TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

1.41.4

THE LYMPHATIC THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMSYSTEM

Internal environment (Interstitial fluid &

blood plasma)Body cells

Blood capillaries

Lymphatic capillaries -

containing lymph

ArterioleVenule

THE FORMATION OF THE THE FORMATION OF THE INTERSTITIAL FLUIDINTERSTITIAL FLUID

Blood at the arterial end of capillaries is

under high pressure

The high pressure causes fluid from the blood plasma (except erythrocytes, plasma

proteins and platelets) to diffuse into the

spaces between the cells through the wall of

the capillaries

The exchange of substances between the blood capillaries and the body cells occurs in the interstitial fluid

Blood plasma is hypertonic to

interstitional fluid & blood pressure is

much lower--About 85 % of the

interstitial fluid re-enters the

capillaries at the venous end

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4

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BAGAIMANA BENDALIR LIMFA BAGAIMANA BENDALIR LIMFA TERBENTUKTERBENTUK

Tekanan hidrostatik darah lebih tinggi drpd tekanan osmotik darah

Bhn-bhn dlm plasma darah terturas keluar merentas

dinding kapilari darah ke dlm ruang antara sel = bendalir tisu

Tekanan hidrostatik lebih rendah drpd tekanan osmotik darah

HUJUNG ARTERIOLHUJUNG VENUL

90% bhn-bhn bendalir tisu meresap masuk semula ke dlm kapilari darah di hujung venul

10% meresap ke dlm kapilari limfa

The interstitial fluid must be returned to the circulatory system to maintain the normal blood volume

The remaining 15 % in the interstitial fluid will be sent back to circulatory system through the lymphatic system

THE FORMATION OF THE THE FORMATION OF THE INTERSTITIAL FLUIDINTERSTITIAL FLUID

THE COMPOSITION OF THE THE COMPOSITION OF THE INTERSTITIAL FLUIDINTERSTITIAL FLUID

• It contains water, dissolved nutrients, hormones, waste products , gases and small proteins from the blood

• It also contains leucocytes which are able to pass through the opening of the blood capillaries

• It , however, does not contain plasma proteins, erythrocytes and platelets as they are too large to pass through the wall of the blood capillaries

THE FORMATION OF LYMPHTHE FORMATION OF LYMPH

Blood at the arterial end of capillaries is

under high pressure

The high pressure causes fluid from the blood plasma (except erythrocytes, protein

plasma and platelets) to diffuse into the spaces

between the cells through the wall of the

capillaries

The exchange of substances between the blood capillaries and the body cells occurs in the interstitial fluid

The remaining 15% enters the lymph

capillaries to form lymph

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3

2

4

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2

3

4

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Blood plasma is hypertonic to

interstitial fluid & blood pressure is

much lower--About 85 % of the

interstitial fluid re-enters the

capillaries at the venous end

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM• The system consists of :-

– A network of lymph capillaries

• Located in the space between the cells• The interstitial fluid that has not reabsorbed into the bloodstream goes into

these capillaries• The fluid in these capillaries is called lymph

– Larger lymphatic vessels

• Made up of a convergence of lymphatic capillaries• The vessel have one-way valves to prevent the backflow of lymph• From these vessels , the lymph eventually drains into either the thoracic

duct or the right lymphatic duct

– Lymph nodes

• Located at intervals along the lymphatic vessels• They produce and store lymphocytes• They help to protect the body against infections

THE STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC THE STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMSYSTEM

Lymph node

• The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left side

of the head, neck and chest, the left upper limb and

the entire body below the ribs. The lymph from this

duct is emptied into the left subclavian vein , hence,

being returned into the blood circulatory system

• The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the

right arm, shoulder area and the right side of the

head and neck. The lymph from this duct is emptied

into the right subclavian vein hence, being returned

into the blood circulatory system

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The lymph moves towards the subclavian veins with the help of :-

– One-way valves along the lymphatic vessels

– Contractions of the surrounding skeletal

muscles

– Intestinal movement

– The changes in the pressure that occur

during inhalation and exhalation

THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN TRANSPORTIN TRANSPORT

1. Maintain the fluid balance in the body to prevent:-

a) the body tissues from becoming swollen due to too much of fluidb) oedema – an excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in

the spaces between the cells which blocks the lymphatic vessels

2. To make sure water, nutrients and other molecules leaked out before are returned to the blood circulatory system

3. Transporting tiny droplets of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins to the bloodstream.

More leucocytes