7th International Freiberg/Inner Mongolia Conference  on IGCC & XtL Technologies, Coal Conversion and Syngas,

7‐11 June 2015, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China

Samuel S. TamOffice of Fossil Energy, US DOE

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U. S. Department of Energyp gy Major Coal conversion technologies Historical Development of Coal‐To‐X Historical Development of Coal To X Current Status of CTX Remaining Challenges Remaining Challenges

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Energy Science & Nuclear Safety &EnergyCatalyze the timely, 

material, and efficient transformation of the nation’s energy system 

and secure U S

Science & Innovation

Maintain a vibrant U.S. effort in science and engineering as a 

cornerstone of U S

Nuclear Safety & Security

Enhance nuclear security through 

defense, nonproliferation andand secure U.S. 

leadership in clean energy technologies.

cornerstone of U.S. economic prosperity 

with clear leadership in strategic areas.

nonproliferation, and environmental efforts.

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Oil & Gas Technology R&Dgy Petroleum Reserves Clean Coal Technology R&D Clean Coal Technology R&D National Energy Technology Laboratory International Collaboration International Collaboration

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Typical molecular structure of coal

Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL)Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL)Coal + Catalyst + Hydrogen (H2)  Ring‐Type Hydrocarbons (CxHy)

Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL)Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL)1. Gasification: Coal + Oxygen + Steam  Syngas (H2 + CO)2. FT Synthesis: H2 + CO + Catalyst  Linear Hydrocarbons (CxHy)

Hybrid Coal LiquefactionCombination of Direct and Indirect Coal Liquefaction

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Polygeneration Potential of Gasification

Coal/Petcoke

SNG/Town Gas

Power & Steam

Gasification

Iron Reduction

CO2FT Diesel

F‐T Liquids

/

Ammonia& UreaH2

Waxes

GasificationNaphtha

Synthesis Gas

Olefins Jet  Fuel

Waxes

LPG Gasoline

DCLLiquids

DieselMethanol

Acetic AcidEthylene

Methyl Acetate

LPGJet Fuel

LPG

Dimethyl Ether

Ethylene &

PropyleneVAM Acetic AnhydrideKetene

LPG

Diketene & Derivatives

PVA

Polyolefins

Oxo Chemicals

Acetate Esters

Gasoline

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PolyolefinsAcetate Esters

Fossil fuel reserves of top coal producing countries

1,000 2,000

4,000

Russia

Fossil fuel proven recoverable reserves, end-2013* (quads)

 ‐

 500

,000

Coal Oil Gas

Germany ‐

Coal Oil Gas

6,000 4,000ChiCoal Oil Gas

 ‐

 2,000

 4,000

Coal Oil Gas

USA

 1,000

 1,500India  ‐

 2,000

Coal Oil Gas

China

800 ‐

 400

800

Indonesia ‐

 500

Coal Oil Gas

2012 coal production (billion short tons)  ‐

 400

800

S. AfricaCoal Oil Gas

 1,000

2,000

Australia

0 4 Coal Oil Gas ‐

Coal Oil Gas

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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* End-2012 for natural gas reserves in South AfricaData source: EIA for USA, oil reserves in Germany and South Africa, and gas reserves in South Africa; China National Bureau of Statistics for China (assuming an average recovery rate of 75%) ; BP for the rest. Fuel heating value assumption: Coal – 10,000 Btu/lb.; oil – 5.8 MMBtu/bbl.; gas – 1,089 Btu/cf

1913 by Friedrich Bergius of Germany to produce jet 1913 by Friedrich Bergius of Germany to produce jet fuel

Th M j Pil t l t b ilt Three Major Pilot plants were built ◦ 1938-44 - 26,000T/a at Welheim, Germany◦ 1935 58 100 000 T/a at Bellingham England◦ 1935-58 - 100,000 T/a at Bellingham, England◦ 1945-53 – 15,00 T/a Louisiana, MO, USA

Major Commercial plants were built Major Commercial plants were built◦ 1943 – 12 DCL plants in Germany with a total capacity of 3.25

