1300 henley court real analog: chapters 1-12 table of contents · 2018-09-21 · 1300 henley court...

Real Analog: Chapters 1-12

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Chapters 1-12 Copyright Digilent, Inc. All rights reserved. Other product and company names mentioned may be trademarks of their respective owners. Page 1 of 688

Table of Contents

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 1

Chapter 1: Circuit Analysis Fundamentals ............................................................................ 39

1 Introduction and Chapter Objectives ............................................................................ 39

After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ....................................................... 39

1.1 Basic Circuit Parameters and Sign Conventions ............................................................. 40

1.1.1 Electrical Charge ..................................................................................................... 40

1.1.2 Voltage .................................................................................................................... 40

1.1.3 Current .................................................................................................................... 41

1.1.4 Power ...................................................................................................................... 41

1.1.5 International System of Units and Prefixes ............................................................ 41

1.1.6 Passive Sign Convention ......................................................................................... 42

Example 1.1: .......................................................................................................................... 42

Example 1.2: .......................................................................................................................... 43

Example 1.3: .......................................................................................................................... 43

1.1.7 Voltage Subscript and Sign Conventions ................................................................ 44

1.1.8 Reference Voltages and Ground ............................................................................. 44

Example 1.4: .......................................................................................................................... 44

1.1.9 Power and Sign Conventions .................................................................................. 45

Example 1.5: .......................................................................................................................... 45

Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 45

1.1 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 46


Copyright Digilent, Inc. All rights reserved. Other product and company names mentioned may be trademarks of their respective owners. Page 2 of 688

1.2 Power Sources ................................................................................................................ 47

1.2.1 Independent Voltage Sources ................................................................................. 47

1.2.2 Independent Current Sources ................................................................................. 48

1.2.3 Dependent Sources ................................................................................................. 48

Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 50

1.2 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 50

1.3 Resistors and Ohm’s Law ............................................................................................... 50

1.3.1 Conductance ........................................................................................................... 52

1.3.2 Power Dissipation ................................................................................................... 52

1.3.3 Practical Resistors ................................................................................................... 52

Example 1.6: .......................................................................................................................... 54

Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 54

1.3 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 54

1.4 Kirchhoff's Laws .............................................................................................................. 55

1.4.1 Nodes ...................................................................................................................... 55

Example 1.7 ........................................................................................................................... 55

1.4.2 Loops ....................................................................................................................... 56

Example 1.8 ........................................................................................................................... 56

1.4.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law .......................................................................................... 56

Example 1.9: .......................................................................................................................... 57

Example 1.10: ........................................................................................................................ 57

1.4.4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law .......................................................................................... 58

Example 1.11: ........................................................................................................................ 59

Application Examples: Solving for Circuit Element Variables ............................................... 60

Example 1.12: ........................................................................................................................ 60

Example 1.13: ........................................................................................................................ 61

Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 62

1.4 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 62

Chapter Summary: .................................................................................................................... 62

Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 64



1.1: Solderless Breadboards, Open-circuits, and Short-circuits ............................................... 64

Symbol Key ............................................................................................................................ 64

General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 64

Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 64

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 65

Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 67

1.1: Breadboards and Ohmmeters (20 points total) ................................................................ 67


1.2.1: Independent Power Supplies, Ammeters, and Voltmeters ............................................ 68

Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 68


Notes: .................................................................................................................................... 69

Note: ..................................................................................................................................... 69

Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 69

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 70


1.2.1: Power Supplies, Voltmeters, Ammeters (25 points total) .............................................. 71


1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs.................................................................................. 73

Overview: .............................................................................................................................. 73

Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 73


Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 74

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 74

Appendix A: Waveform Generator to Apply Constant Voltages .............................................. 76

Important notes relative to the Enabled/Disabled button: .................................................. 77




1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs (55 points total) ....................................................... 78


1.3.1: Resistors and Ohms Law – Resistance Variations ........................................................... 79

Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 79


Important Note: .................................................................................................................... 79

Related information: ............................................................................................................. 80

Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 80

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 80

Appendix A: Basic Statistics ...................................................................................................... 80

Mean value: .......................................................................................................................... 80

