1556-16481556-1648

Spain’s Catholic Crusades Spain’s Catholic Crusades (1556 -1598)(1556 -1598)Wars of Phillip IIWars of Phillip IIFrench Civil Wars ( 1562 -1589)French Civil Wars ( 1562 -1589)The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• These were not just religious wars These were not just religious wars although religion was central in all of although religion was central in all of them.them.

• Political, social, and economic factors Political, social, and economic factors were also involved.were also involved.

Phillip Phillip II of II of SpainSpain

Ended several decades of conflict between Catholics and Ended several decades of conflict between Catholics and Lutherans in Germany that had begun with the Lutheran Lutherans in Germany that had begun with the Lutheran ReformationReformation

German princes were allowed to choose the religion of their German princes were allowed to choose the religion of their principality. They could choose between Catholicism and principality. They could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. Lutheranism.

Most principalities in northern Germany chose Lutheranism. Most principalities in northern Germany chose Lutheranism. In the south most returned to or remained Catholic.In the south most returned to or remained Catholic. Individuals in the states had to follow the official religion or could leave Individuals in the states had to follow the official religion or could leave

to another state.to another state.The Peace was doomed from the beginning because it excluded The Peace was doomed from the beginning because it excluded

other protestant denominations, especially Calvinism.other protestant denominations, especially Calvinism.

The Religious Divisions of Europe in 1555

Phillips territory included Spain, the Netherlands, Parts of Italy, Portugal, territories in France, and other colonies in the New World and other places.

He was staunchly Catholic and wanted to return all of his territories in Europe to Catholicism.

He also feared the growing threat of the Ottoman Turks as they began encroaching on European territory from SE Europe in the Balkans.

Spanish Empire in 1555Spanish Empire in 1555Controlled by the HapsburgsControlled by the Hapsburgs

The political, economic, and social nerve center of Spain’s Empire was the Escorial, near Madrid.

The Escorial The Escorial PalacePalace

A Section of the A Section of the Monastery and GardensMonastery and Gardens

( One of the largest religiousestablishments in the world.

The The Escorial’s Escorial’s LibraryLibrary• Over 4,700 rare Over 4,700 rare

manuscripts.manuscripts.

• Many illuminated Many illuminated manuscripts.manuscripts.

• Over 45,000 books.Over 45,000 books.

Philip II Died in this Philip II Died in this BedBed

The Crypt AreaThe Crypt Area

The Crypt of The Crypt of Philip IIPhilip II

The Dutch Revolt in the NetherlandsThe Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands• Several provinces in the northern part of the Several provinces in the northern part of the

Netherlands had become predominantly Netherlands had become predominantly Calvinists.Calvinists.

• The Dutch prospered in the 16The Dutch prospered in the 16thth century and century and had developed a huge commercial fleet. had developed a huge commercial fleet. Amsterdam was also a strong center of finance Amsterdam was also a strong center of finance and banking.and banking.

• They resented the heavy taxation by the They resented the heavy taxation by the Spanish and the growing commercial Spanish and the growing commercial competition.competition.

• Phillip sought to crush Calvinism and return Phillip sought to crush Calvinism and return the territory to Catholicism. These provinces the territory to Catholicism. These provinces were very tolerant of others and resented were very tolerant of others and resented Phillip’s incursions.Phillip’s incursions.

• In the 1560’s revolts broke out against In the 1560’s revolts broke out against Spanish rule.Spanish rule.

The Dutch Revolt in the NetherlandsThe Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands• In 1567, Phillip responded by sending the In 1567, Phillip responded by sending the

ruthless ruthless Duke of AlvaDuke of Alva to crush the revolts. to crush the revolts. • The Duke instituted a “reign of terror” that The Duke instituted a “reign of terror” that

lasted six years and thousands of Calvinists lasted six years and thousands of Calvinists were executed.were executed.

• Led by William of Orange the seven Led by William of Orange the seven northern provinces continued to northern provinces continued to resist. In 1579, created the resist. In 1579, created the Union of Union of UtrechtUtrecht. .

• In 1581 they declared themselves In 1581 they declared themselves independent from Spain .independent from Spain .

