131 nerc pacific southwest disturbance presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Pacific Southwest DisturbanceSeptember 8 2011September 8, 2011
Event Analysis Overview Presented to IEEE PSRCMay 17, 2012 – Main Committee Meeting
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September 8, 2011 Event
• 11 minute cascading outage in Pacific Southwest
• 2.7 million customers out in AZ, S.CA, MX, some up to 122.7 million customers out in AZ, S.CA, MX, some up to 12 hours
• Initiated when single 500 kV line tripped, but not sole cause
• Power redistributed, increasing flows through underlying systems, causing voltage drops and equipment overloads
• Ripple effect led to tripping of lines and generators, automatic load shedding, and operation of a Remedial Action Scheme and an intertie separation schemeAction Scheme and an intertie separation scheme
• Restoration process generally effective
2 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Customer Impacts
Entity Load Lost (MW) Customers
SDGE 4,293 1.4 million
CFE 2 150 1 1 millionCFE 2,150 1.1 million
IID 929 146 thousand
APS 389 70 thousand
WALC 74 Note
Note: 64 MWs of WALC’s load loss affected APS’s customers
3 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
Note: 64 MWs of WALC s load loss affected APS s customers
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Joint FERC/NERC Inquiry
• Announced September 9, 2012
• Teams formed comprising over 30 senior technical staff ofTeams formed comprising over 30 senior technical staff of FERC and NERC, plus several NERC contractors and industry subject matter experts
• Multiple meetings and exchanges with affected entities to gather facts
T d bi d i fi l• Team products combined into final report
• Outreach sessions to gain feedback on draft findings and recommendationsrecommendations
4 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Inquiry Teams
• Data Requests/Management
• Sequence of EventsSequence of Events
• Modeling/Simulation
• Cause Analysis/Human Performancey /
• Operations Tools/ SCADA/EMS
• Frequency Analysisq y y
• System Planning/Design
• Equipment Performance/System Protection
• Restoration
5 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Sequence of Events
6 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Simplified System Diagram
Serrano Devers Palo Verde
SONGS
WAPA H
Imperial Irrigation District
Path 44
S-Corridor
SDG&E
Lower Colorado
HassayampaIrrigation District
161 kV 92 kV H-NG Corridor
S-Line
Miguel Imperial Valley
CFE
S-Line
North Gila
7 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
CFE
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Phase 1 – Pre-Disturbance• Hot, shoulder season day; some
generation and transmission outages
• High loading on some key facilities: H-NG at 78% of normal rating; CV transformers at 83%
• 44 minutes before loss of H-NG, IID’s RTCA results showed loss of CV-1 transformer would loadof CV 1 transformer would load CV-2 transformer above its relay trip point
15 27 39 APS t h i i• 15:27:39: APS technician skipped a critical step in isolating the series capacitor bank at North Gila substation; H-NG trips
8 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
; p
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Phase 2 – Trip of H-NG 500 kV• H-NG 500 kV trips at
15:27:39
• APS tells WECC RC line15 27 39 15 28 16 APS tells WECC RC line expected to be restored quickly
G f %
15:27:39 – 15:28:16
• H-NG flow redistributes: 77% to SCE-SDGE (Path 44); remainder to IID, and WALC
• CV transformers immediately overloaded above relay settings
• Path 44 at 5,900 amps; 8,000 amp limit on SONGS separation scheme
9 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
p
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Initiating Event – Tripping of Hassayampa – North Gila 500 kV Line
Series CapacitorSeries Capacitor Bypass Switch
Arcs Over
10 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Hass. – N. Gila 500 kV Line TripSouth of SONGS Current
CCM Unit 1 generator trip
Hassyampa –N. Gila 500 kV
line trip
11 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 3 – Trip of CV Transformers• 15:28:16 – CV-2 and CV-1
230/92kV transformers trip on overload relays
15 28 16 15 32 10• Severe low voltage in WALC
161 kV system
15:28:16 – 15:32:10
• Loading on Path 44 increases to 6,700 amps
12 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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CV Transformers TripSouth of SONGS Current
Coachella Valley 230/92 kV
transformers trip
13 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 4 – Ramon Xfmr Trip• 15:32:10 Ramon 230/92kV
transformer trips on overload relay
15 32 10 15 35 40• 15:32:13 Blythe-Niland
161kV line trips• 15:32:15 Niland – CV 161kV
15:32:10 – 15:35:40
line trips
