Water-Sensitive Design of Open Space SystemsEcological Infrastructure Strategy for Metropolitan Lima, Perú

Dipl.-Ing. Eva Nemcova

Team:Prof. Antje Stokman Dr. Bernd Eisenberg MSc. Arch. Rossana Poblet

Research project LiWa (Lima Water): „Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management in Urban Growth Centres Coping with Climate Change - Concepts for Lima Metropolitana (Perú)“ - (2008 - May 2013)

Integrated urban planning strategies and planning tools (May 2011 - May 2013)Institute of Landscape Planing and Ecology

Project team Lima: L. Miranda, L. Zilbert, R.Torres (NGO FCPV), J. Espinola, L. Jara, C. Santisteban (Instituto Metropolitano de Planificación), J. Moscoso (Consultant), R. Miglio and Víctor Peña (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina), J. Beerhalter (MVCS, OMA)

1/37

INTRODUCTION | LOCATION PERU

Institut für Landschaftsplanung und Ökologie | Fakultät für Architektur und StadtplanungUniversität Stuttgart

Rossana Poblet

EcuadorColombia

Brasil

Chile

Bolivia

Ar e a _ 1 . 2 8 5 . 2 1 5 , 6 K m 2 | Po p u l a t i o n _ 2 8 . 2 2 0 . 7 6 4 ( 2 0 0 7 ) O f f i c i a l L a n g u a g e s _ C a s t e l l a n o ( 8 0 %) _ Q u e c h u a ( 1 6 %) _Ay m a r a ( 2 %) _ + 4 1 i n d i g e n o u s l a n g u a g e s

2/37

The desire to increase green areas. 5,4 l / m2 / day

3/37

Many parks and road greenery are irrigated with potable water or groundwater.

4/37

Population: 8,5 million(INEI, 2007)

Population growth rate: 2,1 annually (INEI, 2002, 2005, 2006)

Annual rainfall: 9mm

Green areas: 4500 ha (2012)

Area: 2,801.63 km2 (INEI, 2011)

How do we create an open space system that improves the disbalanced urban water cycle?

Credit: evelynmerinoreyna@limamasarriba.com

5/37

Dependent on water supply from three rivers: Rímac, Chillón and Lurín with an average monthly flow volume of 39 m3/s and high sesonal variations.

Source: Lima Environmental Atlas 2010

6/37

River WITHOUT water June - October, dry season in the Andean mountains

River WITH waterDecember - April, rain season in the Andean mountains

7/37

Historical relationship between agricultural landscape, rivers and settlements.

Institute for Landscape Planning and Ecology, Faculty for Architecture and Urban Planning

UAC Creative Workshop Transferability: City profile Lima04. Mai 2012, Berlin

En el proceso de formación de los Valles Agrícolas

en la costa desértica, un rol protagónico le corresponde

al desarrollo de sistemas de irrigación artificial.

Agricultural production in Lima is depended on irrigation -Historical irrigation channel system in the pre-Inka times

(Canziani 2009)

Source:Canziani (2009)

8/37

Ges$

ón  so

sten

ible

 del

 agu

a  y  

las  a

guas

 resid

uale

s  en  

cent

ros  d

e  cr

ecim

ient

o  ur

bano

 afro

ntan

do  e

l  cam

bio  

clim

á$co

 

Conc

epto

s  par

a  Li

ma  

Met

ropo

litan

a  (P

erú)

 -­‐  Estrategias  integradas  de  planificación  urbana  y  herram

ientas  de  planificación  PT9      

Ins:tuto  de  Planificación  Paisajís:ca  y  Ecología,  Universidad  de  StuBgart    

Ins:tute  for  Landscape  Planning  and  Ecology,    Faculty  for  Architecture  and  Urban  Planning  

ILPÖ

 

Lima  2011

 

Lima  1957

 

Distribución  insostenible  y  uso  de  recursos  de  agua  

Unsu

stai

nabl

e  di

strib

u$on

 and

 use

 of  w

ater

 reso

urce

s  Desarrollo  Urbano  Insostenible

 

