15-1443-1232724878-urban sustainability a global perspective
DESCRIPTION
Green BuildingTRANSCRIPT
Urban SustainabilityUrban SustainabilityChallenges, Paradigms and PoliciesChallenges, Paradigms and Policies
George BugliarelloGeorge BugliarelloPolytechnic Institute of NYUPolytechnic Institute of NYU
CitiesCities OriginsOrigins
10,000 years ago (Agriculture)10,000 years ago (Agriculture) DynamicsDynamics
Gradual EvolutionGradual Evolution e.g., Boston, New York, Parise.g., Boston, New York, Paris
Creation Creation ex novo ex novo & Subsequent Evolution& Subsequent EvolutionPurposePurpose
St. Petersburg (Russia)St. Petersburg (Russia) ● window on ● window on EuropeEurope
● ● maritime powermaritime power WashingtonWashington ●● seat of government seat of government BrasiliaBrasilia IsfahanIsfahan
The Urban ExplosionThe Urban Explosion
RuralUrban
1900 2005 2100 Time
50
100
World Population (%)
POPULATION OF THE 11 LARGESTPOPULATION OF THE 11 LARGESTURBAN AGGLOMERATIONSURBAN AGGLOMERATIONS
((MillionsMillions)) 19801980 1994 1994 2015 2015
TokyoTokyo 21.921.9 TokyoTokyo 26.526.5 TokyoTokyo 28.728.7New YorkNew York 15.615.6 New YorkNew York 16.316.3 MumbaiMumbai 27.427.4Mexico CityMexico City 13.913.9 Sao PauloSao Paulo 16.116.1 LagosLagos 24.424.4Sao PauloSao Paulo 12.112.1 Mexico CityMexico City 15.515.5 ShanghaiShanghai 23.423.4ShanghaiShanghai 11.711.7 ShanghaiShanghai 14.714.7 JakartaJakarta 21.221.2OsakaOsaka 10.010.0 MumbaiMumbai 14.514.5 Sao PauloSao Paulo 20.820.8Buenos AiresBuenos Aires 9.99.9 Los AngelesLos Angeles 12.212.2 KarachiKarachi 20.620.6Los AngelesLos Angeles 9.59.5 BeijingBeijing 12.012.0 BeijingBeijing 19.419.4CalcuttaCalcutta 9.09.0 CalcuttaCalcutta 11.511.5 DhakaDhaka 19.019.0BeijingBeijing 9.09.0 SeoulSeoul 11.511.5 Mexico CityMexico City 18.818.8ParisParis 8.9 8.9 JakartaJakarta 11.0 11.0 New YorkNew York 17.6 17.6
131.5131.5 161.8161.8 241.3241.3
Source: World Urbanization Prospects The 1994 Revision (United Nations)
Urban SustainabilityUrban Sustainability::The Intersection of Two The Intersection of Two Enormous ChallengesEnormous Challenges
URBANIZATION SUSTAINABILITY
TREND:
Urban Sustainability:Urban Sustainability:The Two ContextsThe Two Contexts
LOCAL CONTEXTConditions within cities that make them livable indefinitely
GLOBAL CONTEXTImpact of urban phenomenon on global sustainability
The two contexts often clash, but ultimately one implies the other.
Each context requires:Science (“What do we know?”)Technology (“What can we do?”)Policies (“What do we want to do?”)
Examples of Physical And Demographic Examples of Physical And Demographic Impact Of Cities On EnvironmentImpact Of Cities On Environment
CITYRESOURCESRESOURCES POLLUTIONPOLLUTION
FOOTPRINTSFOOTPRINTS
TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE
RAINFALL INFILTRATIONRAINFALL INFILTRATION
BIRTH RATESBIRTH RATES
SustainabilitySustainabilityUrban Risks Urban Risks Global Global
RisksRisks EPIDEMICSEPIDEMICS FINANCIAL DISRUPTIONSFINANCIAL DISRUPTIONS SOCIAL UNRESTSOCIAL UNREST DISASTERSDISASTERS HOSTILITIESHOSTILITIES
The city itself as a critical infrastructure
A socio-A socio-technological-technological-environmental environmental
paradigm paradigm is neededis needed
5 4 3 2 1 TODAY
EARTH BIO
Life
SO
Society
MA
Machines
Humans
Cities
BILLION YEARS AGO
The Biosoma
The Biosoma
PredictabilityPredictabilityBIOBIO SOSO MAMA
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
Semi-Semi- Semi-Semi- ~~predictablepredictable Semi to UnpredictableSemi to Unpredictable
predictablepredictable predictablepredictable
The Biosoma ParadigmThe Biosoma ParadigmThe City As A Bio – Social – The City As A Bio – Social –
Machine EntityMachine Entity
Bio
• Humans• Other Species
So
• Organizations• Government• Business• Health Care• Families• Religion• Customs• Trust• . . .
