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UMTS and Beyond

Prof. Hamid AghvamiCentre for Telecommunications Research - Kings College London

Wireless Multimedia Communications Ltd

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UMTS

UMTS will be a mobile communications system that can offer

significant user benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia

services to a convergent network of fixed, cellular and satellite

components.It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with

access to new and innovative services and applications.

It will offer mobile personalised communications to the mass

market regardless of location, network and terminal used.

UMTS Forum 1997

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UMTS Main Requirements (3 Ms)

Multi-media

Multi-environment

Multi-operator Virtual operators

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VideoConference

(High quality)

VideoConference

(Low quality)

Telephone

Conference

Telephone

VoiceMail

ElectronicMail

FAX

Electronic

Publishing

Electronic

Newspaper

ISDN

Karaoke

VideoCatalogshopping

Database AccessRemote medical

service(Medical image) Video on

demand-Sports-News-Movies

Mobile TV

MobileRadio

Image

Data

Voice

Multicast

Multi Point

AsymmetricSymmetric

Point to Point

Broadcast

2M

384K

64K

32K

16K

9.6K

2.4K

1.2K

News

Weatherforecast

Trafficinformation

Sportsinformation

LeisureInformation

Mobile Multimedia

WWW

e-mail

ftp

IP

telephony

etc

Information

Distribution

Services

Internet

Access

pager

Mobile Multimedia Services

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Global

Suburban

Macro-Cell

Urban

Micro-Cell In- Building

Pico-Cell

Home-Cell

Different Environments for UMTS

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Europe has decided to adopt an evolutionary approach for

the UMTS core network based on migration from the

GSM/GPRS infrastructure.

For the actual air interface, a revolutionary approach has

been chosen. That is a new radio air interface for UMTS

Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).

There is another parallel activity concerning the UMTS air

interface using an evolutionary approach (an intermediate

approach).

First phase of UMTS

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Evolution approach based on GSM Infrastructure

Evolution Approach

New

Radio Access

(UTRAN)

NSS

And

GSNs

PSTN

N-ISDN

B-ISD N

IP-based

Networks

Radio Access

GSM

Infrastructure

Public

NetworkDual-mode

Dual-mode

Evolved

GSM

Radio Access (GERAN)

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In this approach the GSM air interface has evolved within GSMphase 2+ to support higher rate data services. The most

important developments in this approach are:

1. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS )

2. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD )

3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE )

It is referred to GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)

Evolutionary approach for the GSM Air Interface

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SMSC/

VLR

GMSC

PSTN

HLR

PDN Internet

GGSN

SGSN

RNC

Ci r

cui tS

wi t

che

d

(GSM

)

PacketSw

itche

d

(GPRS)

UTR

AN

Iu,psIu,cs

Gs

C

Gn

Gr

Gc

UMTS Phase I

D

RNC

Node B Node B Node B Node B

Iu,cs

Iu,ps

.

...

.

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Applications& Services

Legacy mobile

signalling

network

Other PLMN

Multimedia

IP networks

GGSN

PSTN/

legacy/external

SGSN

SGSN

HSS

(HLR)

GGSN

EIR

SGW

MRF

CSCF

MGCF

MGW

Simplified architecture for the support of IP-based multimedia services in 3GPP release 5

Signalling interface

Signalling and data transfer interface

Gn

Gp

Mh

Cx

Mm

Gi

Mg

Mc

Gi

Gi

Mr

Gc

Ms

Gn

GiGr

Gf

TE MT GERAN

TE MT UTRAN

Iu-PS

Uu

UmR

R

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New Functional Entities for the All IP Architecture

Call State Control Function (CSCF) executes the call control. It is based on the

IETF Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).

Media GateWay (MGW) provides an inter-connection from GGSN to legacy

circuit-switched networks such as PSTN.

Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) controls the MGW.

Media Resource Function (MRF) performs multiparty call and multimedia

conferencing functions.

Signalling GateWay (SGW) performs signalling conversion to/from legacy

mobile signalling network.

Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is an evolved HLR.

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4G Concept

Towards 4GTowards 4G

User centric,user controlled services

and

context-awareapplications

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What does user controlled services mean?What does user controlled services mean?

The user has freedom and flexibility to select any desired servicewith reasonable QoS and affordable price, anytime, anywhere using

any device in a secure manner

4G Concept

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What does context-aware applications mean?What does context-aware applications mean?