Median value: ....................................................................................................................... 80

Standard deviation: ............................................................................................................... 80

MATLAB syntax: .................................................................................................................... 81


1.3.1: Resistance Variations (20 points total) ........................................................................... 82


1.3.2: Resistors and Ohms Law – Voltage-Current Characteristics .......................................... 83

Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 83


Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 84

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 84

Related information: ............................................................................................................. 85

Post-lab Exercises:................................................................................................................. 85

Appendix A: Linear Regression: ................................................................................................ 85

Least-squares curve fitting: ................................................................................................... 85

Using MATLAB for least squares curve fitting: ..................................................................... 86




1.3.2: Resistance from Measured Current-voltage Data (25 points total) ............................... 88


1.4.1: Dusk-to-Dawn Light ........................................................................................................ 89

Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 89


Diodes and LEDs: ................................................................................................................... 90

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): ...................................................................................... 91

Photocell: .............................................................................................................................. 91

Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 92

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 92

Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ................................................................................... 93

1.4.1: Dusk-to-dawn Light (20 points total) .............................................................................. 93


1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation ............................................................................. 94

Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 94


Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 95

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 95


1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation (20 points total) .................................................. 96


1.4.3: Input Resistance .............................................................................................................. 97

Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 97


Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 98

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 98




1.4.3: Circuit Input Resistance (25 points total) ....................................................................... 99

Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 100

1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 100

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 100

General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 100

Related Material: ................................................................................................................ 101

Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 102

Note on the design process: ............................................................................................... 102

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 102

Post-Lab Exercises: .............................................................................................................. 103

1.4.4 Background Information: Resistive Temperature Sensors ....................................... 103

Resistive Temperature Detectors: ...................................................................................... 104

RTD Signal Conditioning: ..................................................................................................... 105

Thermistors: ........................................................................................................................ 105

Thermistor Signal Conditioning: ......................................................................................... 106

Issues associated with resistive temperature measurement: ............................................ 106

Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 107

1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System (40 points total) .................................................. 107

Real Analog Chapter 1: Homework .................................................................................... 109

Chapter 2: Circuit Reduction .............................................................................................. 115

2 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 115

After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 115

2.1 Series Circuit Elements and Voltage Division ............................................................... 115

2.1.1 Series Connections ................................................................................................ 116

2.1.2 Voltage Division .................................................................................................... 117

Example 2.1 ......................................................................................................................... 118

Section Summary: ............................................................................................................... 118

2.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 119



2.2 Parallel Circuit Elements and Current Division ............................................................ 119

2.2.1 Current Division .................................................................................................... 120

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 121

2.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 122

2.3 Circuit Reduction and Analysis ..................................................................................... 122

Example 2.2 ......................................................................................................................... 123

Example 2.3 ......................................................................................................................... 123

Example 2.4 ......................................................................................................................... 124

Example 2.5: Wheatstone Bridge ....................................................................................... 125

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 126

2.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 126

2.4 Non-ideal Power Supplies ............................................................................................ 126

2.4.1 Non-ideal Voltage Sources .................................................................................... 126

Example 2.6 ......................................................................................................................... 127

Example 2.7: Charging a Battery ......................................................................................... 127

2.4.2 Non-ideal Current Sources .................................................................................... 128

Example 2.8 ......................................................................................................................... 129

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 130

2.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 130

2.5 Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .............................................................. 130

2.5.1 Voltmeter and Ammeter Models .......................................................................... 131

2.5.2 Voltage Measurement .......................................................................................... 131

2.5.3 Current Measurement .......................................................................................... 132

Caution ................................................................................................................................ 132

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 133

2.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 133


2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 134

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 134




Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 135

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 136


2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System (50 points total) .................................................. 137


2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 138

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 138


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 139

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 139


2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (20 points total) ................... 140


2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 141

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 141


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 142

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 142

Note: ................................................................................................................................... 142


2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (25 points total) ................... 143


2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources ................................................................................................. 144

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 144


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 145



Hint – non-ideal voltage sources: ....................................................................................... 145

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 145

Note: ................................................................................................................................... 146


2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources (20 points total) ...................................................................... 147


2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .................................................................. 148

