14 static equilibrium and elasticity
TRANSCRIPT
Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
Topic 12 (cont.)
Lecture Outline12.4 Hooke’s Law12.5 Young Modulus12.6 Stress and
Strain12.7 Fracture
12.4 Hooke’s LawAn object exerted by force – pulling force – the length will changeIf the amount of elongation is small compare to the length of the object initial length, Hooke’s Law state that: The change in length is proportional to the applied force.
F – pulling force Δl – change in length
k – proportionality constant
First noted by Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Valid for almost any solid material
But applicable for only to a certain point – force is not to strong
Up to a point – Hooke’s Law is not valid
This proportionality, holds until the force reaches the proportional limit.
Beyond that, the object will still return to its original shape up to the elastic limit.
Beyond the elastic limit, the material is permanently deformed
More force is apply it breaks at the breaking point.
Ultimate Strength – Maximum force the object can sustain
12.5 Young ModulusThe change in length of a stretched object depends not only on the applied force, but also on its length, cross-sectional area and the material from which it is made.The elongation of an object is proportional to the original length and inversely proportional to the cross-section area of the object
E – Elastic modulus/Young Modulus
Example 12-7: Tension in piano wire.
A 1.60-m-long steel piano wire has a diameter of 0.20 cm. How great is the tension in the wire if it stretches 0.25 cm when tightened?
(E = 2.0 × 1011 N/m2)
12.6 Stress and Strain
Stress is defined as the force per unit area.
[unit: N/m2]
Strain is defined as the ratio of the change in length to the original length. (how much an object is deform)
Therefore, the elastic modulus is equal to the stress divided by the strain:
Tension/tensile stress
In tensile stress, forces tend to stretch the object.
Three type of stress:
Compression stress
Compression – force act inwardly on the object.
Compressional stress is exactly the opposite of tensional stress. These columns are under compression.
Sheer stress
Equal and opposite force acted on the object – across its opposite faces
G – Sheer Modulus
The shear strain, where G is the shear modulus:
If an object is subjected to inward forces on all sides, its volume changes depending on its bulk modulus. This is the only deformation that applies to fluids.
or
Example: Squeezing a Brass SphereA solid brass sphere is initially surrounded by air, and the air pressure exerted on it is 1.0 × 105 N/m2. The sphere is lowered into the ocean to depth where the pressure is 2.0 × 107 N/m2. The volume of the sphere in air is 0.50 m3. By how much does this volume change once the sphere is submerged? (Bulk Modulus for brass = 80 × 109 N/m2)
If the stress on an object is too great, the object will fracture. The ultimate strengths of materials under tensile stress, compressional stress, and shear stress have been measured.
When designing a structure, it is a good idea to keep anticipated stresses less than 1/3 to 1/10 of the ultimate strength.
12.7 Fracture
Example 12-8: Breaking the piano wire.
A steel piano wire is 1.60 m long with a diameter of 0.20 cm. Approximately what tension force would break it?
(Tensile strength of steel = 500 × 106 N/m2)