15090103 science biodiversity research 2
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Name: MOHAMAD ADIB BIN RAHMATMUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN AZMANSIVARAJ A/L RAVICHANDRAN
Class: 2 CEMERLANG
Teacher: PN. JUNAIDAH BT. HASSAN
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What is Biodiversity?The wide variety of organisms on Earth in known asbiodiversity or biological diversity.The Variety of organisms can be classified using anappropriate classification method.
Classification of Organisms
A classification system is required to group living thingsmethodically because of their large number and types.Although they possess common characteristic, organismsfrom the same species still have distinctive characteristicswhich differentiate them from other species.Classification is important to enable more in-depth scientific
studies to be carried out for the improvement of the speciesthemselves.
Classification of Animals
Groups of animals can be classified according to similaritiesin characteristics, features and structures.
Common characteristics are characteristics that arepossessed by two or more types of species.Common characteristics in animals include methods ofreproduction, types of food habitats and physical features.Classification of animals by common characteristics:
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Fish, pangolin, lizard, snake, monitor lizardBody covered with scales
Bird, penguin, chicken, duckBody covered with feathers
Cat, dog, cow, rabbit, bear, batBody covered with hair
Chicken, duck, cat, cockroach, mouse, bearOmnivorous
Lion, tiger, piranha, crocodile, snake, frogCarnivorous
Rabbit, cow, goat, giraffe, squirrel, snail,grasshopper
Herbivorous
Whale, dolphin, porcupine, pangolin, bat,rabbit, cow
Reproduces by giving birth
Hen, fish, bird, crab, duck, goose, cockroachReproduces by laying eggs
Crocodile, frog, turtle, seal, otterLive in water & on land
dog, chicken, cat, squirrel, mouse, elephant,tiger, deer
Live on land
crab, fish, shrimp, oyster, squid, cockle,jellyfish
Live in water
ExamplesCharacteristics of animal
Animals
InvertebratesVertebrates
Fish
(with backbones) (without backbones)
Mammals
Amphibians ReptilesBirds
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Presence ofbackbones
Body Support
With backbones
Main support isendoskeleton
which consists of bones
Main support isexoskeleton
such as hard skin andfluid pressure
Without backbones
Vertebrates Invertebratesaspects
Animal Kingdom
Animal can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.Differences between vertebrates and invertebrates are as
follows:
Vertebrates
Vertebrates can be divided into five groups, namely fish,amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals.The characteristics of vertebrates as follows:
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Fish ( Pisces )
Characteristics:1. Live in the water
2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic)3. Streamlined body, covered with slimy scales4. Breathe with gills
5. Most lay eggs. A few such as sharks and seahorses givebirth to young
6. Move using fins and tail
backbone
Dorsal fin
scalesTail fin
Pectoral fin
eye
nostril
Sensory line
Anal fin
Gill cover
Ventral fin
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Characteristics:1. Can live on land and in the water
the young live in water2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic)3. Body is covered with moist skin4. Breathe with lungs5. Lay eggs6. Move using limbs and tail
Amphibians
backbone
tympaniceye
nostril
mouth
Soft, moist andexposed skinFront leg
Rear leg
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Reptiles
Characteristics:1. Live on land and in the
water2. Cold-blooded
(poikilothermic)3. Have dry, hard scaly skin4. Breathe with lungs5. Lay eggs6. Move using limbs and tail
backbone
taileardrum
eye
mouth
Front leg
Rear leg
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Birds
Characteristics:1. Live on land
2. Warm-blooded(homoeothermic)
3. Body is covered with
feathers4. Breathe with lungs5. Lay eggs6. Move using wigs and legs7. Have beaks
wing
tail
Hardscalylegs
eye
beak
Sharp claw
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Mammals
Characteristics:1. Some live on land and some live in water
2. Warm-blooded (homoeothermic)3. Body is covered with hair or fur4. Breathe with lungs5. Give birth to young except platypuses and
anteaters6. Move using limbs7. Young feed milk from the mothers mammary
glands
leg
tail
nail
ear
eye
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Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals without backbones.The support system of invertebrates consists of:
Exoskeleton such as hard shell. Examples are crabs, prawns andcentipedes.Hydrostatic frame. Examples are earthworms, caterpillars andplanarians.
Generally, the physical characteristics of invertebrates aresimpler thanvertebrates
Most microorganisms are invertebrates. For examples,coelenterates (Hydraand jellyfish) and protozoa (Paramecium and Amoeba).
Classification of Plants
Plants too can be classified according to their commoncharacteristics.Common characteristics of plants include propagationmethod, habitat andphysical features.
Classification of plants by common characteristics:
Wild grass, sugar cane, maize, paddyParallel-Veined leaves
Hibiscus tree, yam, sweet potato, Africanviolet, rose
Net-Veined leaves
Fern, mossHave spores
Papaya, orchid, maize, watermelon, hibiscusHave seeds
Fern, moss, algaeNon-Flowering
Maize, grass, wild grass, sunflowerFlowering
Crotons, rose, orchid, chilly, screw-pine.Shrub
Casuarinas tree, pine tree, angsana tree,rambutan tree.
Woody stem
Banana tree, durian tree, angsana tree,orchid, maize
Grow on land
Water lettuce, lemna, water lily, algae
Grow in water
ExamplesCharacteristics of plant
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Plant Kingdom
Different scientists classify plants by different characteristics.Plants can also be grouped by the presence or absence ofseeds as follows:
Plants
Without seedsWith seeds
Flowering Non-Flowering
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
(Conifers)
(ferns, mosses, algae)
Plants can also be divided into flowering and non-floweringplants.
Flowering Plants
Flowering plants are plants that can produce flowers.Flowers are reproductive organs of flowering plants.Flowering plants can be divided into groups, themonocotyledons and thedicotyledons, depending on the number of cotyledons in the
seeds.Cotyledons is the main seed leaf for the germination of newseedlings.Cotyledons contains starch as food for the seeds that areunable to maketheir own food.
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Characteristics:
Seed has two cotyledons
Tap root system, which consists
of small roots that branch out ofone main root.
Leaves have net veins
Stem is woody and hard.
Examples: rose tree,bougainvillea, angsana tree,balsam plant, guava tree.
Characteristics:
Seed has one cotyledon
fibrous root system, which
consists of many roots of equalsize.
Leaves have parallel veins.
Stem is non-woody and soft.
Examples: wild grass, orchidplant, maize, sugar cane, palmtrees, paddy.
DicotyledonsMonocotyledons
One CotyledonTwo
Cotyledons
A maize grain cut in half A green bean (split into two)
Example: Maize Example: Balsam plant
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Non-Flowering Plants
Non-flowering plants are plants that do not produce flowers.Non-flowers plants need to reproduce by other means, forexample, through spores
Non-flowering plants can be divided into four groups, namelyalgae, mosses, conifers, and ferns.
Benefits of Biodiversity
Source of foodSource of materials
Source of medicineClean waterAir to breathe
Human Activities That Cause Animals & PlantsBecome Endangered
African elephants are hunted for their ivory tusks to makejewellery and ornaments.Sharks are killed for their fins to make special delicacies.Seabirds have been killed by oil spills.Gorillas are killed and served as food. Their palms are used tomake ashtrays.
Ways to Protect Endangered Wildlife
Setting up natural reserves.Enforcing legislation: banning hunting, collecting or trading ofthese wildlife.Protecting their habitats.Breeding them in zoos to increase their number .Increase awareness regarding the importance of biodiversityto the environment through education and campaigns.
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