13.o1,02 Plant Growth, 13.o1,02 Plant Growth, DevelopmentDevelopment

Part 1Part 1

13.01 Compare Plant Sciences13.01 Compare Plant Sciences

13.02 Differentiate Terms13.02 Differentiate Terms

There Are Two Kinds of There Are Two Kinds of SciencesSciences

1. Basic science1. Basic science

2. Applied2. Applied

Basic Plant SciencesBasic Plant Sciences

A. Biology – the branch of science that A. Biology – the branch of science that deals with plant and animal organisms and deals with plant and animal organisms and life processes.life processes.

1. Zoology – the part of biology that 1. Zoology – the part of biology that deals with animals.deals with animals.

2. Botany – the part of biology that 2. Botany – the part of biology that deals with plants. deals with plants.

Applied Plant SciencesApplied Plant Sciences

1.Agronomy- the science and practice of 1.Agronomy- the science and practice of growing field crops. Cotton, wheat, growing field crops. Cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans.tobacco, corn and soybeans.

2.Forestry- the science and practice of 2.Forestry- the science and practice of growing, managing and harvesting tress for growing, managing and harvesting tress for building materials and other products.building materials and other products.

3.Horticulture- the science and practice of 3.Horticulture- the science and practice of growing, processing and marketing fruits, growing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. vegetables and ornamental plants.

Compare Plant Sciences Compare Plant Sciences ( Applied Science)( Applied Science)

Agronomy- growing field cropsAgronomy- growing field crops TobaccoTobacco CottonCotton WheatWheat Corn Corn Soybean Soybean

Compare Plant SciencesCompare Plant Sciences

Forestry-Forestry- 1. Grow trees for lumber1. Grow trees for lumber 2.Manage forest2.Manage forest

Compare Plant Sciences-Compare Plant Sciences-horticulturehorticulture

Pomology-fruits and nuts.Pomology-fruits and nuts. Floriculture- flowers.Floriculture- flowers. Olericulture- vegteables.Olericulture- vegteables. Ornamental and landscape horticulture Ornamental and landscape horticulture

(nursery, turf grass).(nursery, turf grass).

The above are all horticultural sciences and The above are all horticultural sciences and practices.practices.

Compare Plant SciencesCompare Plant Sciences

One way to distinguish among plant One way to distinguish among plant sciences is to observe the purpose that the sciences is to observe the purpose that the plant is grown.plant is grown.

These Are a Few Terms Used to These Are a Few Terms Used to Describe Plants. 13.0,2 Describe Plants. 13.0,2

Leaf retentionLeaf retention

Deciduous- drops its leaves in the dormant Deciduous- drops its leaves in the dormant (winter) season. Ex. Oaks,maples, bald (winter) season. Ex. Oaks,maples, bald cypress.cypress.

Evergreen- does not drop its leaves in the Evergreen- does not drop its leaves in the dormant season. Keeps its leaves all year dormant season. Keeps its leaves all year long.long.

Terms for Life cycleTerms for Life cycle

Annual-completes its life cycle in one Annual-completes its life cycle in one growing season. (In one year).growing season. (In one year).

Biennial- completes its life cycle in two Biennial- completes its life cycle in two growing season.growing season.

Perennial- completes its life cycle in more Perennial- completes its life cycle in more than two growing seasons.than two growing seasons.

HoromonesHoromones

1.Inhibitors or hasten fruit ripening, inhibits or 1.Inhibitors or hasten fruit ripening, inhibits or restrains seed germination and stem elongation.restrains seed germination and stem elongation.

2.Cytokinins- Horomones that work with auxins to 2.Cytokinins- Horomones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.stimulate cell division.

3.Gibberellias- Horomones that stimulate cell 3.Gibberellias- Horomones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering and breaking of elongation, premature flowering and breaking of dormancy.dormancy.

Auxins- Horomones that speed plant growth by Auxins- Horomones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement.stimulating cell enlargement.

Moisture in PlantsMoisture in Plants

1.Turgid- plant is swollen or filled with 1.Turgid- plant is swollen or filled with moisture.moisture.

2.Wilted- plant is limp because it does not 2.Wilted- plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture.have enough moisture.

Review..name two types of Review..name two types of sciencessciences

Basic and applied.Basic and applied.

Horticulture,agronomy,and Horticulture,agronomy,and forestry are….forestry are….

Applied sciencesApplied sciences

Rev.. Biology, zoology, and Rev.. Biology, zoology, and botany are….botany are….

Basic sciencesBasic sciences

Review.. Annuals complete their Review.. Annuals complete their life cycle in ???life cycle in ???