A context-aware application means the behaviour of the

application adapts itself to user context changes. User context

includes:

-user profile and preferences.

-user device and access network capabilities.-user environment and mobility.

4G Concept

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Technologies

ChallengesChallenges Convergence/integration/inter-working of all

existing and emerging fixed and mobile

(wired and wireless) networks includingbroadcast

Simple to select and easy to use desired

services

Universal and low cost terminals

IP

Technology

Agent

Technology

Reconfigurable

Technology

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Inter-working Concept

Integration Concept

Network Level Concepts

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Interworking/Integration

For the design of next generation wireless networks two different approaches

are currently being considered. They are:

- Interworking with next generation Internet (tight coupling)

- Integration within next generation Internet (very tight coupling)

In the first approach, the access network and the core network use different IP

protocols and mechanisms and only the core network is considered as a

sub-network of the Internet.

In the second approach, both the core and access networks use common IP

based protocols and mechanisms and the access network is considered as a

sub-network of the Internet.

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The

Internet

IP backbone

BillingVHE

Signalling

GatewayWAP Accounting

UMTS

Broadcast Networks(DAB, DVB-T)

Satellite FES

GSM /

GPRS

Context-aware information

Centre

IP-based

micro-mobility WirelessLANs

ISPSIP ProxyServer

Inter-Working

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General architecture of the IP-based IMT network platform

Applications

AP1 AP2 AP3 APn

Middleware

IP-based transport NW

Location Accounting/billing Media conversion Distribution

Basic network management sub-layer

RRM MM C/SM Security QoS

Service support sub-layer

IP IP

IP

IPRadio

Radio RadioIP IP

IP

ISDN/

PSTN

Internet

Integration

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Global coverage

National coverage

Local area coverageWireless LANs

DAB and DVB-T, DVB-S

2G, 3G and 4G Cellular

Personal area coverage

Hierarchical coverage layers for 4G

Satellite

Regional coverage

Wireless PANs

Vertical Handover

Horizontal Handover

IP-based backbone

Th l it f th bl ti

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The complexity of the problem: user prospective

From a user prospective

Multiple Heterogeneous networkoperators

part of

Multiple user environments

accessed using

Multiple heterogeneous devices

owned by

heterogeneous users

LaptopPDA

UMTS DVB WLAN

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From a network prospective

Multiple Heterogeneous networkoperators

providing

Multiple services

throughmultiple access networks

to

users with heterogeneous devices

The complexity of the problem: network prospective

A H t N t k A hit t

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A Heterogeneous Network Architecture

UTRAN WLAN 4G RAN

PAN

WirelessAccess Network

Core NetworkFuture Internet

Intra-Cell PAN

Ad-hoc Network PAN PAN

PAN

Inter-working between two radio access networks

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te wo g betwee two ad o access etwo s

Open coupling

Inter-working between two radio access networks

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g

Loose coupling

Inter-working between two radio access networks

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Tight coupling

Inter-working between two radio access networks

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Very tight coupling

Inter-working examples - cachingSGSNIP network

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g p g

HSS

CSCF

MPEG-2real time

encoder

Packetiser IP packet

inserter

ATM/SDH

leased

network

TransportMultiplexer

MPEG-2real time

encoder

Stream server

Gateway/IP

Encapsulator

Carousal

Generator

Location Profi le

Response

(3)

Query

(2)

Cache Server

Request

mp3's / movie

(1)

Petrol station

Content

transfer

(5)

Content Storage

(HTML,Clips,

mp3's, games)

DVB-T

regional

multiplexer

DVB-Tregionalmultiplexer

local content

Response

(4)

Satellite

Content

transfer

(6)WLAN

Inter-working examples

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Content Delivery

Notification

Content: video clip(15MB)

Service: Music Clips

Company: MTV

Please select delivery options

Send to PDA (5 eur) 15min

Send to office PC (10 eur) 7min

Send to STB (20 eur)-2min

Delivery options

Network provides device delivery options

including cost and delivery times

User selects desired destination

Slide:Slide:3030-40-40

user centric

Inter-working examples network centric

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Load balancing i.e. Using DVB to multicast or broadcast to large number of

users

Handovers i.e. Users in train moving outside the coverage of a network

Slide:Slide:3131-40-40

g p

Network SelectionNetwork Selection

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Most Appropriate Network Selection Criteria

User Context

Service Type

Available Resources

- Data rate

- QoS

- Environment (When and Where)

- Mobility

- User preferences

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Convergenc

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Convergenc

e

Convergence of Mobile Communications and Broadcasting

Drivers

From broadcaster point of view

Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to-multipoint

broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on

DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on 2G/3G cellular

systems.