Crec

imie

nto  

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no  in

cont

rola

ble,

 

más

 de  

1  m

illon

 de  

pers

onas

 no  

$ene

n  ac

ceso

 a  su

ficie

nte  

agua

 y  

sane

amie

nto  

siend

o  el

 agu

a  po

tabl

e  

usad

a  pa

ra  ir

rigac

ión  

y  só

lo  e

l  10%

 

de  la

s  agu

as  re

sidua

les  s

on  

reus

adas

 (SW

ITCH

).  Unsustainable  distribu1on  and  use  

of  water  resources  

Unco

ntro

lled  

urba

n  gr

owth

,  mor

e  

that

 1  m

il  pe

ople

 do  

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ave  

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ss  to

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cien

t  wat

er  a

nd  

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ta$o

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rinki

ng  w

ater

 is  u

sed  

for  i

rrig

a$on

 and

 onl

y  10

%  (S

WIT

CH  

2010

)  of  w

aste

wat

er  is

 re-­‐u

sed.

   

Ges$

ón  so

sten

ible

 del

 agu

a  y  

las  a

guas

 resid

uale

s  en  

cent

ros  d

e  cr

ecim

ient

o  ur

bano

 afro

ntan

do  e

l  cam

bio  

clim

á$co

 

Conc

epto

s  par

a  Li

ma  

Met

ropo

litan

a  (P

erú)

 -­‐  Estrategias  integradas  de  planificación  urbana  y  herram

ientas  de  planificación  PT9      

Ins:tuto  de  Planificación  Paisajís:ca  y  Ecología,  Universidad  de  StuBgart    

Ins:tute  for  Landscape  Planning  and  Ecology,    Faculty  for  Architecture  and  Urban  Planning  

ILPÖ

 

Lima  2011

 

Lima  1957

 

Distribución  insostenible  y  uso  de  recursos  de  agua  

Unsu

stai

nabl

e  di

strib

u$on

 and

 use

 of  w

ater

 reso

urce

s  Desarrollo  Urbano  Insostenible

 

Crec

imie

nto  

urba

no  in

cont

rola

ble,

 

más

 de  

1  m

illon

 de  

pers

onas

 no  

$ene

n  ac

ceso

 a  su

ficie

nte  

agua

 y  

sane

amie

nto  

siend

o  el

 agu

a  po

tabl

e  

usad

a  pa

ra  ir

rigac

ión  

y  só

lo  e

l  10%

 

de  la

s  agu

as  re

sidua

les  s

on  

reus

adas

 (SW

ITCH

).  Unsustainable  distribu1on  and  use  

of  water  resources  

Unco

ntro

lled  

urba

n  gr

owth

,  mor

e  

that

 1  m

il  pe

ople

 do  

not  h

ave  

acce

ss  to

 suffi

cien

t  wat

er  a

nd  

sani

ta$o

n,  d

rinki

ng  w

ater

 is  u

sed  

for  i

rrig

a$on

 and

 onl

y  10

%  (S

WIT

CH  

2010

)  of  w

aste

wat

er  is

 re-­‐u

sed.

   

Uncontrolled urban growth, loss of agricultural valleys and chanalisation of rivers

1957 2011

Credit: evelynmerinoreyna@limamasarriba.com

9/37

Occupation of coastal wetlands followed by water pollutionSource: M. Mamani, MML, Serpar, 2012

10/37

Source: M. Mamani, MML, Serpar, 2012

Disappierence of sesonal biotop loma

11/37

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LIM

A

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AC

COM

AS

ANC

ON

BREÑ

A

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ITA

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AR

76°4

0'0"

W

76°4

0'0"

W

77°0

'0"W

77°0

'0"W

11°40'0"S

11°40'0"S

12°0'0"S

12°0'0"S

12°20'0"S

12°20'0"S

I

ELAB

OR

ADO

:

PLAN

O:

Cart.