One growing seasonOne growing season

Keeps leaves and remains green Keeps leaves and remains green year-longyear-long

EvergreenEvergreen

Plant is swollen or filled with Plant is swollen or filled with moisturemoisture

TurgidTurgid

Plants are limp not enough Plants are limp not enough moisture…moisture…

WiltedWilted

Biennial lives how long ???Biennial lives how long ???

Life cycle is two years.Life cycle is two years.

A plant that completes its life A plant that completes its life cycle in more than two yearscycle in more than two years

PerennialPerennial

Loses its leaves during dormant Loses its leaves during dormant seasonseason

DeciduousDeciduous

14.0,1 Identifying the Major 14.0,1 Identifying the Major Parts of PlantsParts of Plants

Plant PartsPlant Parts

External Parts of LeavesExternal Parts of Leaves

A.Petiole- leaf stalk or part that connects A.Petiole- leaf stalk or part that connects leaf to stem.leaf to stem.

B.Blade- the large, flat part of a leaf.B.Blade- the large, flat part of a leaf. C.Midrib- the large center vein.C.Midrib- the large center vein. D.Veins- the structural framework of leaf.D.Veins- the structural framework of leaf. E.Margin- the edge of leaf.E.Margin- the edge of leaf.

External Part of the LeafExternal Part of the Leaf

Find the…Find the… PetiolePetiole MidribMidrib BladeBlade VeinsVeins MarginMargin

Internal Parts of LeavesInternal Parts of Leaves

A.Upper and lower epidermis- skin of the A.Upper and lower epidermis- skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture.moisture.

B.Stomates- small openings under the leaf B.Stomates- small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration.for breathing or transpiration.

C.Guard cells- open and close stomates.C.Guard cells- open and close stomates. D.Chloroplasts- small green particles that D.Chloroplasts- small green particles that

contain chlorophyll, give leaves their green contain chlorophyll, give leaves their green color and are necessary for photosynthesis.color and are necessary for photosynthesis.

Internal Parts of the LeafInternal Parts of the Leaf

Find the…Find the… 1.Upper and lower epidermis1.Upper and lower epidermis 2.Stomates2.Stomates 3.Guard cells3.Guard cells 4.Chloroplast4.Chloroplast

External Parts of StemsExternal Parts of Stems

A.-Lenticels- breathing pores.A.-Lenticels- breathing pores. B.-Bud scale scars- show where terminal B.-Bud scale scars- show where terminal

buds have been located.buds have been located. C.-Leaf scars- show where leaves were C.-Leaf scars- show where leaves were

attached.attached. D.Terminal bud – bud on end of stem.D.Terminal bud – bud on end of stem. E. Auxiliary or lateral bud - bud on side of E. Auxiliary or lateral bud - bud on side of

stem.stem.

Internal Parts of a StemInternal Parts of a Stem

A.Xylem- tissue that transports water and A.Xylem- tissue that transports water and nutrients up from roots to stems and leaves.nutrients up from roots to stems and leaves.

B.Ploem- tissue that transports food down B.Ploem- tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots.from leaves to roots.

C.Cambium- thin, green, actively growing C.Cambium- thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells.produces all new stem cells.

D.Bark- old inactive phloem.D.Bark- old inactive phloem.

Internal Parts of Stem (Con.)Internal Parts of Stem (Con.)

E.Heartwood- old inactive xylem.E.Heartwood- old inactive xylem. F.Sapwood- new active xylem.F.Sapwood- new active xylem. G.Monocota ( monocot) - plant stems have G.Monocota ( monocot) - plant stems have

vascular bundles that contain both xylem vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle-examples: and phloem in each bundle-examples: grasses, corn.grasses, corn.

H. Dicata ( dicot) - plant stems have phloem H. Dicata ( dicot) - plant stems have phloem layer and xlyem layer separated by layer and xlyem layer separated by cambium-example: trees.cambium-example: trees.

External Parts of RootsExternal Parts of Roots

A. Much different from those 0f stems.A. Much different from those 0f stems. B. Root cap-indicates growth of new cells.B. Root cap-indicates growth of new cells. C. Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and C. Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and

minerals.minerals.

Internal Parts of the RootInternal Parts of the Root

Much like stems.Much like stems. 1.Phloem – the outer layer that carries the 1.Phloem – the outer layer that carries the

food down to the root.food down to the root. 2.Xylem – the inner layer that carries 2.Xylem – the inner layer that carries

water and mineral (fertilizer) to the stem.water and mineral (fertilizer) to the stem.

Two Types of RootsTwo Types of Roots

Fibrous- many branched shallow roots,easy Fibrous- many branched shallow roots,easy to transplant.to transplant.

2. Tap root long root with few branches, 2. Tap root long root with few branches, more difficult to transplant.more difficult to transplant.

