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    Peter Cornel, Susanne Bieker

    Technische Universitt Darmstadt

    Institute....

    Integrated urban water management the semizentral approach for fast

    growing urban areas

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    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 2

    Outline

    The challenges

    - Population growth

    - Urbanization

    - Limited resources

    Related questions

    From challenges to future strategies- Components of 21th century urban infrastructure

    - The future will be different from the past

    Nodal, distributed, semicentralized, diversified, adapted

    The Semizentral approach- System components

    - Case study Qingdao

    Conclusions and obstacles

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    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 3

    Challenge I: World Population Growth

    actual

    7,000,000,000

    100,000,000

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    Challenge II: Urbanization

    TU Darmstadt | IWAR, Abwassertechnik | Susanne Bieker und Peter Cornel | 4

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    Challenge II: Urbanization

    TU Darmstadt | IWAR, Abwassertechnik | Susanne Bieker und Peter Cornel | 5

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    Challenge II: Urbanization

    TU Darmstadt | IWAR, Abwassertechnik | Susanne Bieker und Peter Cornel | 6

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    Challenge II: Urbanization

    TU Darmstadt | IWAR, Abwassertechnik | Susanne Bieker und Peter Cornel | 7

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    Population growth takes place in Cities

    Example China

    millionin

    habitants

    Chineseurban

    regions

    Chineserural

    regions

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    1

    952

    1

    957

    1

    970

    1

    980

    1

    990

    2

    000

    2

    007

    Stadt LandChineseurbanregions

    Chineserural

    regions

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    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 9

    Challenge III: Dynamic of Urban Growth

    (Capita/hr)

    The Speed of Urban Change (Burdett & Rode 2007, 28f. modified)

    The example of Shanghai

    In total around 1 Million per week in cities

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    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 10

    Population growth:

    32 C/h 280,320 C/y

    Consequences of Growth rates e.g. Shanghai

    Additional water:132 L/(Cd) 36,442 m/d

    Additional solid waste:

    1 kg/(Cd) 280 Mg/d

    biological waste

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    Challenge iV: Limited Resources

    1. Water

    Jialing/Chongqing 2006;www.zeitenschrift.com/magazin/54-wasser.jpg26.5.2013

    http://www.hvv-mobility.com26.5.2013

    www.baecktrade.de26.5.2013

    2. Energy

    3. Nutrients (P, N, ..)

    TU Darmstadt | IWAR, Abwassertechnik | Susanne Bieker und Peter Cornel | 11

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    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 12

    Challenges III: Limited resources

    Water

    - Population Growth

    - Increasing living standards

    Higher personal water consumption

    Increasing meat consumption higher water consumption in agriculture perperson

    Energy

    - Energy and Water are linked

    Fuel Abstraction, Power Production, Cooling

    Energy for extracting, treating and distributing water

    Energy for (domestic) water heating

    Nutrients

    - Nitrogen, unlimited but energy intensive

    - Phosphorus, a limited resource

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    TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 13

    We have to answer the Question

    Can a system that evolved

    - more than 100 years ago- for global population < 1 billion

    - mostly rural

    - with lacking modern technology

    be the solution when

    - global population is > 9 billion

    - mostly urban- experiencing resource constraints ??

    Adapted from IWA-President Daigger, G.;Change in Paradigm: Waste to Resource,Weftec 10; New Orleans

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    TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 14

    Further Questions

    Can we effort not to re-use limited resources ?

    Water

    Energy

    Phosphorus

    .

    What does it really cost to do nothing ? Dramatically decreasing ground water tables by overexploitation

    Pollution of rivers

    water born diseases

    endangering potable water supply and agricultural irrigation

    running out of fertilizer

    climate change

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    TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 15

    From Challenges to future strategies

    To achieve

    - Improved public health protection

    - Less water abstraction from environment- Reduced discharges

    - Reduced resource consumption

    - Easier system upgrade and expansion

    - We need

    - concepts for transition e.g. centralized to de-centralized / semicentralized

    - public awareness, e.g. reuse and material flow management

    - new integrated techniques (water, wastewater, solid waste, .)