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 148


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 149

Hint – non-ideal voltmeters: ............................................................................................... 149

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 150

Note: ................................................................................................................................... 150


2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement (25 points total) ....................................... 151


Chapter 3: Nodal and Mesh Analysis .................................................................................. 155



3.1 Introduction and Terminology ..................................................................................... 155

Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156

Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 157

3.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 157

3.2 Nodal Analy sis ............................................................................................................. 158

Example 3.1 ......................................................................................................................... 161

Note .................................................................................................................................... 163



3.2.1 Supernodes ........................................................................................................... 163

3.2.2 Alternate Approach: Constraint Equations ........................................................... 165

Example 3.2 ......................................................................................................................... 167

3.2.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 168

Example 3.3 ......................................................................................................................... 168

Example 3.4 ......................................................................................................................... 169

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 170

3.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 170

3.3 Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 170

Example 3.5 ......................................................................................................................... 173

3.3.1 Alternate Approach to Constraint Loops: Constraint Equations .......................... 174

3.3.2 Clarification: Constraint Loops .............................................................................. 175

Example 3.6: Version 1 ....................................................................................................... 176

Example 3.6: Version 2 ....................................................................................................... 177

Example 3.6: Version 3 ....................................................................................................... 177

3.3.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 178

Example 3.7 ......................................................................................................................... 178

Example 3.8 ......................................................................................................................... 179

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 180

3.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 180


3.2.1: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 182

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 182


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 183

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 183


3.2.1: Nodal Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 184




3.2.2: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 185

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 185


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 186

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 186




3.2.3: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 188

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 188


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 189

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 189




3.3.1: Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 191

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 191


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 192

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 192


3.3.1: Mesh Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 193


3.3.2: Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 194

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 194




Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 195

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 195




3.3.3: Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 197

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 197


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 198

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 198




Chapter 4: System and Network Theorems ........................................................................ 204



4.1 Signals and Systems ..................................................................................................... 205

Example 4.1: Mass Subjected to an External Force ............................................................ 206

Example 4.2: Electrical Circuit ............................................................................................. 206

Example 4.3: Temperature Control System ........................................................................ 207

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 208

4.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 209

4.2 Linear Systems .............................................................................................................. 209

4.2.1 Linearity: ............................................................................................................... 211

4.2.2 Dependent Variables and Linearity: ..................................................................... 211

4.2.3 Linearity: ............................................................................................................... 212



Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 212

4.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 212

4.3 Superposition ............................................................................................................... 213

Example 4.4 ......................................................................................................................... 214

Example 4.5 ......................................................................................................................... 214

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 215

4.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 216

4.4 Two-terminal Networks ............................................................................................... 216

4.4.1 Resistive Networks ................................................................................................ 217

Example 4.6 ......................................................................................................................... 217

4.4.2 Two-terminal Networks with Sources .................................................................. 218

Example 4.7 ......................................................................................................................... 219

Example 4.8 ......................................................................................................................... 219

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 221

4.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 221

4.5 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems ............................................................................. 222

4.5.1 Thévenin’s Theorem ............................................................................................. 222

Example 4.9 ......................................................................................................................... 224

4.5.2 Norton’s Theorem ................................................................................................. 225

Example 4.10 ....................................................................................................................... 226

4.5.3 Source Transformations ........................................................................................ 227

Example 4.11 ....................................................................................................................... 228

4.5.4 Voltage-current Characteristics of Thévenin and Norton Circuits ....................... 229

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 230

4.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 230

4.6 Maximum Power Transfer ............................................................................................ 231

4.6.1 Practical Power Supplies ....................................................................................... 233

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 234

4.6 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 234




4.3.1: Superposition ................................................................................................................ 235

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 235


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 236

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 236


4.3.1: Superposition (25 points total) ..................................................................................... 237


4.3.2: Superposition ................................................................................................................ 238

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 238


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 239

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 239


4.3.2: Superposition (25 points total) ..................................................................................... 240


4.4.1: Two-terminal Characteristics ........................................................................................ 241

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 241


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 242

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 242


4.4.1: Two-terminal Characteristics (25 points total) ............................................................. 243