Two Types of RootsTwo Types of Roots

Fibrous root tap rootFibrous root tap root

FlowersFlowers

Develop into seeds and fruits.Develop into seeds and fruits.

Flowers and what they do.Flowers and what they do.

1. Produce seeds used for sexual 1. Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction.reproduction.

2. Attract insects for pollination. 2. Attract insects for pollination. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.anther to the stigma.

3. Produce fruit to protect, nourish and 3. Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds.carry seeds.

Flower partsFlower parts

Major partsMajor parts

Flower partsFlower parts

A closer lookA closer look

Male flowerMale flower

StamenStamen

Male FlowerMale Flower

1. Stamens-the male flower parts include:1. Stamens-the male flower parts include: A. Filament-short stalk that holds up the A. Filament-short stalk that holds up the

anther.anther. B. Anther-a sac-like structure that contains, B. Anther-a sac-like structure that contains,

pollen, the male sex cells.pollen, the male sex cells.

Female FlowerFemale Flower

PistilPistil

Female FlowerFemale Flower

1. Pistol-the female flower parts include:1. Pistol-the female flower parts include: A. Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that A. Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that

become seeds if fertilized.become seeds if fertilized. B. Ovary-if fertilized becomes fruit or seed B. Ovary-if fertilized becomes fruit or seed

coat.coat. C. Style-holds up the stigma and connects it C. Style-holds up the stigma and connects it

to the ovary.to the ovary. D. Stigma- sticky part on top of style where D. Stigma- sticky part on top of style where

insect leave pollen.insect leave pollen.

FlowersFlowers

1. Sepals-green parts that cover and protect 1. Sepals-green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens.flower bud before it opens.

2. Petals-are really leaves that are modified 2. Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers.pretty part that we call flowers.

Flower (Continued)Flower (Continued)

A. Complete flower-has both male and A. Complete flower-has both male and female parts.female parts.

B. Incomplete flower-has only male or B. Incomplete flower-has only male or female parts.female parts.

14.02 describe the function of the 14.02 describe the function of the major ..major ..

PLANT PARTSPLANT PARTS

LeavesLeaves

1. Photosynthesis-manufactures food in 1. Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things on earth.food chain for all living things on earth.

2. Photosynthesis is the process by which 2. Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen.light are converted to sugar and oxygen.

3. Chemical formula for photosynthesis.3. Chemical formula for photosynthesis.

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

StemsStems

1. Translocation-move water and minerals 1. Translocation-move water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots.from the leaves down to the roots.

2. Support branches, leaves, flowers, fruit 2. Support branches, leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds.and seeds.

RootsRoots

1. Absorption-take water and nutrients from 1. Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them the soil and conduct them to the stem. to the stem.

2. Anchor the plant and hold it upright.2. Anchor the plant and hold it upright. 3. Store food for plant use.3. Store food for plant use. 4. Asexual reproduction in some plants.4. Asexual reproduction in some plants.

FlowersFlowers

1. Produce seeds used for sexual 1. Produce seeds used for sexual propagation.propagation.

2. Attract insects for pollination. 2. Attract insects for pollination. (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.).anther to stigma.).

Produce fruit to protect,nourish and carry Produce fruit to protect,nourish and carry seeds.seeds.

016.00 Analyze the Process of 016.00 Analyze the Process of the Growth in Horticultural the Growth in Horticultural

PlantsPlants016.01 Compare and contrast the 016.01 Compare and contrast the process and stages of growth in process and stages of growth in

horticulture plantshorticulture plants

Plant ProcessesPlant Processes

Photosynthesis is the food manufacturing Photosynthesis is the food manufacturing process in green plantsprocess in green plants

Respiration is the process through which Respiration is the process through which plant leaves, stems, and roots consume plant leaves, stems, and roots consume oxygenoxygen

Absorption is the process in which plant Absorption is the process in which plant roots take in water and airroots take in water and air

Plant ProcessesPlant Processes

Transpiration is the process in which plants Transpiration is the process in which plants loose the water from leaves and stems loose the water from leaves and stems through evaporationthrough evaporation

Translocation is the process in which food Translocation is the process in which food and nutrients are moved from one plant part and nutrients are moved from one plant part to anotherto another

Reproduction is the plant process that Reproduction is the plant process that increases the plants seedsincreases the plants seeds

Stages of GrowthStages of Growth

Juvenile is when the plant first starts to Juvenile is when the plant first starts to grow from a seedgrow from a seed

Reproductive is when the plant produces Reproductive is when the plant produces flowers, seeds, and fruitsflowers, seeds, and fruits

Dormant is when the plant rests or grows Dormant is when the plant rests or grows very little if anyvery little if any