    - adapted management strategies

    - integration in administration and governance

    it is rather a challenge in administration andmanagement than in technique

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    TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 16

    Components of 21st century urban water

    management

    Water conservation

    Distributed stormwater management

    Rainwater harvesting

    Water reuse

    distributed (nodal, semicentralized) systems

    Low energy demand Integrated treatment (Water, waste water, solid waste)

    Source separation

    Heat recovery

    Nutrient recovery

    High flexibility and adaptability

    - a system being able to react to changes in development-reality

    - growing system for growing cities Adapted from IWA-President Daigger, G.;Change in Paradigm: Waste to Resource,

    Weftec 10; New Orleans

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 17

    Total water use cycle energy intensity(without end use energy demand)

    0.53 5.3 kWh/m

    Water Use Cycle and energy intensities forCalifornia. Numbers according to California

    Energy Commission (2005), p. 144, figure adaptedfrom Reiter (2008)Source

    Water SupplyandConveyance

    0 - 1.06

    kWh/m

    WaterTreatment

    0.026 - 4.23kWh/m

    WaterDistribution

    0.18 - 0.32kWh/m

    End User

    ResidentialCommercialIndustrial

    WastewaterCollection

    WastewaterTreatment

    WastewaterDischarge

    0 0.11 kWh/m

    waterbodies

    RecycledWater

    Treatment

    RecycledWater

    Distribution

    0.29 - 1.22 kWh/m

    0.11 0.32 kWh/m

    Example: Energy and Water

    Reuse cycle

    0.4-1.5 kWh/m

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 18

    Resources recovery fosters new infrastructure

    solutions

    1. Water reuse fosters decentralization

    - minimizing energy demand for pumping

    - minimizing capex for sewer and pipe systems

    - minimizing water losses

    2. Energy recovery fosters decentralization

    - heat recovery from greywater (showers, laundry,) as close as possible tothe source

    3. Adjusted growth and reduced vulnerability fosters decentralization

    4. Fulfilling high quality standards fosters professional operation

    rathersemicentral as decentral5. Energy self sufficiency fosters

    combined treatment of water and (organic) waste

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 19

    Integrated Semicentralized Systems

    therefore

    focus on smaller,

    more compact units

    Each district has its own

    Semicentralized Supply and TreatmentCentre (STC)

    integrated approach,

    focussing material flow-basedmanagement,

    utilizing synergy effects andre-use potentials

    Integrated treatment on district level

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 20

    (C)

    domestic wastetreatment

    (B)

    waste watertreatment

    (A)

    grey water treatment

    The Semicentralized Approach

    reclaimed

    non-potab

    le

    water

    black water

    potable

    water

    grey water

    raw/ tap water

    solid waste biosolids

    treated

    waste water

    energy

    energy

    caloric heat

    Supply and Treatment Unit

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    Stepwise implementation gives flexibili ty

    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 212011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 21

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 22

    (A)

    grey water treatment

    Water reuse and heat recovery

    reclaimed

    non-potab

    le

    water

    grey water

    caloric heat

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 23

    Water reuse and heat recovery from greywater

    Easy to treat (elevated temperature, no nutrient removal, ..)