: Vict

or I.

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ara

Ma-

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OLU

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:

1:200

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TE:

DNU,

INEI

y E

stud

ios

de

Inves

tigac

ion

Urba

na

LIM

A 1

535

1,

500

hab.

LIM

A 1

615

26,

400

hab.

LIM

A 1

750

56,

600

hab.

LIM

A 1

910

140,

000

hab.

LIM

A 1

940

533,

600

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LIM

A 1

970

2

'541

,300

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.

LIM

A 1

981

3

'573

227

hab.

LIM

A 1

995

5

'930

,318

hab

.

LIM

A 2

004

7

'880

,039

hab

.

LIM

A 2

010

8

'219

,116

hab

.

LEYE

NDA

Occupation of vulnerable areas on the slopes of the dry hills

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!!

!

LIMA

RIMAC

COMAS

ANCON

BREÑA

LURIN

CALLAO

VITARTE

LA PUNTALA PERLA

BARRANCO

SAN LUIS

PUCUSA NA

SAN BORJA

LA MOLINA

BELLAV IS TA

VENTANILLA

SANTA ROSA

LOS OLIVOS

SAN MIGUE L

CHORRILLOS

CHACLACAYO

PACHA CAMA C

CARABAYLLO

SANTA ANITA

JESUS M ARIA

EL AGUSTINO

SAN BARTOLO

PUNTA NEGRA

CIENE GUILLA

PUENTE PIE DRA

PUNTA HERMOSA

VILLA EL SALVADOR

MAGDALENA DEL MAR

LURIGANCHO-CHOSICA

SAN MARTIN DE PORES

SAN JUAN DE LURIGANCHO

SAN JUAN DE MIRAFLORES

VILLA MARIA DEL TRIUNFO

CARMEN DE LA LEGUA REYNOSO

LINCE

SURQUILLO

SAN ISIDRO

MIRAFLORES

LA VICTORIAPUEB LO LIBRE

INDEP ENDENCIA

SANTIAGO DE SURCO

SANTA MA RIA DEL MAR

76°40'0"W

76°40'0"W

77°0'0"W

77°0'0"W

11°4

0'0"

S

11°4

0'0"

S

12°0

'0"S

12°0

'0"S

12°2

0'0"

S

12°2

0'0"

S

I

ELABORADO:

PLANO:

Cart.: Victor I. Távara Ma-San

EVOLUCION URBANADE LA CIUDAD DE LIMA

ESCALA:1:200,000

FUENTE:DNU, INEI y Estudios de

Investigacion Urbana

LIMA 1535 1,500 hab.

LIMA 1615 26,400 hab.

LIMA 1750 56,600 hab.

LIMA 1910 140,000 hab.

LIMA 1940 533,600 hab.

LIMA 1970 2'541,300 hab.

LIMA 1981 3'573227 hab.

LIMA 1995 5'930,318 hab.

LIMA 2004 7'880,039 hab.

LIMA 2010 8'219,116 hab.

LEYENDA

12/37

81% of the city´s population is connected to the public water supply networkalmost 1 million people without water connection (INEI 2007)

13/37

In the dry season all river water is used for drinking water, ... and dircharged as treated or untreated wastewater into rivers and ocean.

14/37

BEYOND THE PARKMÁS QUE UN PARQUE

wastewater

ocean

potable water

sesonal river

groundwater pumping station

Designed green open spaces are disconnected from hydrological structures and have high maintainance and investment to control natural processes.

15/37

BEYOND THE PARKMÁS QUE UN PARQUE

wastewater

ocean

potable water

sesonal river

groundwater pumping station

Lima´s hydrological strutures, water infrastructure and the design of open space need radical rethinking to make urban and natural systems perform in concert with

one another and keep up with the increasing water demand for a growing liveable city.

16/37

Developing concepts for Metropolitan LimaEcological Infrastructure Strategy

WP 7Water Tariff instruments/

Economy

REGIONAL SCALE

WP6WP 5

Trai

ning

and

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g

MICROESCALE

WP 3Climate modelling and

Water ballance

METROPOLITAN SCALE

MESOESCALE

WP 2LiWa Scenarios

2040

WP 4LiWatool

WP 9.1

Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

LIMA ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY (LEIS)

Wat

er S

ensi

tive

Urb

an D

esig

n G

uide

lines

Design Solutions

Pilot Projects

Lima Ecological Infraestructure Strategy (LEIS)

Principles at city level for a Water Sensitive Urban

Development

Lim

a Ec

olog

ical

Infr

astr

uctu

re S

trat

egy

Tool

(LEI

S To

ol)

Urban water cycle facilitates the open

space system

Open space system can help to improve

and protect the water cycle

.. conceptual strategy based on the flows of water and the provision of ecosystem services.

17/37

Principles for water sensitive urban development are harmonised with the Concerted Regional Development Plan (2012-2025)

- GIS database for all instutitions to coordinate actions

Protect, develop and implement open space system considering availability and integrated management of water resources.

Protect and consolidate agricultural land and add value to improve ecosystem performance

Transform high risk areas as part of the ecological infrastructure.

Promote water sensitive urban development that considers water catchment, saving, treatment and reuse of water in the city

18/37

WP 7Water Tariff instruments/

Economy

REGIONAL SCALE

WP6WP 5

Trai

ning

and

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g

MICROESCALE

WP 3Climate modelling and

Water ballance

METROPOLITAN SCALE

MESOESCALE

WP 2LiWa Scenarios

2040

WP 4LiWatool

WP 9.1

Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

LIMA ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY (LEIS)

Wat

er S

ensi

tive

Urb

an D

esig

n G

uide

lines

Design Solutions

Pilot Projects

Lima Ecological Infraestructure Strategy (LEIS)

Principles at city level for a Water Sensitive Urban

Development

Lim

a Ec

olog

ical

Infr

astr

uctu

re S

trat

egy

Tool

(LEI

S To

ol)

Ecological Infrastructure Strategy for Lima

1

19/37

Water demand study

Gestión sostenible del agua y las agas residuales en centros de crecimiento  urbano afrontando el cambio climáto‐ Conceptos para Lima Metropolitana (Perú) ‐ Estrategias integradas de planificación urbana y herramientas de planificación

Instituto de Planificación del Paisaje y Ecología, Universidad de StuttgartInstitute of Landscape Planning and Ecology (ILPE)

Estructura EcológicaSistemas espacial y 

funcionalmente integradas, compuestas de los ecosistemas 

naturales, semi‐naturales y artificiales

La INFRAESTRUCTURA ECOLOGICA construye sobre la Estructura Ecológica de la ciudad

Para qué sirve la Herramienta LEIS

Gestión sostenible del agua y las agas residuales en centros de crecimiento  urbano afrontando el cambio climáto‐ Conceptos para Lima Metropolitana (Perú) ‐ Estrategias integradas de planificación urbana y herramientas de planificación

Instituto de Planificación del Paisaje y Ecología, Universidad de StuttgartInstitute of Landscape Planning and Ecology (ILPE)

Source: Green Inventory Serpar, Sept. 2012 Jose Mamani Source: Green Inventory Serpar, Sept. 2012Source: geoeye foundation, Jan. 2012

To green all as park registered areas the water demand would increase dramaticaly.

20/37

77 % of population connected to sewerage network

18 wastewater treatment plants (treating,however, only a small fraction of the wastewater production)

10% reused for irrigation of green areas (Moscoso 2011)

Water availability study - City as a water source

Different areas offer different sources of water: natural or man-made water sources and other areas with no water source.

21/37

Hydro-urban units

Combining information layers about natural and man-made water sources and urban structures, which are key to identifing site-specific suitable design solutions.

