Chapter 14- Europe at War

1555-1648

“War is one of the scourges with which it has pleased God to afflict men.”- Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

War was a fact of everyday life in Europe 1555-1648- war was more brutal, expensive

and on a large scale

Introduction

“un roi, une foi, une loi” Peace of Augsburg (1555)- religion of the

ruler= religion of the state Toleration was a foreign concept French Wars of Religion- Huguenots- St.

Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 One king, 2 faiths- politiques and the

League 1585- war of the three Henrys (Henry III,

Henry of Navarre, Henry Guise) 1598- Edict of Nantes

Crisis of the Western states

King of Paper Problems with England (Spanish Armada-

1588) Burgundian Inheritance Revolt of the Netherlands- 1566 Duke of Alba Protestants rebel 1576- Pacification of Ghent P. 422 and 424- maps of Europe

Spain- Philip II (1556-1598)

Poland-Lithuania and Muscovy 1601- Time of Troubles Rise of Sweden- Gustavus Aldophus 1621- captured Riga

Eastern Europe

Bohemia Revolts- election of Ferdinand (1617)

Defenestration of Prague (1618) Frederick V , the “winter king” War widens- Frederick vs. Ferdinand

Protestant Gains- Louis XIII and Richelieu decide to help Peace of Westphalia

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

1559- death of Henry II 1562- first battle of French wars of religion 1563- Catholic duc de Guise assassinated 1572- St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre 1574- accession of Henry III 1585- war of the Henrys 1588- duc de Guise murdered by order of

Henry III 1594- Henry IV crowned 1598- Edict of Nantes

Timelines- French wars of Religion

French genealogy- p. 415

HRE genealogy- p. 419

Timeline- revolt of Netherlands- p. 424

Genealogy of Poland- p. 426

Genealogy of Sweden- p. 429

Chronology of Thirty years’ war- p. 430

Important charts

Guise family- a strongly Catholic faction arose under the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine- they had large landholdings- also sought control of Scotland

Montgomery-Chatillons- Admiral Gaspard de Coligny led the French Protestant resistance

Bourbons- this powerful family with extensive lands in the south and west had strong Huguenot sympathies, and eventually won the throne in 1589

French families

Civil war in Bohemia- (1618-1625)“defenestration of Prague- Ferdinand was elected Emperor and Frederick V lost his crown a few months later

Danish phase- (1625-1629)Ferdinand sent Albert of Wallerstein swept through Denmark

Swedish phase-(1630-1635)- Gustavus Adolphus- prompted the French to enter the war on the side of the Protestants

French phase (1635-1648)- Peace of Prague- favorable to Catholics

Thirty years’ war- 4 phases

Treaties recognized the sovereign, independent authority of the German princes- destroyed the HRE as a real state- not an empire

Independence of the United Provinces of Netherlands was recognized, Swiss cantons were acknowledged as sovereign and independent- French also picked up territories of Alsace-Lorraine-allowed French to intervene in German affairs

Religion- Augsburg Agreement of 1555- allowed Calvinism as a legally permissible creed- northern states remained Protestant…

Peace of Westphalia-1648

-blocked the Counter-Reformation Restricted power of the Habsburgs Germany was left in pieces France, England, Netherlands take the lead

in European affairs

End of Wars