• IID undervoltage load shedding; loss of generationshedding; loss of generation and 92 kV transmission lines
• Severe low voltage in WALC 161 kV t161 kV system
• Loading on Path 44 increases to 7,800 amps;
14 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
, p ;settles at 7,200 amps
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Ramon Transformer Trip
l ll i
South of SONGS Current
Voltage collapse in pocket, followed by load tripping
Multiple line, generator and load trips
Ramon 230/92 kV transformer trip
15 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Voltage in Northern IID 92 kV System
Over‐Voltage Trip of 92 kV System
Capacitors
Ramon 230/92 kV Transformer Trip
Trip of Over 400 MW in Northern IID 92 kV LoadTransformer Trip IID 92 kV Load
16 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Blythe 161 kV Voltage
Trip of Hassayampa El Centro Pilotp y p– North Gila 500 kV
Line
El Centro – Pilot Knob 161 kV Line
Trip
Trip of Coachella Valley 230/92 kV Transformers Yucca 161/69 kV
Transformers 1 and 2 Trip
Trip of Over 400
2 Trip
Ramon 230/92 kV Transformer Trip
Trip of Over 400 MW in Northern IID 92 kV Load
17 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 5 – Yuma Separates
15 35 40 15 37 55
• Yuma AZ Separates from IID and WALC when Gila and Yucca transformers trip
15:35:40 – 15:37:55 • Yuma load pocket isolated on
single tie to SDG&E
• Loading on Path 44 increases to 7,400 amps after Gila transformer trip; to 7,800
ft Yamps after Yucca transformers and generator trip
18 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Yuma Separation
YCA generating
South of SONGS Current
g gunits trip
Yucca 161/69 kV transformers trip
Pilot Knob 161/92 kV
transformers trip
Gila 161/69 kV transformers trip
19 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 6 – High-Speed Cascade• El Centro – Pilot Knob 161kV
line trips; all IID 92 kV system radial from SDG&E via S-Line
15 37 55• WALC 161 kV system voltage
returns to normal
15:37:55
• Path 44 exceeds 8,000 amp setting and timer starts
20 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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El Centro – Pilot Knob 161 kV Trips
Early Phase 4 activity
Pilot Knob
Gila transformers
trip
transformers trip
Zone 3
Yucca transformers
trip
pickup
21 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 6 – High-Speed Cascade
15 37 58 15 38 02 4
• S-Line RAS trips IV generation and S-Line, isolating IID from SDG&E
15:37:58 – 15:38:02.4• Path 44 loading increases to
as high as 9,500 amps and reduces to 8,700 amps after isolating IID
22 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 6 – High-Speed Cascade
Imperial Valley – El
South of SONGS Current
Imperial Valley El Centro 230 kV “S” line tripCLR
generating units trip SONGS
iseparation
El Centro – Pilot Knob 161 kV line
trip
23 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 6 – High-Speed Cascade
15 38 21 2
• SONGS separation scheme operates; forms SDG&E, CFE, Yuma combined island
15:38:21.2• Combined island frequency
begins to collapse
24 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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SONGS separation
SONGS Unit 3 electrically disconnects
SONGS Unit 2
SONGS
electrically disconnects
SONGS generators ring down
25 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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SONGSSONGS separation SONGS Unit 2 GSU
trip and transfer of aux load
SONGS aux load on startup
transformers
SONGS generators ring downring down
SONGS Unit 3 GSU trip and transfer of
aux load
26 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 7 – S CA Separates• Yuma island separates from
SDG&E when IV-NG 500 kV trips on underfrequency
15 38 23 12• APS UFLS operates, but
insufficient to stabilize load pocket
15:38:23.12
• Yuma load pocket collapses
27 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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UFLS Operations in the Island
28 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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VoltageVoltage peaks as tie lines open
SONGS separation
SDGE UFLS begins shedding load
SDGE ties to CFE and Yuma open on underfrequency
29 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 7 – CFE Separates• Underfrequency
15 38 23 13
• SDG&E and CFE UFLS continues
• CFE separates from SDG&E15:38:23.13 CFE separates from SDG&E
30 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Actual vs. Simulated Frequency
31 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Phase 7 – Complete Blackout
B 15 38 38
• IID, Yuma, SDG&E, and CFE blacked out
By 15:38:38
32 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Use of PMUs in EA