    Can save 30 % of fresh water resources(e.g. for toilet flushing and irrigation)

    Increases by this capacity of existing water supply and sewer systems(more people can be served as fresh water demand and waste wateramount is lowered )

    Might saves energy as energy demand for treating greywater to non-potable reuse standards ranges about 0.3-0.6 kWh/m compared to 3 to4 kwh/m for desalination of seawater

    heat recovery from greywater saves primary energy

    (e.g. preheating of shower-, laundry water with effluent water)

    Water quality standards for inner urban reuse required (direct contact ofservice water is possible)

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 24

    (B)

    waste watertreatment

    (A)

    grey water treatment

    Wastewater treatment for reuse and discharge

    reclaimed

    non-potab

    le

    water

    black water

    grey water

    treated

    waste water

    caloric heat

    sludge

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 25

    Wastewater treatment for reuse and discharge

    Discharge in storm water sewer or drainage channel

    Using waste wateras a resource for- intra urban water reuse as process or irrigation water

    Adequate treatment for the proposed reuse of Nutrients especially phosphorus if required Caloric heat (if needed, e.g. in countries where heat is valuable)

    Full treatment to meet effluent/reuse standards

    to be discharged in receiving waters (and indirectly reused, e.g. irrigation)

    to be discharged (in stormwater sewer) to be reused

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 26

    (C)

    domestic wastetreatment

    (B)

    waste watertreatment

    (A)

    grey water treatment

    The Semicentralized Approach

    integrated sludge and waste treatment

    reclaimed

    non-potab

    le

    water

    black water

    grey water

    solid waste biosolids

    treated

    waste water

    energy

    energy

    caloric heat

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 27

    (C)

    domestic wastetreatment

    (B)

    waste watertreatment

    (A)

    grey water treatment

    Including tap water to potable water

    reclaimed

    non-potab

    le

    water

    black water

    potable

    water

    grey water

    raw/ tap water

    solid waste biosolids

    treated

    waste water

    energy

    energy

    caloric heat

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 28

    Case Study Qingdao, P.R. China

    ShanDong Province

    City of Qingdao

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    2011/09/20 | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 29

    Case Study Qingdao, P.R. China

    Emerging Metropolis at the Coast of Shandong Province

    - Currently 3.4 million urban population overall 8.5 million

    - Urban Growth intention of over 5 million urban inhabitants till 2020

    Natural Water Resources limited

    - Not enough for additional citizens

    - Population growth needs more water

    - Qingdao solution: seawater desalination

    Energy needs: 3 to 4 kWh/m

    Semizentral solution: saving 30% of

    fresh water demand by intra-urban reuse- Energy needs: 0.3 to 0.5 kWh/m

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    Quelle: http://expo2014.people.com.cn/

    SEMIZENTRAL goes WHE Qingdao

    First Implementation of Semizentral Supply and Treatment Centerwithin the World Horticulture Exhibition (WHE) in Qingdao 2014

    From the earth, to the earth

    April to October 2014

    Area > 240 ha

    12 million visitors expected SEMIZENTRAL one of the

    technical highlights

    TU Darmstadt | IWAR, Abwassertechnik | Susanne Bieker und Peter Cornel | 30

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    * activated sludge treatment** MBR: membrane biological reactor

    greywatertreatment

    watertreatment

    76 L/(Cd)

    blackwater

    residual and biowaste

    greywater

    100 Whelectr./(Cd)

    sludge

    sludge

    service water

    41 L/(Cd)

    750 g/(Cd)

    68 L/(Cd) blackwatertreatment

    heat recovery

    610 g/(Cd) biosolidsprocess

    water

    68 L/(Cd) (possibl. for reuse)

    waste & sludgetreatment

    33 L/ (Cd)

    109 L/(Cd)340 Whcal ./(Cd)

    Energy and Material Flows - The Qingdao Case

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    Advantages of integrated infrastructures -1-

    Reduced fresh water demand (30 - 40% savings)

    Reduced amount of wastewater

    Reduced overall energy demand

    Products instead of burdens

    - service water for intra-urban reuse (toilet flushing)

    - Treated waste water (and nutrients) for reuse as irrigation water

    - biosolids instead of sludge and waste

    - electrical and thermal energy instead of methane-emissions on landfills

    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 32

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    Higher planning safety of investments

    - Short times frames of planning and realization

    Reduced costs Higher reliability of implementation (proximity of time between planning and

    realization)