16.02 Cells basic unit of Growth16.02 Cells basic unit of Growth

Nucleus is the location of the plant’s Nucleus is the location of the plant’s genetic/hereditary make-upgenetic/hereditary make-up

Protoplasm is the living matters of the cellProtoplasm is the living matters of the cell Plasma membrane surrounds protoplasm Plasma membrane surrounds protoplasm

and allows the exchange of nutrients and and allows the exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of the cellgases into and out of the cell

Cells basic unit of Growth Cells basic unit of Growth

Cell wall is rigid and provides support for Cell wall is rigid and provides support for the cell and the whole plantthe cell and the whole plant

Other cell structuresOther cell structures

A.A. ChloroplastsChloroplasts

B.B. VacuoleVacuole

C.C. PlastidsPlastids

D.D. MitochondrionMitochondrion

TissueTissue

Tissue-a group of cells with similar origin Tissue-a group of cells with similar origin and function.and function.

1.Classified according to their origin and 1.Classified according to their origin and function.function.

A. Structure of permanent tissue.A. Structure of permanent tissue.

1) simple-usually one type of cell.1) simple-usually one type of cell.

2) complex-several types of cells.2) complex-several types of cells.

Tissue (Cont.)Tissue (Cont.)

B. Origin and function.B. Origin and function.

1) meristematic-near tip of stems and roots 1) meristematic-near tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur.where cell division and enlargement occur.

2) vascular cambium-increase growth in 2) vascular cambium-increase growth in diameter of stems.diameter of stems.

Tissues (cont.)Tissues (cont.)

C. Simple tissues.C. Simple tissues.

1) epidermal-one-cell thick, outer layer, 1) epidermal-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects, prevents water loss.protects, prevents water loss.

2) sclerenchyma-have thickened cell walls 2) sclerenchyma-have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures.support to plant structures.

Tissue (Cont.)Tissue (Cont.)

D. Collenchymas-have thick cell walls that D. Collenchymas-have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures.strengthen and support plant structures.

E. Parenchyma-fleshy part of plant that E. Parenchyma-fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients.stores water and nutrients.

Phases of the Asexual CyclePhases of the Asexual Cycle

1. Vegetative-growth and development of 1. Vegetative-growth and development of buds, roots, leaves and stems.buds, roots, leaves and stems.

A. Cell elongation-stage when cells enlarge.A. Cell elongation-stage when cells enlarge.

B. Differentiation-stage when cells B. Differentiation-stage when cells specialize.specialize.

2. Reproductive - flowering-plant develops 2. Reproductive - flowering-plant develops flower buds that will develop into flowers, flower buds that will develop into flowers, fruits and seeds.fruits and seeds.

16.03Investigate how ..16.03Investigate how ..

Light,moisture,temperature, and nutrients Light,moisture,temperature, and nutrients affect plants.affect plants.

A. LightA. Light

1. Photoperiodism-response of plants to 1. Photoperiodism-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles.flowering and reproduction cycles.

2. Necessary because of photosynthesis.2. Necessary because of photosynthesis. 3.Not enough light causes long slender, 3.Not enough light causes long slender,

spindly stems.spindly stems. 4. Too much causes plants to dry out fast.4. Too much causes plants to dry out fast.

B. MoistureB. Moisture

1. Needed in large amounts because plant 1. Needed in large amounts because plant tissue is mostly water and water carries tissue is mostly water and water carries nutrients.nutrients.

2. Not enough water causes wilting and 2. Not enough water causes wilting and stunted growth.stunted growth.

3. Too much causes the roots to drown.3. Too much causes the roots to drown.(Roots must breath air water fills the air (Roots must breath air water fills the air space.).space.).

C. TemperatureC. Temperature

1. Needs vary depending on type of plant.1. Needs vary depending on type of plant.(Pansies need cool temps. Vegetables need (Pansies need cool temps. Vegetables need warm.).warm.).

2. Either too high or too low will have 2. Either too high or too low will have adverse effects.adverse effects.

D. NutrientsD. Nutrients

1. Plants need nutrients N-P-K and others to 1. Plants need nutrients N-P-K and others to grow properly.grow properly.

2. But has little effect on seed germination.2. But has little effect on seed germination.

E. Combining light, moisture, E. Combining light, moisture, temperature and nutrients.temperature and nutrients.

1. Give a plant all these in the right 1. Give a plant all these in the right quantities will give optimum plant growth.quantities will give optimum plant growth.

2. Each has an effect on the other.2. Each has an effect on the other. 3. Unfavorable environmental conditions 3. Unfavorable environmental conditions

for plant growth (above) can cause diseases for plant growth (above) can cause diseases to be more severe.to be more severe.