From the cellular mobile operator point of view

Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular

environments tosupport IP-based multi-media traffic which is

inherently asymmetrical.

Convergenc

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Convergenc

e

Benefits

Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to

adapt the content of their multi-media services more rapidly in

response to the feedback from customers.

Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of

new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments.

Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-

media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.

IP Layer ModelIP Layer Model

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Steve Deering - Cisco : Fifty-first IETF; London, England, August 5-10, 2001

IP Layer ModelIP Layer Model

IP Layer Model for WLANsIP Layer Model for WLANs

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Additional IP Functions

Mobility Management Quality of Service AAA

IP Sec Ad-Hoc Routing etc.

Native IP Functions: Routing

Addressing Packet Formatting and Handling

Lower Layers

Higher Layers

IP Network Layer

IP Convergence Layer

Data Interface

Error Control Buffer Management QoS Support

Segmentation/Reassembly Header Compression Multicast Support

Control Interface

Configuration Management Address Management QoS Control

Handover Control Idle Mode Support Security Management

IP Layer Model for WLANsIP Layer Model for WLANs

IP Layer Model

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IP Layer Model

The functionalities and structure of the IP layer model are notsufficient and/or efficient to achieve the requirements of future

inter-worked or integrated networks.

No fundamental changes have been made in the design of IPV6.

The question is:

Are some radical changes needed to the IP layer model inorder to offer better solutions to the convergence issue? If yes,

what are the consequences and implications?

Agent Definition

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An agent is a software component (object) that is situated within an

execution environment (e.g. computers) and acts autonomously on

behalf of a user or process and has specific goal.

Agent Definition

2G, 3G

WLAN

AP

AP: Agent Platform

AP AP

AP

Service Centre

Agent Technology

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Mandatory features

Reactive:senses changes in the environment andreacts in accordance.

Autonomous:has control over its own actions

Goal-driven:is pro-active

Optional features Collaborative:communicates/negotiates with other

agents

Mobile:travels from one host to another

Learning:adapts in accordance with previousexperience

Believable:appears believable to the end-user.

Mobile vs. Static Agents

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g

Client Server

Client Server

request

respond

requestrespond

Software components that can migrate under their own control from host to host in a network or between networks

Mobile Agents

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Mobile agents have already been used for network

monitoring and service delivery including educationat a distance.

In an ever-increasing world of service providers andservice packages, a user demands a simple

approach to the selection of the desired service andits delivery mechanism in real-time with least effort.This can be achieved through the use of mobileagents.

The use of mobile agents can also overcomethe constraints imposed on applications bythe limited processing power and speed ofmobile terminals.

Agent TechnologyAgent Technology

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An open question:An open question:

Static or mobile agents for wireless networks?

What are the pros and cons?

g gyg gy

Re-configurable Technology

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g gy

What does Reconfiguration mean?Reconfiguration refers to the software

re-definition and/or adaptation of every element

within each layer of the communication chain.

Baseband

Processing

User

Data

A/D Converter

D/A Converter

RF

Front End

Re-configurable Technology

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Benefits

Users

Operators

Manufacturers

- Select network depending on service requirements and cost.

- Connect to any network Worldwide roaming.

-Access to new services.

- Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).

- Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.

- Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.

- Rapid development of new personalised and customised services

- Single platform for all markets.

- Increased flexible and efficient production.

Re-configuration Procedures

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Reconfiguration

Trigger

Mode

Identification

Mode

Negotiation

Software

Download

Mode Switch

Decision

Mode

Monitoring

Reconfigure

Terminal

Initiated by network

operator or user

Download software

modules that are required

for the target mode

What networks are

available?

What is the most suitable

network (based on QoS, user

preferences etc.)?

Decision on preferred mode

Re-configurable Technology

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CHALLENGES

Regulatory and Standardisation issues.

Business models.

User preference profiles.

Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria.

Software download mechanisms.

Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators.

Enabling Technologies (RF and antenna elements, ADC/DAC etc.)

Conclusion

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Agent Technology

4G

Vision

IP TechnologyReconfigurable

Technology