4.5.1: Thevenin’s Theorem ..................................................................................................... 244

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 244




Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 245

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 245


4.5.1: Thevenin’s Theorem (35 points total) .......................................................................... 246


4.6.1: Maximum Power Transfer ............................................................................................ 248

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 248


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 248

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 249


4.6.1: Maximum Power Transfer (30 points total) ................................................................. 251


Chapter 5: Operational Amplifiers ..................................................................................... 254



5.1 Ideal Operational Amplifier Model .............................................................................. 255

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 257

5.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 258

5.2 Operational Amplifier Model Background ................................................................... 258

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 261

5.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 261

5.3 Commercially Available Operational Amplifiers .......................................................... 261

5.3 Exercises: .................................................................................................................. 263

5.4 Analysis of Op-amp Circuits ......................................................................................... 263

Example 5.1 ......................................................................................................................... 264



Example 5.2 ......................................................................................................................... 266

Example 5.3 ......................................................................................................................... 267

Example 5.4 ......................................................................................................................... 268

Example 5.5 ......................................................................................................................... 269

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 270

5.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 271

5.5 Comparators ................................................................................................................. 271

5.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 272

5.6 A Few Non-ideal Effects ............................................................................................... 272

5.6.1 Input Resistance Effects ........................................................................................ 273

5.6.2 Output Resistance Effects ..................................................................................... 274

5.6.3 Finite Gain Effects ................................................................................................. 274

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 275


5.4.1: Inverting Voltage Amplifier ........................................................................................... 276

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 276


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 277

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 277


5.4.1: Inverting Voltage Amplifier (30 points total) ................................................................ 278


5.4.2: Summing Amplifier ....................................................................................................... 279

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 279


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 280

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 280




5.4.2: Summing Amplifier (30 points total) ............................................................................ 281


5.4.3: Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier ................................................................................... 282

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 282


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 283

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 283


5.4.3: Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier (30 points total) ........................................................ 284


5.4.3: Difference Amplifier ...................................................................................................... 285

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 285


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 286

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 286


5.4.4: Difference Amplifier (30 points total) ........................................................................... 287


5.4.5: Temperature Measurement System Design ................................................................. 288

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 288


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 289

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 289

Design Hint: ......................................................................................................................... 290

Design Hint: ......................................................................................................................... 290

Appendix A: Wheatstone Bridge Circuits ................................................................................ 291

Wheatstone bridge sensitivity to resistance variations: .................................................... 291



Balancing the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit: .......................................................................... 292

Governing equations for balanced circuit: ......................................................................... 292

Practical Note: ..................................................................................................................... 293

Appendix B: Difference Amplifier ........................................................................................... 293


5.4.5: Temperature Measurement System (100 points total) ................................................ 294


Chapter 6: Energy Storage Elements .................................................................................. 302


After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ....................................................... 302

6.2 Fundamental Concepts ................................................................................................ 303

6.2.1 Systems with no Energy Storage ........................................................................... 303

6.2.2 Systems with Energy Storage ................................................................................ 304

Example 6.1: Mass-damper system .................................................................................... 305

Example 6.2 ......................................................................................................................... 306

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 308

6.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 308

6.2 Basic Time-varying Signals............................................................................................ 309

6.2.1 Step Function ........................................................................................................ 309

6.2.2 Exponential Functions ........................................................................................... 312

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 313

6.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 314

6.3 Capacitors ..................................................................................................................... 314

6.3.1 Capacitors ............................................................................................................. 314

Example 6.3 ......................................................................................................................... 316

Example 6.4 ......................................................................................................................... 317

6.3.2 Energy Storage ...................................................................................................... 318

Example 6.5 ......................................................................................................................... 319



6.3.3 Capacitors in Series ............................................................................................... 320

6.3.4 Capacitors in Parallel ............................................................................................. 321

6.3.5 Practical Capacitors ............................................................................................... 322

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 323

6.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 324

6.4 Inductors ...................................................................................................................... 324

6.4.1 Inductors ............................................................................................................... 324

Example 6.6 ......................................................................................................................... 326

6.4.2 Energy Storage ...................................................................................................... 328