MM T/a◦ 2008 – 1.08 MM T/a Shenhua, Inner Mongolia, China

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ICL technology was also initiated in Germany and was ICL technology was also initiated in Germany and was deployed commercially during WW II

1973 S th Af i d d th f ICL ft th 1973 – South Africa expanded the use of ICL after the OPEC oil embargo◦ 1980 & 1982 Sasol 2 and 3 with 3 8 MM T/a capacity each◦ 1980 & 1982 – Sasol 2 and 3 with 3.8 MM T/a capacity each

1975-2000 – US Government started a multi-billion dollars program for commercial demonstration of coaldollars program for commercial demonstration of coal conversion plants◦ The only operating commercial plant from that era is the North◦ The only operating commercial plant from that era is the North

Dakota Great Plains gasification Plant

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Successful commercial deployment of the methanol to Ol fi t h l i ChiOlefins technology in China◦ Methanol is used conventionally to produce formaldehyde, MTBE,

acetyls, and DME, etc.◦ The new technology extends the use of methanol for the production

of ethylene and propylene. Detailed information on this technology is summarized in a Detailed information on this technology is summarized in a

book authored by Mr. Wu Xiuzhang, Chairman of Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemicals Co.

Higman & Tam compiled a chapter on “Chemicals from Coal Gasification” in the recent Chemical Reviews. It consists of more than 400 references for activities in the lastconsists of more than 400 references for activities in the last 15 years.

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Germany was forced into CTL because of the war Germany was forced into CTL because of the war demand of transportation fuels

S th Af i i CTX b f th il b South Africa was in CTX because of the oil embargo U.S. invested heavily in CTL because of the oil crisis in

th 70’the 70’s China is now entering into the CTX because they need

l fi d h d l d t h l i tolefins and have developed new technologies to produce fuels and bulk chemicals, such as ethylene and

lpropylene

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CTX development statusbillion cubic meters per year

1015202530

Operating Under construction

billion cubic meters per year

Coal‐to‐SNG capacity

05

10

'74-'02&unknown

2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

2345

million tons per year Coal‐to‐liquids capacity

012

'74-'02&unknown

2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

1520

million tons per year Coal‐to‐MeOH capacity

05

10

'74-'02&

2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020

FOSSIL.ENERGY.GOVSource: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), IHS EDIN databaseNote: capacity status is as of early December 2014

&unknown

C i i i

Coal Handling12%

Commissioning and Permitting

4%Utilities, Offsites,

ASU12%

Utilities, Offsites, Infrastructure, etc.

14%

Steam and Power14%

Gasification and FT Synthesis and SG Purification

30%

FT Synthesis and Upgrading

14%

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Clean Coal Power InitiativeICCS Area 1ICCS Area 1  

Summit TX Clean EnergyCommercial Demo of Advanced

Archer Daniels MidlandCO2 Capture from Ethanol PlantCO2 Stored in Saline Reservoir$208M – Total, $141M – DOE

SALINE – ~0.9M MTPY 2015 start

S th C

Commercial Demo of AdvancedIGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$1.7B – Total, $450M – DOEEOR – ~2.2M MTPY 2018 start

Southern CompanyKemper County IGCC Project

Transport Gasifier w/ Carbon Capture~$4.12B – Total, $270M – ‐DOE

EOR – ~3.0M MTPY 2015‐2016 start

HECACommercial Demo of AdvancedIGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$4B Total $408M DOE~$4B – Total, $408M – DOE

EOR – ~2.6M MTPY 2019 start

Petra Nova (formerly NRG)W.A. Parish Generating Station

Post Combustion CO2 Capture$775 M – Total$167M – DOE

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.CO2 Capture from Steam Methane Reformers

EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$431M – Total, $284M – DOE

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$167M – DOEEOR – ~1.4M MTPY 2017 start EOR – ~0.93M MTPY 2012 start

RCSP Phase III: Development Phase

Large‐volume testsInjection began 

Core Sampling Taken Large‐Scale Geologic TestsInjection started in depleted reef  February 2013

Injection Started May 2013

Seismic Survey 

Completed5

1

g Five Partnerships currently injecting CO2

Remaining injections scheduled 2014‐2015

Nov 2011y

3Partnership Field Project - Metric Tons Injected

4

8

2Partnership Formation (Date)