Ma
• Housing• Infrastructure
• Transportation• Utilities• …
• Other machines
Environment
• Geography• Climate• Resources
Biological Social Machine EnvironmentalCapital
Capital Capital CapitalPathologies
Pathologies Failures Threats
Solid Waste Disposal Individuals Jobs Automation
BIO SO MA
Birth Control Rhythms Social PressureContraception
Urban SustainabilityTrade-Offs
SOSO – Environment Policies – Environment PoliciesREACTIVE REACTIVE versus versus PROACTIVEPROACTIVE
High CostHigh Cost Cost-SavingCost-SavingREMEDIATIONREMEDIATION CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION
WaterWaterMaterialMaterialEnergyEnergyENVIRONMENT AS ECONOMIC GOODENVIRONMENT AS ECONOMIC GOODDecarburizationDecarburizationClean waterClean waterRecreationRecreationLAND USE – TRASPORTATIONLAND USE – TRASPORTATIONe.g. Light Rail Transite.g. Light Rail TransitGREEN BUILDINGSGREEN BUILDINGS
Inhabitants/Dwelling in Inhabitants/Dwelling in the U.S.the U.S.
3.2
2.2
1950 Today
Persons dwelling
SO Impacts on MachinesSO Impacts on Machines
Club and Church Attendance Club and Church Attendance in the U.S.in the U.S.
Attendance
Time
1960
MA Impacts on SocietyMA Impacts on Society
Urban Sustainability:Urban Sustainability:THE CITY RESILIENTTHE CITY RESILIENT
HIROSHIMAMANNHEIM - 1695
Urban Sustainability:Urban Sustainability:Resilience
Withstand a major disruption with acceptable degradation
Recover with acceptable cost and time
The Resilience “Triangle”
FunctionalCapabilities
Disruptions Time
DisastersDisasters Biosoma Causes, e.g:Biosoma Causes, e.g:
BIOBIO :: EpidemicsEpidemics SOSO :: WarWar MAMA :: ExplosivesExplosives
Biosoma FailuresBiosoma Failures BIOBIO :: FloodFlood SO:SO: DysfunctionalDysfunctional MA:MA: FailuresFailures
Resilience: Must be biosomicResilience: Must be biosomic
Urban SustainabilityUrban SustainabilityDeveloped Developed vsvs Developing Developing
World CitiesWorld CitiesDeveloped DevelopingL Urban Growth HH Resources LH Demographic Stability LH Population Age LH Tertiary Sector LH Knowledge Resources LH Good Internal Environment LH Consumption LH Ecological Impact L HL “Plasticity” HH Traffic Congestion H
………
L: LowH: High
Urban SustainabilityUrban SustainabilityOverarching Principles and Overarching Principles and Policies for Effective S&T Policies for Effective S&T
InterventionIntervention Political Realism Graduality, Flexibility,
Accessibility and Affordability Coordination Interurban Synergisms
Solutions Solutions less intensiveless intensive in in capitalcapital materials and energymaterials and energy
Solutions Solutions geared to dynamicsgeared to dynamics of rapidly evolving of rapidly evolving citiescities
Solutions Solutions providing accessibility and affordabilityproviding accessibility and affordabilityNew S&T Needed forNew S&T Needed for
processesprocessessystemssystems
materialsmaterials
Graduality, Flexibility, Graduality, Flexibility, Accessibility and Accessibility and
AffordabilityAffordability
NOT THISTHIS
TimeInfr
astr
uctu
re
Time
Coordination To eliminate a large number of
contradictory specific policies, e.g: Subsidies Efficiency versus employment Taxation versus incentives Different jurisdictions
Harmonization of Urban, Regional, National and Global PoliciesUrban needs, goals and policies cannot be addressed only locally
Regional Decentralization Industry & Business Location Commonality of Services Urban-Rural Watershed Partnership
Inter-Urban SynergismsInter-Urban Synergisms• To facilitate innovations for common To facilitate innovations for common
problems by assembling more resources problems by assembling more resources and creating bigger markets.and creating bigger markets.- e.g. - e.g. Joint R&DJoint R&D
Urban vehiclesUrban vehiclesRemanufacturingRemanufacturing
“Virtual Cities”
Transportation Costs Transportation Costs vsvs PerformancePerformance
InvestmentCost($)
Bus Trolleybus
Busway
STREET TRANSIT
System Performance(speed, capacity, comfort)
SEMI-RAPIDTRANSIT
Light Rail
Rail
Regional RailMetros
Auto/Freeway
Some Engineering Design Some Engineering Design FrontiersFrontiers
MAMA Self-diagnoseSelf-diagnose Self-adaptSelf-adapt Self-maintainSelf-maintain Self-repairSelf-repair Self-reproduceSelf-reproduce Self-energizeSelf-energize Self-learnSelf-learn YYYYYY
BIOBIO Guided growthGuided growth Self-recycledSelf-recycled YYYYYY
SOSO Network engineeringNetwork engineering YYYYYY
Some Final Questions Some Final Questions Will urban concentration process abate?
Can it be sustained? Can it be controlled? What are cities’ implications for the
environment? e.g. For regenerative role of nature? For urban nature? Can city adjusts to nature or nature to city?
What are the long-term economic and political implications of urban concentration globally?