*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu, ILS SCSU*ILS 501

Unit 8Introduction to the Internet Dr. Yan Quan Liu

ILS 501 / Dr. Liu, ILS SCSU

*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Internet Origins1970s, ARPAnet was formed by the US government to aid in communicating research & maintain network among military units in the event of a nuclear attack1980s, NSF established national supercomputing centers to provide high-speed computing for major research university sites.

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History of the internet I1962 - RAND Corporation in USA begins research into communication networks for military command and control1965 - ARPANET developed. A small network to promote sharing of computer resources between scientists1969 - First 4 universities in USA connected through ARPANET1972 - first email programme1973 - ARPANET goes international1974 - Telenet opens. The first commercial version of the ARPANET, in UK JANET is established1979 - first USENET groups established.mid-1980s - growth of the personal computer industry, fuels uptake of internet usage in commercial and academic sectors

Internet IIInternet2 is the foremost U.S. advanced networking consortium. Led by the research and education community since 1996, Internet2 promotes the missions of its members by providing both leading-edge network capabilities and unique partnership opportunities that together facilitate the development, deployment and use of revolutionary Internet technologies.*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*

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History of the internet II1985 - Internet, email, newsgroups spread through universities1986 - First public use of internet available. Freenet1988 - First internet worm unleashed, prompting concerns about privacy and security in the digital world.1990 - ARPANET is decommissioned, what remains is networks of networks1991 - restrictions on commercial usage lifted. E-commerce starts. The World Wide Web released by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN1993 - The first audio and video broadcasts take place over the internet1995 - Internet being hosted by more commercial companies.1996 - Nearly 10 million hosts online. Users in almost 150 countries

The internet -- a mass medium1.5bn estimated users by Jan 2009By region, 41% of the world's Internet users are based in Asia, 25% in Europe, 16% in North America, 11% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 3% in Africa, 3% in the Middle East and 1% in AustraliaThe prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English.Still a high status medium.Tends to be compared to older mediums, but many claim it is unlike any previous communication media

Internet III?Pew Internet Study (Dec 2008) predicts: The mobile device will be the primary connection tool to the internetby 2020.

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Internet III?The mobile device will be the primary connection tool to the internet for most people in the world in 2020. The transparency of people and organizations will increase, but that will not necessarily yield more personal integrity, social tolerance, or forgiveness. Voice recognition and touch user-interfaces with the internet will be more prevalent and accepted by 2020. Those working to enforce intellectual property law and copyright protection will remain in a continuing arms race. The divisions between personal time and work time and between physical and virtual reality will be further erased for everyone. Next-generation engineering of the network to improve the current internet architecture is more likely than an effort to rebuild the architecture from scratch.*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Standards used on the Internet?

TCP/IPZ39.50MARCExamples

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What are standards?Standards are a set of rules or conventions that are agreed to by multiple, disparate organizations to assure a consistent level of quality or uniformity among stuff.

Examples of Stuff: physical objects, computer programs, communications methods, information storage and exchange.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*TCP/IP?TCP - Transmission Control ProtocolIP - Internet Protocol

TCP/IP is the language all computers on the Internet use to communicate with each other

TCP/IP is developed in 1974 by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*PROTOCOLRULES & PROCEDURESTO GOVERN TRANSMISSIONBETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORK

*

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Significance of the TCP/IP?TCP/IP provides standard set of guidelines that allow computers on different networks to communicate efficiently with each other.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Significance of the TCP/IP?TCP/IP enables an open protocol specification for all individual computers and is not controlled by any vendor, therefore:

It keeps cost of the Internet low, all computers online can use itit is more simple to communicate with each other.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Significance of the TCP/IP?TCP/IP is the base of the Internet

Ensures "information superhighway" continues to increase.

Ensures correspondences that relay on TCP/IP protocols and services.

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Z39.50?