33 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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2003 Blackout Simulations
140
120
140
Am
ps)
Sammis-Star345 kV
80
100
al R
atin
gs (A CantC-Tidd
345 kV
Star-S.Cant345 kV
40
60
% o
f Nor
ma
Hanna-Jun345 kV
Hard ChambE W1
0
20
Outages
Hard-Chamb345 kV
CantC X
fmr
Babb-W.Ak
138 kV
Hard-C
hamb
345 kV
Hanna-Jun345 kV
Star-S.Cant345 kV
Clov-Torrey138 kV
E.Lim
a-N.Lib138 kV
W.Ak-PV Q
21138 kV
E.Lima-N.Fin
138 kV
Cham
-W.Ak
138 kV
W.Ak 138 kV
Bkr Failure
Dale-W.Can
138 kV
34 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
Outages
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PMU Data from SONGS
35 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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7 Phases of Event
Trip or Gila 161/69 kVTrip of Coachella Valley 230/92 kV Transformers
Trip or Gila 161/69 kV Transformers & Yuma Cogen
Trip of Hassayampa – NorthGila 500 kV
Trip of Pilot Knob – El
Centro 161 kV
Trip of Pilot Knob 161/92 kV & Yucca
161/69 kV Transformers
North Gila 500 kV Line Line
South of SONGS Separation
Trip of Ramon 230/92 kV /Transformer
21 3 4 5 6 7
36 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
21 3 4 5 6 7
Disturbance Phases
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EA Modeling
37 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Simulation vs. Actual Flows
3500
4000
South of SONGS Flows
3000
3500
2000
2500
MW
1000
1500
0
500
15:27:30.240 15:28:56.640 15:30:23.040 15:31:49.440 15:33:15.840 15:34:42.240 15:36:08.640 15:37:35.040
L l Ti (PDT)
38 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
Local Time (PDT)
Simulated Actual (PMU)
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Inquiry Findings
39 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Key Findings
Weaknesses in two broad areas:
• Operations planningOperations planning
• Real‐time situational awareness
Contributing factors:Contributing factors:
• Not studying impact of sub 100 kV facilities parallel to EHV
• Failure to recognize IROLs• Failure to recognize IROLs
• Not studying/coordinating effects of protection systems and RASs during contingency scenariosRASs during contingency scenarios
• Not providing effective operator tools and instructions for reclosing lines with large phase angle differences
40 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Operations Planning
Failure to consider in seasonal, next‐day, and real‐time studies:
• Status of external generation and transmission facilitiesStatus of external generation and transmission facilities
• Impact of external contingencies
• Impacts on external systemsp y
• Impact on BPS of reliability of sub‐100 kV facilities parallel to EHV system
41 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Operations Planning
Recommended TOP/BA Improvements in WECC:• Obtain information on neighboring BAs and TOPs, including g g , g
transmission outages, generation outages and schedules, load forecasts, and scheduled interchanges
Id tif d l f t l ti i th t ld i t• Identify and plan for external contingencies that could impact their systems and internal contingencies that could impact neighbors’ systems
• Consider facilities operated at less than 100 kV parallel to EHV system that could impact BPS reliability
C di d i f l i di i f• Coordinated review of planning studies to ensure operation of affected Rated Paths will not result in reliability problems
42 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Situational Awareness
Recommended Improvements in WECC:• Expand entities’ external visibility in models through more p y g
complete data sharing
• Improve use of real‐time tools to ensure constant monitoring of t ti l i t l t l ti ipotential internal or external contingencies
• Improve communications among entities to help maintain situational awarenesssituational awareness
• TOPs should review their real‐time monitoring tools (State Estimator and RTCA) to ensure critical facilities are represented
43 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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System Protection Issues
Recommendations:• IID and other TOs review transformer overload protection p
relay settings• TOPs plan to take proper pre-contingency mitigation
id i ti d l dmeasures considering emergency ratings and overload protection systems
• All protection systems and separation schemes (SafetyAll protection systems and separation schemes (Safety Nets, RAS, and SPS) studied and coordinated periodically to understand their impact on BPS reliability to ensure no unintended or undesirable effectsunintended or undesirable effects
44 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY
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Questions?
45 RELIABILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY