1/5/2015 happy new year! presentations of your organelle analogies. differentiation of cells stem...
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1/5/2015
• Happy New Year!• Presentations of your organelle analogies.• Differentiation of cells• Stem Cell Video Project• HW: Organelle Shape reading: • Summary of each section with key points.
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• As cells divide they specialize.
• All of your cells have the same DNA but what is “on” changes
• Chemical signals turn DNA on or off
Differentiation: You were a single cell.
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• You are ~7.5 TRILLION cells.
• ~200 different types – work together – form the tissues that
make up organs.• To do their “jobs”– cells come in
different sizes & shapes
– have different numbers of each organelle.
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Example of Specialization
Macrophage (White Blood Cell)
• Specialized to digest invading bacteria
Red Blood Cell
• Specialized to carry oxygen (no nucleus or mitochondria)
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• about 50 divisions from fertilized egg to “adult”– Adult cell is done dividing…not only in adults in babies too.
• Once the cells reach “adulthood” they are done differentiating.
• Some cells retain the ability to divide and differentiate. They are called “adult (or tissue) stem cells”.
• A stem cell is a cell that is not completely differentiated or “programmed”.
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Where are stem cells found?
embryonic stem cellsblastocyst - a very early
embryo
tissue stem cellsfetus, baby and throughout life
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Embryonic
• Unprogrammed, can develop into anything• Use in science is controversial
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Adult (tissue): semi-programmed
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Tissue stem cells:Where we find them
muscles
skin
surface of the eye brain
breast
intestines (gut)
bone marrow
testicles
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
cell from the body
‘genetic reprogramming’= add certain genes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cellbehaves like an embryonic stem cell
Advantage: no need for embryos! all possible types ofspecialized cells
culture iPS cells in the lab
differentiation
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
cell from the body (skin)
genetic reprogramming
pluripotent stem cell(iPS)
differentiation
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neuronsgrow under conditions B
Stem cells: Challenges
embryonic stem cells
skin
grow under conditions A
blood
grow under conditions C
liver
grow under conditions D
?
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Stem Cell Project and HW
• HW: read the on-line cell shape article• Project: rest of class today finish the majority
or research & planning. Next class bring any props. Time to finalize, record/send to me.