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What is Z39.50?A standardA protocol (standardized way of doing things)A set of communications methods

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Z39.50 Its titleZ39.50-1995 Information Retrieval: Application Service Definition and Protocol Specification

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What does Z39.50 do?Z39.50 allows heterogeneous database systems to be universally accessed by decoupling client software from server software.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What does Z39.50 do?Many sorts of databases, including geospatial, museum information, government information.We are primarily interested in library catalogs and other sources of bibliographic information.In general, any Z39.50 client can access any database that is served up as Z39.50.There are hundreds of institutions that serve up their bibliographic information on the Internet using this standard.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Z39.50 allows heterogeneous database systems to be universally accessed by decoupling client software from server software.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Z39.50 Interactions

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Z39.50 GatewaysThe Library of Congress maintains a Z39.50 gateway to its own catalog and those of many other institutions.http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/gateway.html

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Why Z39.50 for Cataloging?Retrieval can specify USMARC as the format for the return of records.Access is possible to hundreds of catalogs via the Internet using a single, uniform standard.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*There are a number of library automation systems that support capture of MARC records from Z39.50 servers and subsequent import into the local catalog.There are also a number of standalone software packages that can capture MARC records. As a separate step they can then be imported into a catalog. Why Z39.50 for Cataloging?

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Other Z39.50 ApplicationsThere are several citation managers (e.g., ProCite, EndNote) that allow access via Z39.50 to bibliographic records in library catalogs and other sources, for incorporation into their built-in databases.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Other standards?NISO Z39.48-1992:ExamplesPermanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives:

Basic criteria for paper that will last several hundred years under normal use

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*The Z39 StandardsNISO Z39.48- 1992

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*The Z39 StandardsZ39.7-1999 Library Statistics Z39.18-1995 Scientific and Technical Reports--Elements, Organization and Design Z39.19-1993(R1998) Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri Z39.71 - Holdings Statements: Specifies display requirements for holdings statements for bibliographic items.

More Examples

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description)Was developed in 70s to facilitate the international exchange of cataloging records by standardizing the elements to be used in the description, assigning an order to these elements, and specifying a system of symbols to be used in punctuating the elements.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*ISBDhttp://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/pubs/isbd2.htm#5

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*ISBD Structure for Description(ISBD Applied to MARC)Area 1: Title and statement of responsibility (245)Area 2: Edition (250)Area 3: Material specific details Area 4: Publication, distribution (260)Area 5: Physical description (300)Area 6: Series (440, 490)Area 7: Notes (5xx)Area 8: Standard number & terms of availability(02x)

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*MARCan important library standard.

The MARC formats are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*MARCa carrier for bibliographic informationa standard for the representation and exchange of bibliographic data in machine-readable formdoes not tell us how to describe library materials; AACR2 does thatis a standard that has been developed for coding our bibliographic information into a computer recordprovides a vehicle for us to communicate bibliographic data electronically between libraries.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Things you can do on the InternetWhat are the Internet tools?

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Things you can do on the Internet

Internet tool- TelnetTelnet: Its remote login, meaning that you can logon to a computer as though you are onsite. Telnet might be used to search a library catalog in another part of the country or travelers might use telnet to collect their email from their home server.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Things you can do on the Internet

Internet tool- FTPFTP (File Transfer Protocol) allows you to connect to remote computers.FTP uses Unix commands to move files from a remote server to your computer, a function now easily done by the Web.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Things you can do on the Internet -

Internet tool- The WebWorld Wide Web. Invented by Tim Berners-Lee at the Cern in Switzerland in December 1990. He made a tour of the U.S., including M.I.T., Stanford and other hot spots in the summer of 1992 and the world was changed.

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Web 2.0Blogs RSS("Rich Site Summary" or "Really Simple Syndication") Synchronous Messaging, or Instant Messaging (IM)Social Networking Sites (SNS)Podcast

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Web Evolution

Web 1.0Web 2.0DoubleClickGoogle AdSense OfotoFlickrNapsterBitTorrentBritannica OnlineWikipediaPersonal Web sitesBloggingPublishingParticipationCMSWikisDirectoriesTagging StickinessSyndication

Web 3.0New forms of social media. Not a new Web, but an extension of what already existsEnables social applications to magically coalesceAllows people to share and move seamlessly through information*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*

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Web 3.0Value innovation in Web 3.0 has four key perspectives: user experience, social computing, smart software and things, and semantic ecosystem. *ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*

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Web 2.0 vs. Web 3.0 The document webAbundance of informationControversialThe social webThe second decade, 2000-9Google as catalystWisdom of the crowdsMashups, fragmentation integration, new toolsSearch, search, searchGoogles Pagerank algorithmLawless, anarchicPrint and digitalThe data webControl of informationNo less controversialThe intelligent webThe third decade, 2010-20Semantic web companies as catalystWisdom of the expertWhy search, when you can find?Ontologies, semantic systemsStandards, protocols, rulesDigital above all elseIntro

Web 2.0

Mentality

Strategy

Web 3.0

Conclude

*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Things you can do on the Internet -

