14. response - sandia national laboratories
TRANSCRIPT
14 – Response
The Twenty-Seventh International Training CoursePage 1
14. ResponseApril 29 – May 18, 2018
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Response
Learn ing Object ives
After completing this module, you should be able to:• Define guards and response forces, their basis in
international instruments, and their role in a PPS• List two functions of a response force in mitigating an
adversary threat• Recognize concepts of interruption and neutralization• Be familiar with guard and response force equipment• Describe principles of guard and response force planning,
training, and evaluation methods
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The Twenty-Seventh International Training CoursePage 2
Response
Nuc lear Secur i ty Ser ies 13 (NSS-13)
• 3.45 The concept of physical protection is one which requires a designed mixture of hardware (security devices), procedures (including the organization of guards and the performance of their duties) and facility design (including layout)
• 3.46 The three physical protection functions of detection, delay, and response should each use defense in depth and apply a graded approach to provide appropriate physical protection
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Response Force Def in i t ions
• Guard: A person who is entrusted with responsibility for patrolling, monitoring, assessing alarms, escorting individuals during transport, controlling access, and / or providing initial response
• Response Forces: Persons on-site or off-site who are armed and appropriately equipped and trained to prevent an attempted unauthorized removal of nuclear material or an act of sabotage The same personnel may be assigned guard and response force
duties at a nuclear facility; there may be separate guard and response force units on-site; or the response force may be augmented or wholly provided by outside agencies
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Role of Guards
• Controlling access to a security area or into a facility• Conducting
Searches of personnel and vehicles Patrols on foot or in a vehicle to detect unauthorized activities
• Responding to alarms to assess the cause• Operating a central or secondary alarm station• Escorting nuclear material movements
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Ro le of Response Force
• Prevent theft or sabotage of nuclear materials and nuclear facilities Achieved by use of force required to stop a threat up to lethal
force, if necessary. Right place at the right time, with the right equipment
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Role o f Guards and Response Forces in an E f fec t ive PPS• Detection is sufficient to prompt response force to
respond• Sufficient delay allows response force to respond in time• Once deployed, response force has sufficient capabilities
to stop the threat (DBT or Threat Assessment)• An effective PPS also incorporates elements to increase
deterrence and reduce the likelihood of an attack Measures can be implemented that make planning an attack
more difficult (effectiveness of these measures can be difficult to measure)
Features can be used to introduce an element of uncertainty, e.g., unpredictability of guard and response force deployment and response actions
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Funct ions of a Response Force
• To achieve its role in preventing theft or sabotage of nuclear materials and nuclear facilities, the response force has two functions: Interruption: The successful arrival of the response force at an
appropriate location in time to stop the adversary Neutralization: The ability of the response force after arrival to
prevent completion of the adversary act. Neutralization is achieved when the response force kills, captures, or causes the adversary to flee before adversary can complete the task.
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The ability to arrive in time and prevent completion of theft or sabotage is the measure of success for a
response force
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Successfu l Interrupt ion Requirements
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Reliable, fast communication of alarms to Alarm Center
Correct assessment of problem
Reliable communication from the Alarm Center to security responders
•At least two timely means of communication
Security responders must deploy to correct locations
•Planning, training, exercises
Coordination with other responders
Reduce Response Force Time
• Reduce communication time• Eliminate or reduce travel time
Measur ing Tota l PPS Response T ime to Inter rupt Adversary Act ions• Total PPS Response Time
Measured from the first activation of an alarm by a threat to the time the response force is in position to interrupt the actions of that threat
Does not include the time necessary for the response force to engage the threat and prevent them from completing a theft or sabotage act
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Note: The response force may arrive individually or in groups at different times, so there is a PPS Response Time associated with the arrival of each individual or group.