Big Sky Kevin Dome-Duperow Formation 0 (4/8/14)

MGSC Illinois Basin Decatur-Mt Simon Sandstone >775,700 (4/1/14)

1

276

Injection Started April

Injection began August 2012

Mt. Simon Sandstone , ( )

MRCSP Michigan Basin-Niagaran Reef >200,300 (4/8/14)

PCOR

Bell Creek-Muddy Sandstone >429,900 (2/1/14)

3

4St t d i j ti

Injection Ongoing

Injection Scheduled 2014‐2015

Injection Started April 2009

PCOR Fort Nelson-Sulfur Point Formation 0 (4/8/14)

SECARB

Early Test (Cranfield Field)- Tuscaloosa

Formation>4,180,000 (3/1/14)

5

6

Started injection October 2013

Injection Scheduled 2014 2015

Note: Some locations presented on map may differ from final injection location

SECARB FormationAnthropogenic Test (Citronelle Field) –Paluxy Formation

>100,000 (4/8/14)

SWP Farnsworth Unit-M F ti >68,940 (3/1/14)

7

8

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j SWP Morrow Formation 68,940 (3/1/14)

WESTCARB Regional Characterization

Multi‐lateral: Multi‐lateral:◦ Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum◦ World Energy Councilgy◦ International energy Agency◦ Global Carbon Capture & Storage InstituteBil l i h Chi Bilateral with China:◦ Clean Energy Research Center◦ Fossil Energy Protocol◦ Fossil Energy Protocol◦ Climate Change Working Group◦ Presidential Agreement

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U.S.‐China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC) ◦ Agreement between U.S. DOE and China’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)Technology (MOST)

◦ First‐of‐a‐kind bilateral public‐private partnership with researchers and companies in US and China working on common research goals and work plans p

◦ One of the focus is on Advanced Coal technology U.S.‐China Fossil Energy Protocol (FEP) ◦ Agreement between U S DOE‐Fossil Energy and MOST◦ Agreement between U.S. DOE Fossil Energy and MOST◦ Promotes scientific and technological information exchange between the U.S. and China in the field of fossil energy, particularly activities related to RD&D.related to RD&D.

◦ Activities under the Protocol are currently governed by six annexes each with a U.S. and Chinese lead

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Climate Change Working Group (CCWG) Climate Change Working Group (CCWG)◦ US Department of State and China’s National Development Reform Commission (NDRC)‐multiple tracksReform Commission (NDRC) multiple tracks◦ Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Demo Four China projects were selected in 2004 p j Sinopec Shengli Oil Field Yanchang Petroleum EOR Shanxi International Energy Group Huaneng CERI IGCC

Two China projects will be selected in 2005Two China projects will be selected in 2005 Counter‐facing U.S. projects

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US China Climate Agreement US‐China Climate Agreement ◦ Presidential Agreement announced in 11/2014 APEC event◦ Climate change targets announced by Presidents Xi and◦ Climate change targets announced by Presidents Xi and Obama◦ Two new major collaborative CCUS projects:j p j Large‐Scale CCS Project and International Science Collaboration Chinese project site; joint R&D program > 1 million tons of CO2 per year storage in deep geological formationformation

Enhanced Water Recovery (CO2 Utilization)

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MTO technology has changed the CTX landscape MTO technology has changed the CTX landscape China is taking the lead in CTX New & old challenges remained for developing a g p gsustainable CTX industry – cost, water, and CO2 emission

Innovations in CCUS technologies water management Innovations in CCUS technologies, water management, and capex reduction

Government Energy Policy:gy y◦ Sound and sensible goals on CO2 emission and sequestration◦ Financial Assistances for high risk and complex projects, such as commercial‐scale demonstration in CCUS poly‐generationas commercial‐scale demonstration in CCUS, poly‐generation, and water production projects 

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The presenter wants to thank U. S. Department of p pEnergy for their support, especially his colleagues in Energy Information Administration (EIA) who have assisted in gathering the dataAlso thank all his US and international friends who have worked and shared their experience with him in the last 4 decades

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