Linking water and open space in different urban settings22/37

WP 7Water Tariff instruments/

Economy

REGIONAL SCALE

WP6WP 5

Trai

ning

and

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g

MICROESCALE

WP 3Climate modelling and

Water ballance

METROPOLITAN SCALE

MESOESCALE

WP 2LiWa Scenarios

2040

WP 4LiWatool

WP 9.1

Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

LIMA ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY (LEIS)

Wat

er S

ensi

tive

Urb

an D

esig

n G

uide

lines

Design Solutions

Pilot Projects

Lima Ecological Infraestructure Strategy (LEIS)

Principles at city level for a Water Sensitive Urban

Development

Lim

a Ec

olog

ical

Infr

astr

uctu

re S

trat

egy

Tool

(LEI

S To

ol)

2

Ecological Infrastructure Strategy for Lima23/37

Understanding urban water cycle and open space design

Survey of 20 cases representing different typologies of open spaceSource: Google Earth, geoeye 2012

river corridor river corridor

river corridor

irrigation channel corridorirrigation channel corridor

street greenerystreet greeneryelectrical lines

metro line

loma biotop

zonal park

zonal park

district park

large private open space - university campus

24/37

Water sensitive design prototypes

solid waste

Green areas (land use, type of vegetation, irrigation demands in dry season and wet season, type of irrigation, source of nutrients, etc.)

Water sources (water quality, quantity)

Aesthetics and ecology of water (visibility, accessibility, bench structure and if and how water is reflected in the design of the open space

Maintenance costs and institutional framework

wastewater

neglected, dangerous area

Existing relationship between water, open space and peopleStudy area: Irrigation channels ChuquitantaSan Martin de Porres Municipality

poor water quality

Open space design providing essential environmental services Green purification corridor

Designing open spaces which purify water, purify wastewater, harvest water from the fog, recycle nutrients, maintain the character of the place, etc.

25/37

WP 7Water Tariff instruments/

Economy

REGIONAL SCALE

WP6WP 5

Trai

ning

and

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g

MICROESCALE

WP 3Climate modelling and

Water ballance

METROPOLITAN SCALE

MESOESCALE

WP 2LiWa Scenarios

2040

WP 4LiWatool

WP 9.1

Stak

ehol

der P

artic

ipat

ion

LIMA ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY (LEIS)

Wat

er S

ensi

tive

Urb

an D

esig

n G

uide

lines

Design Solutions

Pilot Projects

Lima Ecological Infraestructure Strategy (LEIS)

Principles at city level for a Water Sensitive Urban

Development

Lim

a Ec

olog

ical

Infr

astr

uctu

re S

trat

egy

Tool

(LEI

S To

ol)

3

Ecological Infrastructure Strategy for Lima26/37

View from the Cerro El Paraíso towards the industrial area in Callao. Agricultural fields in the Chillón Valley with the Pre-Inca huaca El Paraíso in the foreground.

View from the Hill Santa Cruz towards the river mouth of the Chillón River behind the mountain range in the background.

Demonstration area - Lower Chillón River Watershed27/37

Ecological infrastructure for Lower Chillón River Watershed

Utilisation of local water sources, not drinking water and groundwater.

28/37

Ecological infrastructure for Lower Chillón River Watershed

Water sensitive design prototypes applied in a larger scale create an essential and regenerative infrastructure for the city.

29/37

RIVER

POND

IRRIGATION CHANNEL

GREY WATER

Temporary installations of water sensitive design prototypes / Summerschool 2012

30/37

Needs of the local inhabitants, local knowledge and local materials.

31/37

Phase II: Field Testing Equipment

Aquamerck® Compact Laboratory for Water Testing

Calibration of pH Probe

27

NO

OO

NOO

PO

O

O

O

NH

HH H

muestra 2: puquioSample taken in the middle of the spring, near outlet and shore

11:00 PM

7.1

25.9 !

4.6 !

0.025

25 !

0

0.5

!

!

Water Temperatures are high but not too high to support aquatic life. pH is slightly basic but is within Peru’s limits for water that can be used for irrigation of short- and long-stemmed plants.

