13 · web viewtopic 4 - 2017 year 10 biology topic 4 – evolution things to cover: history of...
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EVOLUTIONTopic 4 - 2017
Year 10 Biology
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TOPIC 4 – EVOLUTION
Things to cover:
1. History of Evolution
2. Natural selection
3. The Environment & Evolution
4. Artificial selection
Work to do:
1. Worksheet – Natural selection, Evolution & Speciation
2. Worksheet – Isolating mechanisms & Evolution
3. Worksheet – Evolution & continental drift
Suggested questions:
1. Textbook Qs – Ch3.3– Q1-4
2. Textbook Qs – Ch3.4 – Q1,3-5,8,13
3. Textbook Qs – Ch3.5 – Q1-5,8-12
Ideas to know:
Jean B. Lamarck
Charles Darwin
Alfred Wallace
Alfred Wegener
Natural selection
Survival of the fittest
Selection pressure
Biotic
Abiotic
Speciation
Variation
Adaptation
Extinction
Artificial selection
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REVIEW
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Topic 1• DNA is composed of ____________________ .• Each nucleotide consists of:
− A ____________________ sugar − A ____________________ group− A ____________________ base (_____ types)
• The nucleotides form chains. Two chains twist to form the ____________________ shape of the DNA molecule.
• Chemical bonds hold the DNA molecule together. Strong ____________________ bonds hold the nucleotides together, while weak ____________________ bonds form between the bases.
Topic 2
• DNA is coiled up tightly to form _______________ • There are _______________ of chromosomes in every cell.• Most of these are _______________ , controlling general characteristics.• One pair are the _______________ , controlling both sexual and general characteristics.• Cell division is necessary for ____________________, ____________________ and
reproduction.• One type of cell division, ____________________, is used in the formation of new body cells.
It is also used by unicellular organisms for ____________________ reproduction. The __________ daughter cells formed are ____________________ to the parent cell and have __________ chromosomes.
• The other type of cell division, ____________________, is used to form sex cells. Another name for the products of this type of division are ____________________ This process takes place in the reproductive organs. The __________ daughter cells formed are ____________________ to the parent cell and have __________ chromosomes. They are also ____________________ in size.
• In order for cell division to occur, the DNA must ____________________ and the chromosomes must divide equally between the cells.
• ____________________ can occur if this does not happen correctly. For example, disorders involving additional or missing ____________________.
• Down Syndrome is one example. This disorder results from the presence of ____________________ Chromosome 21. This is called ____________________ 21.
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VARIATION
HISTORY OF EVOLUTION
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HISTORY OF EVOLUTION
• The Book of ____________________ states that the world was created by a divine being in six
days. • Still a widely held Theory of Evolution known as “___________________________________”.
• The Greek philosopher ____________________ perceived a “ladder of life” where simple organisms ____________________ ____________________ to more ____________________ forms.
1785:• James ____________________ believed that the earth was formed by an ancient progression
of ____________________ ____________________, including erosion, disruption, and uplift.
1798:• Thomas Malthus
− proposed idea that populations ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ than they can ____________________
• Georges Cuvier − suggested that the earth was ____________________ years old− is well known for establishing ____________________ as a fact
1809:• Jean B. ____________________ proposed the Theory of ____________________
____________________• This states that ____________________ ____________________
in an organism’s life time are ____________________ to ____________________.
• For example, the neck of the giraffe stretched as it reached for food and its offspring would retain this longer neck.
1830:• Charles Lyell published evidence suggesting the age of the
earth was ____________________ __________________ years.
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WHAT IS evolution?
1844:• ________________________________________• Established that all species of life have descended over time from
________________________________________.• He proposed that this ____________________ pattern of evolution resulted from a process
that he called ____________________ ____________________.
1859:• ____________________ ____________________• Developed a concept of evolution similar to Darwin's. • Independently proposed a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted
Charles Darwin to publish his own theory.
1915:• Alfred ____________________• Proposed a theory of ____________________ ____________________, which hypothesized
that the continents were slowly drifting around the Earth.
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WHAT IS natural selection?
WHAT IS natural selection?
• Evolution involves ____________________ which are ____________________ (ie. Involves
DNA & genetics!).• Evolutionary change is usually ___________________ and may take ____________________
to show up, especially for organisms of long generation time (eg. ____________________).
• For evolution to happen, 2 things need to occur:
1. − resulting from ____________________, ____________________ and
____________________
2. − caused by ____________________ ____________________
• Charles Darwin’s theory
• He suggested that, within a species, the individuals with ____________________ that ____________________ their environment ____________________ to ____________________ and ____________________ their variation to their ____________________.
• Another way of saying this is that they are ____________________ survival by their ____________________.
• Individuals with unadapted variations are said to be ____________________ ____________________.
• These either fail to ____________________, or, if they do survive, do not ____________________ as successfully.
• Overtime, they will become ____________________.
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• In the following generations:
− there will be an ____________________ in the proportion of ____________________ individuals
− and a ____________________ in proportion of ____________________ individuals • The result is the ____________________ of the ____________________.
• Over many ____________________, populations become more and more different from each other so that eventually, ____________________ ____________________ ____________________.
• The new species will no longer be able to mate successfully with the old species.
Quick guide to Natural Selection:1. ____________________ of ____________________ occurs2. ____________________ exists in a population3. ____________________ ____________________4. ____________________ ____________________ one variant and ____________________
another5. ____________________ ____________________ variant survives to ____________________6. ____________________ becomes ____________________ ____________________ in
population
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The ENVIRONMENT & EVOLUTION
• A major driving force behind evolution is the ____________________ in which the species
lives.• ____________________ ____________________ in the environment influence the survival
chances of an individual in that environment• Selection pressures may be:
− Biotic = ____________________• eg. ____________________, ____________________, ____________________,
____________________, ____________________− Abiotic = ____________________
• eg. ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, ____________________
• The result of this selection is ____________________.
• If a species is somehow ____________________ into two groups by an ____________________ ____________________ or barrier, one species could potentially ____________________ into two.
• If the ____________________ on either side of the barrier are ____________________, each environment will ____________________ a different ________ of ____________________.
• The two isolated groups ____________________ ____________________, so there is no ____________________ ____________________ between them.
• After a long period, the groups on either side of the barrier may become so different that they can no longer interbreed even when put together.
• One species has ____________________ into two = speciation
• Two examples of evolution in response to environmental change include:
1. Biston betularia à the peppered moth
2. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ in ____________________
Example: The peppered moth
• One of the earliest and best documented cases of natural selection.
• Up until mid 19th century, most peppered moths were _________________ in colour.
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The ENVIRONMENT & EVOLUTION• This allowed them to be __________________________________ on the light coloured
_________________ on the trees and rocks.
• A black _________________ form did exist, but numbers were _________________ because they were easily seen by _________________.
• As _________________________ spread, soot and _________________ increased the number of lichens being killed off and also resulted in the tree trunks being much _________________.
• The numbers of the ______________________________ increased and the numbers of the light form decreased because the light form now became more visible to predators.
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Artificial selection • Dogs are a great example of evolution in action.• All dogs are members of the exact ____________________ ____________________:
Canis lupus familiaris
• All dogs, whether Chihuahua or Great Dane, are ____________________ of ____________________ and ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ — but there may be some ____________________ complications involved here.
• ____________________ selection works like ____________________ selection, in that only individuals with certain traits get to have offspring.
• The main difference is that in artificial selection, ____________________ are selecting certain traits, and with natural selection, individuals with traits allowing survival and reproductive success do the best.
• Artificial selection in dogs has occurred over thousands of years, a relatively small time interval in the grand scheme of evolutionary time.