Internet tool- E-mailElectronic mail is a software-controlled system that allows computer users to send messages over a network and to receive responses.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Things you can do on the Internet

Internet tool- Usenet Newsgroups.Listserv discussion lists get mail from list members that is exploded or duplicated by a central host computer. Usenet/News is modeled on a bulletin board. Discussion Forums

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Things you can do on the Internet

Internet tool- Social ComputingTechnology that puts power in communities not institutions (Forrester1)Social software supports group interaction

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Intro

Web 2.0

Mentality

Strategy

Web 3.0

Conclude

*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Web AddressesURL (Uniform Resource Locator)

http:// hypertext transfer protocolftp://file transfer protocolgopher://gopher protocol

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Internet AddressesDomain Name System (DNS)Domainuser ID, subdomain, domain (location), root domain (domain type), and countrycom, edu, gov, mil, net, org

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Domain Name SystemVisit the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (LANA) http://www.iana.comCountry Code Domains (.uk, .de, .jp, .us, etc.) Generic Domains (.aero, .asia, .biz, .cat, .com, .coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .jobs, .mobi, .int, .mil, .museum, .name, .net, .org, .pro, .tel and .travel) Infrastructure Domain (.arpa)

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu, ILS SCSU*Web Browsers, what are they?IE version ??NetscapeMozilla FireFox version ??SafariAvant Flock The Social Web Browser version1.0 beta

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Mobile BrowsersBlackberryBlazer (Palm ) Internet ExplorerSafari (iPhone & iPod Touch)

Opera Mini (add-on)

*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu, ILS SCSU*

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BlackBerry Internet ServiceOS:Supports:Surf full HTML content Download ringtones, video and audio files* Bookmark your favorite web pages Enjoy a familiar and friendly browsing experience that supports full color images and JavaScript Does not support: Flash

Blazer 4.5OS: Palm OS 3.1 and upSupports:HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0, WML 1.3, SSL 3.0, cHTML, JavaScript 1.5, CSS 1.0 and 2.0 (partial), GIF (both still and animated, along with transparency), JPEG, PNG, BMPCookiesKinoma Video Player supports Windows MediaDoes not support: Flash

IE MobileOS: Windows Mobile 5, Windows CESupports:HTML/XHTML, SSL, ActiveX, AJAX/JavaScript, VB Script, CSS, DHTML, XML, XSL GIF, JPEGCookies

Does not support: Flash

Opera MiniOS:Supports:HTML/XHTML, SSL, ActiveX, AJAX/JavaScript, VB Script, CSS, DHTML, XML, XSL GIF, JPEG, PNGCookies

Does not support: Flash

Safari MobileOS: Apple OS XSupports:HTML/XHTML, SSL, ActiveX, AJAX/JavaScript, VB Script, CSS, DHTML, XML, XSL GIF, JPEG, PNGCookies

Does not support: Flash

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What libraries do with Internet?.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What libraries do with Internet? Use web as services baseDigital libraries.Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities. (Fox, 2001)

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What libraries do with Internet? Use web as the platformUse web, servers and browsers providing access to the catalog and other electronic services to library users.

The so-called webcat (latest version of OPAC) is very popular with libraries and automation vendors alike. It provides a uniform interface for users anywhere in or outside the library.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What libraries do with Internet? For communicationsUse the Internet for the range of normal communication purposes. Such as professional listservs, B to B (business to business) services, groupware available online for more universal access.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What libraries do with Internet? For information disseminationsThe model of search engines has made us rethink the way we do things.

Incorporate websites into collection and reference resources.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What libraries do with Internet? For user studiesConduct patron surveysStudy users information seeking behaviorsInvestigate usability of library collectionsEvaluate reference services, circulation services, etc.

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*What libraries do with Internet? For scholarly researchOffer online classes and tutorialshttp://www.library.wisc.edu/Provide research tools and methodologiesExam background of information resources

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*ILS 501 / Dr. Liu*Questions?

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***************************NISO National Information Standards Organization************TW****BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2008 http://archive.student.bmj.com/issues/08/03/editorials/095.php***"Web 2.0" refers to a perceived second generation of web development and design, that facilitates communication, secure information sharing, interoperability, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. Ilustrates the shift we are seeing towards consumer control and well as the ability to contribute new or pulled information-In the era of social media, people use technologies to get what they need from each other, not traditional institutions.Charlene Li & Josh Bernoff Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies (2008, Harvard UP)

****Domain Name System example: southernct.edu is an example***************