

Harrison, J.W. 1998. The beginning of the end of the antibiotic era? Part II. Proposed solutions to antibiotic abuse. Quintessence Int, 29(4), 223-229.

Ishnava, K.B., Mahida, Y.N. and Mohan, J.S.S. 2010. In vitro assessments of antibacterial potential of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. gum extract, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 2(7), 91-96.

Jachak S.M. and Saklani A. 2007. Challenges and opportunities in drug discovery from plants. Current Science, 92(9), 1251-1257.

Jain, A. and Gupta, V.B. 2006. Chemistry and pharmacological profile of guggul-a review. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 5(4), 478-483.

Kaushik, P. and Goyal, P. 2009. Antibacterial Potential of Medicinal Plants. In: Kaushik, P. (Editor). Indigenous Medicinal Plants Including Microbes and Fungi. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, India, pp 199-235.

Kaushik, P. and Goyal, P. 2011. Medicinal Plants: Antibacterial Potential. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7019-459-8 (India); ISBN 1-55528-316-0 (USA) pp. 1-290.

Kaushik, P. and Goyal, P. 2013. A Review on the Need for Conservation and Bio-safety Evaluation of Medicinal Plants. In: Bohra, A., Bohra, A., and Bissa, S. (Editors). Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. (ISBN-13: 978-81-7754-522-7), Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, pp 57-67.

Lata, S. Saxena, K.K., Bhasin, V., Saxena, R.S., Kumar, A. and Srivastava, V.K. 1991. Beneficial effects of Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Commiphora mukul on experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis-a comparative evaluation. J Postgrad Med, 37, 132-135.

Levy, S.B. 1998. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Scientific American, 46-53.

Malhotra, S.C., Anuja, M.M., and Sundaram, K.R. 1977. Long term clinical studies on the hypolipidaemic effect of Commiphora mukul (guggulu) and clofibrate. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 65, 390-395.

Michie, C.A. and Cooper, E. 1991. Frankincense and Myrrh as remedies in Childern. J R Soc Med, 84(10), 602-605.

Miller, A.L. 1996. Alternative Medicine Review, 1, 103. Queshi, S. Al-Harbi, M.M., Ahmed, M.M., Raza, M.,

Giangreco, A.B., and Shah, A.H. 1993. Evaluation of the genotoxic, cytotoxic, and antitumor properties of Commiphora molmol using normal and enrlich ascites carcinoma cell-bearing Swiss albino mice. Cancer Chemotheraphy and Pharacology, 33, 130-138.

Rao, R.M., Khan, Z.A. and Shah, A.H. 2001. Toxicity studies in mice of Commiphora molmol oleo-gum resin. J Ethnopharamacol, 76, 151-154.

Romera, C.D., Chopin, S.F., Buck, G., Martinez, E., Garcia, M. and Bixby, L. 2005. Antibacterial properties of common herbal remedies of the southwest. J Ethnopharmacol, 99, 253-257.



Roy, S. and Kumar, A. 1995: Biodiversity of Rajasthan and its energy potentials J. Environment & Pollution, 2(3), 105-109.

Soni, V. 2010. Conservation of Commiphora wightii, an endangered medicinal shrub,through propagation and planting, and education awareness programs in the Aravali Hills of Rajasthan, India. Conserv. Evid.,7 ,27-31.

Tadesse, W., Desalegn, G. and Alia, R. 2007. Natural gum and resin bearing species of Ethiopia and their potential applications. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 16(3), 211-221.

Tariq, M., Ageel, A. M., Al-Yahya, M. A., Mossa, J. S., Al-

Said, M. S., and Parmar, N. S. 1985. Anti-inflammatory activity of Commiphora molmol. Agents and Actions, 17 (3/4), 381-382.

Treadway, S., 1998. Exploring the Universe of ayurvedic botanicals to manage bacterial infections. Clinical Nutrition Insights, 6(17), 1-3.

Zhu, N., Rafi, M.M., DiPaola, R.S., Xin, J., Chin, C.K., Badmaev, V., Ghai, G., Rosen, R.T. and Ho, C.T. 2001. Bioactive constituents from gum guggul (Commiphora wightii). Phytochemistry, 56(7), 723-727.

1,2pankaj goyal and 2purshotam kaushik abstractbioscipress.com/images/pdfs/vol 2 1 014 f.pdf ·...

Documents