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Neutra l izat ion / Capture Requirements
• Neutralization is most important role of response force But only possible if interruption occurs
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Application of Tactics
Equipment
Knowledge of Tactics
Physical Fitness
Proficiency
Training
Neutra l izat ion Bas is• Use of response forces should have a basis in law, be carefully
planned, and rigorously controlled• Policies, plans, and procedures should be established to document:
Legal authority for use of force by response forces Rules governing conditions when response force can physically
engage threats with methods up to deadly force What types of methods response force can use against threats in
a graded manner – from non-lethal to lethal• To counter the threat, the response force must have:
Sufficient numbers Equipment Appropriate tactics, techniques, and procedures
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Cont ingency Planning and Pr inc ip les
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Three Planning Issues
Planning Principles
and Concepts
Interaction with
outside agencies
Use of force
Three Planning Issues
Planning Principles
and Concepts
Interaction with
outside agencies
Use of force
Planning Pr inc ip les and Concepts
• The amended CPPNM requires the development and exercising of contingency plans, and NSS-13 defines hardware, procedures, and facility layout as an integral part of physical protection Fundamental Principle K, Amended Convention on the Physical
Protection of Nuclear Materials and NSS-13, Section 3.45• Planning concepts include:
Identify and prioritize potential targets (theft vs sabotage) Determine appropriate protection strategies for the site Identify optimal guard and response force configuration Develop plans and procedures
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Pr imary Response Force Strategies
• Containment: A strategy to prevent adversaries from leaving the site with an asset This strategy is used for nuclear material theft targets
• Denial: A strategy to prevent adversaries from getting to an asset and completing a sabotage act This strategy is used for nuclear facility and nuclear material
sabotage targets
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Secondary Response Force Strategies
• Recapture: A strategy used to regain control of a critical location on the site occupied by adversaries to prevent completion of a sabotage act This strategy is a secondary strategy to a denial strategy
• Pursuit and Recovery: A strategy to pursue adversaries who have left the site with nuclear material, regain control of it, and return it to the site This strategy is a secondary strategy to a containment strategy
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Coordinat ion with Outs ide Agencies
• Facility may use outside or off-site agencies to provide a response force or augment site’s response force Protection requirements must be carefully documented and
rehearsed • Written agreements or understandings can be useful and
should cover topics such as: Role of support agencies Specific requirements (number of responders, response force
time, locations of road blocks, etc.) Integrated communications with support agencies Off-site operations Site familiarization Joint training exercises and validations
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Use of Force
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Legal Bas is for Use of Force
• Use of force does not always imply deadly force Force Continuum may be established that directs Response
Forces to use minimum amount of force necessary to: • Control the situation • Make an arrest, or• Perform other actions to stop the action of adversaries and prevent
a malevolent act Describes use of authorized escalating amount of force, based on
actions of adversary Rules of Engagement define when Response Force can use
weapons against adversaries
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Force Cont inuum• Presence verbal use of hands less lethal
deadly force
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Chemicals
Impact Weapons
Tasers
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Rules of Engagement Def ined
• Rules of Engagement: Criteria regarding when lethal force can be applied in the protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities
• Should be: Consistent with State’s laws and regulations Documented Basis for contingency plans
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Response Force Equipment
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Weapons Vehicles
Soft
Armored
Communication equipment
Radio
Telephone
Duress alarm
Night vision devices
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Personal Protect ion Surv ivabi l i ty• Response Force survivability
considerations Based on DBT
capabilities Site specific
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Gas Mask and Chemical / Bio Suits
Self‐Contained Breathing Apparatus
Helmet
Body Armor
Flashlights and Binoculars
Vest (Tactical)
Intermediate Force Weapon
Enhancements
• Improved radio systems• Protected response routes• Hardened fighting positions• Automated response capabilities• Secure equipment storage• Secure communications center• Breaching equipment• Training
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Response Force Tra in ing
• Critical part of Response Force program• Should include all contingency missions• Scenario-based and in realistic environment• Designed in response to training needs analysis
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Response Force Performance Test ing
• Subsystem performance testing Different types of tests provided to test performance of individual
components of RF functions Testing individual components of whole system
• Whole system performance testing Testing sections of whole system Two performance measure criteria are evaluated
• Interruption• Neutralization
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Time Mot ion Studies (TMS)
• TMS are considered the foundation for the response element Tests responders arriving at a designated response point during
a required time Based on a response plan – determines and validates required
response times to arrive at various response locations• Conduct a large number of studies for each tactical
position to quantitatively justify the average response time for each position
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TMS – How It Works• Used to determine adequacy of planning and whether interruption
will be timely• Time begins at the responder’s origination point to the dedicated
response point• Included in the overall response time:
Don all required equipment and firearms Travel or traverse time Enter through entry gates, doors, or other types of barriers Arrive at location of interruption
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Total Response Time
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Response
Key Takeaways
• Response is an important function in a PPS• Guards and response forces have different functions
based on the amended CPPNM and NSS-13• Two functions of response force are to interrupt and
neutralize threats attempting to steal nuclear material or sabotage a nuclear facility or nuclear materials
• Two primary strategies are containment and denial• Robust planning, training, and evaluation programs are
essential to achieve and sustain effective performance of guards and response force, especially because of the human element
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