13.313.3

The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

Objective 1:Summarize the factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation.Objective 2: Analyze Martin Luther’s role in shaping the Protestant Reformation.Objective 3: Explain the teachings of John Calvin.

CausesCauses

• Social and political unrestSocial and political unrest– New faith seen as a way of remaining New faith seen as a way of remaining

Independent of outside political control Independent of outside political control (HRE)(HRE)

– Commoners, Lords and Kings were all Commoners, Lords and Kings were all tired of Church authority over themtired of Church authority over them

– Clerical incompetence/corruptionClerical incompetence/corruption– Humanist authors/writersHumanist authors/writers

CatalystsCatalysts

• Wycliffe and Huss had Wycliffe and Huss had begun the movement begun the movement by laying out the by laying out the themesthemes– Religious simplicity, Religious simplicity,

poverty of clergy, a more poverty of clergy, a more egalitarian Church, egalitarian Church, vernacular biblevernacular bible

• Church Problems: Church Problems: (Indulgences, clerical (Indulgences, clerical ignorance and immorality, ignorance and immorality, too much spending)too much spending)

• The Printing PressThe Printing Press helped spread the ideas helped spread the ideas (and vernacular Bibles)(and vernacular Bibles)

Martin Luther (1483-Martin Luther (1483-1546)1546)

• Was enrolled in law Was enrolled in law school until he joined school until he joined priesthoodpriesthood

• Taught theology at Taught theology at University of University of WittenbergWittenberg

The Indulgence ProblemThe Indulgence Problem• In 1517In 1517 Johann TetzelJohann Tetzel was selling a was selling a

special “Jubilee indulgence” which special “Jubilee indulgence” which prompts Luther to post his prompts Luther to post his 95 theses95 theses on October 31on October 31stst 1517 1517

• "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs."a soul from purgatory springs."

• ReactionsReactions– Luther condemned as a Heretic and Luther condemned as a Heretic and

excommunicated by Popeexcommunicated by Pope– Declared outlaw at Diet of Worms and Declared outlaw at Diet of Worms and

hidden by Nobles in the North where he hidden by Nobles in the North where he translated New Testamenttranslated New Testament

Luther’s main beliefsLuther’s main beliefs• 1). Salvation by faith alone1). Salvation by faith alone (not (not

faith and good works and faith and good works and ceremonies)ceremonies)– Idea requires the Idea requires the Bible to be in the Bible to be in the

VernacularVernacular• 2). He only believed in only 2). He only believed in only 2 2

sacramentssacraments: Baptism and : Baptism and Eucharist, bans others.Eucharist, bans others.– attacked attacked Papal infallibilityPapal infallibility and and

stressed the diminishing importance of stressed the diminishing importance of the clergythe clergy

German ProblemsGerman Problems

• Princes decide Princes decide whom they support, whom they support, Pope or Pope or Lutheranism. Lutheranism.

• Charles V vs. Charles V vs. Protestant Princes Protestant Princes leads to 30 years of leads to 30 years of war. war.

• Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg– Choose own Choose own

religionreligion

John Calvin (1509-1564)John Calvin (1509-1564)• Author of Author of The The

Institutes of the Institutes of the Christian ReligionChristian Religion– Began his work in Began his work in

France where France where Protestants were Protestants were called called HuegonotsHuegonots

– He moved to He moved to GenevaGeneva in July of 1536 to in July of 1536 to become part of their become part of their governing body -governing body -TheocracyTheocracy

Calvinism in PracticeCalvinism in Practice

• PredestinationPredestination (However: the elect (However: the elect should live in a manifestly pleasing should live in a manifestly pleasing way)way)

• Calvin ran Geneva Switzerland as a Calvin ran Geneva Switzerland as a theocracy theocracy (refuge for protestants)(refuge for protestants)– Bible # 1 authority (life governed by Bible # 1 authority (life governed by

faith)faith)– No dance, drink etc….No dance, drink etc….