Nitrate and Nitrite levels exceed Peru’s limit for water that can be used for irrigation of short- and longstemmed plants.

water sampel 2: spring

puquiospring

N

tomando muestra de agua del puquiotaking water sample from spring

PRUEBA

S DE A

GU

A

Interdisciplinary process for designing of water sensitive open spaces.

Source: K.McElhinney, Master Thesis, 2012, ILPÖ

32/37

Temporary installations of water sensitive design

33/37

Treatment reservoir Wetland park Grey water treatemnt and reuse for Urban agriculture

River dike

Escala 1/100010 20 30 40 50 m

N

Rio Chillon Ecological Park+ Water Dynamics + Flood Protection + Agriculture / Social Activities

Preliminary Design- Site Plan31.07.2012

5

6

4

3

2

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Typical section: Neighborhood Park - Landside

> Flood event> Extreme flood event

Typical section:Neighborhood Park - Waterside

Flood protection + Recreation + Green area

= one investment= saving water for irrigation and

reducing maintenance of green areas

> Flood event> Extreme flood event

Typical section: Watergardens - Waterside

Water purification + Green area + Recreation = saving cost of water for irrigation of large green areas and

reducing maintenance of green areas, low maintainance intensity of wettlands

Grey water purification + Recreation + Production of agricultural products

+ Care by locals

= saving cost for installation of pipe infrastructure and connection to the public wastewater network= saving maintenance of green areas

Typical section: Open fields - Landside

Water purification + Production of agricultural products

+ Recreation

= saving cost for clean water = saving maintenance of green areas

Reservoir

Constructed wetland

Dam & Esplanade River banks

River banksCommunity Gardens

Lower esplanade

Dam & Esplanade

Constructed wetland

River gardens

Dam & Esplanade

Constructed wetland

Gabion embankment & River walk

Gabion embankment & wetland walk

Rio Chillon

Riprap layer & arid gardens

Riprap layer & arid gardens

Rubble breakwater

River gardens

Dam & Esplanade

Gabion embankment & River walk

Gabion wall

Rio Chillon

Rubble breakwater

ReservoirConstructed wetland

Riprap& arid gardens

Mirador

Esplanade

Gabion wall

River gardens

Rubble breakwater

Rubble breakwater

Rubble breakwater

Rio Chillon

Esplanade

Constructed wetland

River gardens

WWTP effluent

Riprap & arid gardens

Riprap & arid gardens

Riprap & arid gardens

Gabion embankment & River walk

Gabion embankment & River walk

Gabion embankment & wetland walk

Constructed wetland

Community gardens

Esplanade

Park centre

Playing fields

Water plays

Fence

Fence

Lower esplanade

conceptAlternative - A-: Agriculture drawings:

Strategic project - Seasonal River Park at the Chillón River

flux. Dieterle Landschaftsarchitektur

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Strategic project - Lomas park... park captures water from the fog

Ege M., Diploma Thesis, 2012, ILPÖ

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While designing a place/area we alter the water flows. A planned intervention, based on the understanding of the urban water cycle and natural processes, initiates new natural process with new ecosystem services for the city.

Such places can provide services such as water purification, wastewater purification, water harvesting from fog and nutrients recycling, and thus create an essential and regenerative infrastructure for the city.

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Water-Sensitive Design of Open Space SystemsEcological Infrastructure Strategy for Metropolitan Lima, Perú

Dipl.-Ing. Eva Nemcovaeva.nemcova@ilpoe.uni-stuttgart.de

Prof. Antje Stokman Dr. Bernd Eisenberg MSc. Arch. Rossana Poblet

Research project LiWa (Lima Water)http://www.lima-water.de/

Integrated urban planning strategies and planning tools (May 2011 - May 2013)

Institute of Landscape Planing and EcologyUniversity of Stuttgart, Germanyhttp://www.ilpoe.uni-stuttgart.de/

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