6.4.3 Inductors in Series ................................................................................................. 328

6.4.4 Inductors in Parallel .............................................................................................. 329

Summary: Series and Parallel Inductors ............................................................................. 330

6.5 Practical Inductors ........................................................................................................ 331

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 331

6.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 332


6.2.1: Time-varying Signals ..................................................................................................... 333

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 333


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 335

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 336

Note on selecting parameters: ........................................................................................... 336


6.2.1: Time-varying Signals (40 points total) .......................................................................... 338


6.3.1: Capacitor Voltage-current Relations ............................................................................ 339

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 339


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 340



Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 340

Post-lab Exercises:............................................................................................................... 341


6.3.1: Capacitor Voltage-current Relations (35 points total) ................................................. 342


6.3.2: Leakage Currents and Electrolytic Capacitors .............................................................. 343

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 343


Caution: ............................................................................................................................... 344

Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 345

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 345



6.3.2: Electrolytic Capacitor Leakage Currents (35 points total) ............................................ 348


6.4.1: Inductor Voltage-current Relations .............................................................................. 349

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 349


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 350

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 350


Appendix A: Math channel to calculate current from resistor’s voltage ............................... 351


6.4.1: Inductor Voltage-current Relations (40 points total) ................................................... 353


6.4.2: Non-Ideal Inductor Effects ............................................................................................ 354



Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 354


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 355

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 356


6.4.2: Non-ideal Inductor Effects (45 points total) ................................................................. 358


Chapter 7: First Order Circuits ............................................................................................ 360


After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ....................................................... 360

7.1 Introduction to First Order Systems ............................................................................. 361

7.1.1 Mass-damper System Example ............................................................................. 362

Summary ............................................................................................................................. 366

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 368

7.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 369

7.2 Natural Response of RC Circuits ................................................................................... 369

7.2.1 Generalization to Multiple Resistors .................................................................... 372

Example 7.1 ......................................................................................................................... 372

7.2.2 Determining Initial Conditions .............................................................................. 374

Example 7.2: Switched Circuit Natural Response ............................................................... 374

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 375

7.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 376

7.3 Natural Response of RL Circuits ................................................................................... 376


7.3.2 Determining Initial Conditions .............................................................................. 378

Example 7.3: Switched RL Circuit Natural Response .......................................................... 379

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 380

7.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 381



7.4 Forces Response of First Order Circuits ....................................................................... 381


Example 7.4 ......................................................................................................................... 384

Example 7.5 ......................................................................................................................... 385

Example 7.6 ......................................................................................................................... 386

7.4.2 Cross-checking Results .......................................................................................... 386

Example 7.7 ......................................................................................................................... 387

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 387

7.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 388

7.5 Step Response of First Order Circuits .......................................................................... 389

Example 7.8 ......................................................................................................................... 390

Example 7.9 ......................................................................................................................... 392

Example 7.10 ....................................................................................................................... 394

7.5.1 Cross-checking Results .......................................................................................... 395

Example 7.11 ....................................................................................................................... 396

Example 7.12 ....................................................................................................................... 396

7.5.2 DC Gain .................................................................................................................. 396

Example 7.13 ....................................................................................................................... 396

Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 397

7.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 398


7.2.1: Passive RC Circuit Natural Response ............................................................................ 400

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 400


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 401

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 401

Appendix A: Triggering and Single Acquisition ....................................................................... 402

Appendix B: Continuous Acquisition....................................................................................... 404


7.2.1: Passive RC Circuit Natural Response (35 points total) ................................................. 405




7.3.1: Passive RL Circuit Natural Response ............................................................................. 407

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 407


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 408

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 408

Appendix A: Triggering and Single Acquisition ....................................................................... 409

Appendix B: Continuous Acquisition....................................................................................... 411


7.3.1: Passive RL Circuit Natural Response (35 points total) .................................................. 412


7.4.1: Inverting Differentiator ................................................................................................. 414

Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 414


Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 415

Note: ................................................................................................................................... 415

Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 415

Post-lab Exercises:...............................................................................................

1300 henley court real analog: chapters 1-12 table of contents · 2018-09-21 · 1300 henley court...

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