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

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13.4 13.4

Spread of Spread of Protestantism Protestantism

and the Catholic and the Catholic ResponseResponse

1.1. Who began the reformation in England?Who began the reformation in England?

2.2. First archbishop of the Church of EnglandFirst archbishop of the Church of England

3.3. This humanist author was canonized after This humanist author was canonized after not affirming the act of supremacy.not affirming the act of supremacy.

4.4. The settlement by __________was viewed as The settlement by __________was viewed as a compromise between Catholics and a compromise between Catholics and moderate Protestants. moderate Protestants.

a.Elizabeth I b.Mary I c.Henry VIII a.Elizabeth I b.Mary I c.Henry VIII d.Edward VId.Edward VI

e.More f. Erasmus g. Cranmere.More f. Erasmus g. Cranmer

5. Started by Ignatius, the _______ were a key 5. Started by Ignatius, the _______ were a key component of the counter reformation. component of the counter reformation.

The English ReformationThe English Reformation• Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed “Defender of the Faith Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed “Defender of the Faith

by Pope Leo X)by Pope Leo X)• Henry VIII (1509-1547)Henry VIII (1509-1547)

– Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess)Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess)• Problems? Problems? • Henry wants Anne BoleynHenry wants Anne Boleyn• The annulment controversy They had been married The annulment controversy They had been married

18 years, 18 years, no male heirno male heir, just “Bloody Mary”), just “Bloody Mary”)• Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the

Church of England with Church of England with Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cranmer as as archbishop. archbishop.

– Act of Supremacy Act of Supremacy "the only Supreme Head in "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England”Earth of the Church of England”

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• Seized Church Seized Church

property, 20% of all property, 20% of all land!land!

• Anne Boleyn beheaded, married 4 more times.

• Edward VI - reformsEdward VI - reforms• Death created turmoil Death created turmoil

w/ religionw/ religion– Thomas More Thomas More

canonizedcanonized– Bloody MaryBloody Mary

• Elizabethan Elizabethan Settlement and Settlement and Anglican ChurchAnglican Church

The Counter ReformationThe Counter Reformation

• The Council of Trent (1545-1563)The Council of Trent (1545-1563)– NO DOCTRINAL CHANGESNO DOCTRINAL CHANGES

• Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, True Indulgences only Church can interpret Bible, True Indulgences OKOK

– ChangesChanges• The Jesuits, Reform of the papacy (Paul III), The Jesuits, Reform of the papacy (Paul III),

strengthened Inquisition, cut into Simony, strengthened Inquisition, cut into Simony, Seminaries/Schools to train clergy. Looked to end Seminaries/Schools to train clergy. Looked to end corruption. corruption.

Outcome of ReformationOutcome of Reformation

• Set up modern Set up modern nation-statesnation-states

• Loss of cohesive Loss of cohesive power of Church, power of Church, division of Europe division of Europe politically, politically, militarily, militarily, religiously. religiously.

• Persecution of Persecution of Jews increases Jews increases (ghettos). (ghettos).

OutcomesOutcomes

• 1). Was the Reformation a positive 1). Was the Reformation a positive or negative movement and why?or negative movement and why?

• 2). After reading, notes, etc. what do 2). After reading, notes, etc. what do you think will be the defining you think will be the defining characteristics of the next era in characteristics of the next era in European history? Why?European history? Why?

Christian ConflictChristian Conflict

• Augsburg ended Augsburg ended X’ian unity, and X’ian unity, and Protestant unity also. Protestant unity also. – Zwinglian reforms Zwinglian reforms

(simplicity) in Zurich (simplicity) in Zurich led to war between led to war between sects/armies. sects/armies.

– What does this say What does this say about the state of about the state of Christianity? Christianity?

– What effects will this What effects will this have?have?

Henry’s ChurchHenry’s Church

• How Protestant was he?How Protestant was he?– Kept the RC ban on clerical marriageKept the RC ban on clerical marriage– Also denied Eucharistic cup to the laityAlso denied Eucharistic cup to the laity– Kept Confession as a sacramentKept Confession as a sacrament