    - Short time frames of full-usage of facilities

    short-term redemption/ recovery of investments Flexibili ty in infrastructure development

    - Adapted to actual (unforeseen!) rural and urban development

    Reduced starting-investments

    Minimized investments overall investing only in shortly needed infrastructuremodules

    - Adapted to boundary conditions

    Adaptable to different techniques and quality needs

    Stepwise extension and upgrade

    Advantages of integrated infrastructures -2-

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    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 34

    Advantages SEMIZENTRAL: Municipality

    Higher planning safety of investments

    Flexibility in planning and in infrastructure development

    Case-adapted solution

    Short timeframes of planning and realization

    Short timeframes for fully functional facilities

    Better environmental quality saving water resources and natural habitats

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    Operator

    Secured and controlled waste and sludge treatment

    - Reduced and stabilized amounts of waste and sludge

    Predictable low energy needs

    Reliable income by selling products

    - water, energy, biosolids

    Advantages

    www.immokraft.de/

    Users

    Reduced demand of freshwater lower operation costsAssurance of hygienic standards

    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 35

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    TU Darmstadt,Tongji University

    Kocks, E+H, EW, m+p,RV, ISOE, CSX, FEL

    TU Darmstadt, Tongji University

    Kocks Consult GmbH, Cosalux

    TU Darmstadt, Tongj i University

    Huber, ITT Flygt, Rochem, Remondis, Ingut, Elma,Passavant Roediger,

    TU Darmstadt, Tongji University

    Reference design,

    Expo 2010 and research on

    process water decolorization

    Process evaluation and

    design

    grey water treatment

    Conceptual design,

    mass flow balances and

    sizing

    Development steps in research

    TU Darmstadt | IWAR | Peter Cornel |

    TP1

    TP2

    TP2a

    flagship

    project

    SEMIZENTRAL

    2003 2005 2008 2012

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    Status May 2014

    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 37

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    TU Darmstadt | IWAR | Peter Cornel |

    Kooperationspartner

    Konsortialfhrer Fachgebiet Abwassertechnik, InstitutTechnische Universitt Darmstadt

    Kooperationspartner Fachgebiet Entwerfen und Stadtentwicklung der TUD

    Fachgebiet Landmanagement der TUD

    Kocks Consult GmbH Emscher Wassertechnik

    Cosalux

    Endress + Hauser Conducta

    Far Eastern

    Roediger Vacuum

    m+p

    ISOE

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    Obstacles for implementation

    The integrated approach

    Does not reflect the organisational structures in politics, administration, .

    and even in financing

    interdisciplinary thinking, negotiating and acting is not common at all

    Prices, cost, fees

    Onsite treatment results in cost e.g. for greywater Cost are competitive, but not necessarily with subsidised freshwater cost

    Ownership

    Treatment facilities within private territory

    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 40

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    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 41

    Summary and Conclusion

    Wastewateris not waste, but a resource for- Water

    - Electric energy and heat- Nutrients

    Recovery and reuse fosters new infrastructure solution

    - Nodal, distributed, semi-centralized structures

    - Different water qualities fit for purpose instead one single quality for all uses

    - Integrated structures including water, wastewater, solid waste treatment

    Public health protection fosters professional operation

    Innovations are needed in different fields- Water resource management

    - Water/waste water treatment technologies with focus on recovery and reuse

    - Systemic, conceptual research on water management and water infrastructure

    Cities of the future need to be less resource consuming and more self-sufficient

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    Acknowledgement

    | TU Darmstadt | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 42

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    Peter Cornel, Susanne Bieker

    Technische Universitt Darmstadt

    Institute....

    Integrated urban water management the semizentral approach for fast

    growing urban areas

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    Peter Cornel, Susanne Bieker

    Technische Universitt Darmstadt

    Institute....

    Xiaohu Dai, Tongji University

    Integrated urban water management the semizentral approach for fast

    growing urban areas

    Clean water Kick-off Workshop

    Shanghai, January 2012