• The southern ten provinces were subdued The southern ten provinces were subdued by the Spanish and remained under by the Spanish and remained under Spanish control.Spanish control.

The Dutch Revolt in the NetherlandsThe Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands

• The Dutch and Spanish continued to fight off The Dutch and Spanish continued to fight off and on but in 1609 a truce was declared which and on but in 1609 a truce was declared which signaled Spanish acceptance of the signaled Spanish acceptance of the Netherland’s independence. It became official Netherland’s independence. It became official in 1648.in 1648.

• The ten southern provinces later gained The ten southern provinces later gained independence and are today Belgium.independence and are today Belgium.• The Dutch had received aid from The Dutch had received aid from Queen Elizabeth I during their revolts Queen Elizabeth I during their revolts because she feared Spanish because she feared Spanish incursions into England.incursions into England.• This lead to an attempted Spanish This lead to an attempted Spanish invasion of England in 1588. This invasion of England in 1588. This battle would change the course of battle would change the course of European and world history.European and world history.

The Battle of Lepanto – 1571• Spain’s Armada crushed an Ottoman navy off the coast Spain’s Armada crushed an Ottoman navy off the coast

of Greece. of Greece. • The victory halted the Ottoman advance in southern The victory halted the Ottoman advance in southern

Europe and ended their threats in the Mediterranean.Europe and ended their threats in the Mediterranean.

DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA - ARMADA - 15881588 In 1588 Spain attempted to invade In 1588 Spain attempted to invade

England in order to remove Elizabeth I England in order to remove Elizabeth I from power.from power.

The Spanish Armada consisted of 130 The Spanish Armada consisted of 130 ships and thousands of soldiers.ships and thousands of soldiers.

The English navy and storms destroyed or The English navy and storms destroyed or damaged most of the ships in the armada.damaged most of the ships in the armada.

Out of the original 130 Spanish ships only Out of the original 130 Spanish ships only 67 returned to Spain. No English ships 67 returned to Spain. No English ships were lostwere lost

The defeat led to the rapid decline of The defeat led to the rapid decline of Spanish power in the 17th century.Spanish power in the 17th century.

English wealth, power and prestige English wealth, power and prestige increases and it becomes a European and increases and it becomes a European and world power in the 17world power in the 17thth century. century.

1562-15981562-1598

After the Reformation France remained a predominantly Catholic country. With over 16 million people over 90%90% were Catholic.A large portion of the nobility became Calvinists known in France as Huguenots

(10% of French population).Conflict between the two religions led to over three decades of civil war.The Valois king Henry II was physically strong but politically weak. He was

married to Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici and had 3 sons who would eventually succeed him.

In 1559 Henry II is unexpectedly killed when a lance pierced his visor during a joust. Francis II. Francis II, his 15 year old son assumes the throne

His mother Queen Catherine de Medici acts as his regentregent. . She would be the power behind the throne for the next thirty years.

By 1562, open warfare between French Catholics and Huguenots erupts.

Francis II 1559-60, (born

1544)Charles IX,

1560-74 (born 1550)

Henry III, 1574-89 (born

1551)

Lacking a strong King, French politics becomes a power struggle between two aristocratic factions: GuiseGuise and the Bourbon

Bourbon Family Bourbon Family Huguenots Huguenots

French CalvinistsFrench Calvinists

Guise FamilyGuise Family

Extremist CatholicsExtremist Catholics

Valois Dynasty Valois Dynasty Moderate Catholics Moderate Catholics

ReligionReligion

The Duke of Guise’s niece, Mary Queen of Scots, marries

the young King Francis II.

Francis II 1559-60, (born Francis II 1559-60, (born 1544)1544)

Charles IX, 1560-74 (born 1550)

King Charles IX King Charles IX falls under the falls under the

influence of influence of Huguenot leaders Huguenot leaders

and his sister plans and his sister plans to marry another to marry another Huguenot leader, Huguenot leader, Henri of NavarreHenri of Navarre

Charles wants to support the

protestants in the Netherlands against

the Spanish but would put France in direct conflict with

Spain.

Wedding of Henry of Wedding of Henry of Navarre to daughter Navarre to daughter of Catherine de of Catherine de Medici in ParisMedici in Paris

Leading French Leading French Huguenots are Huguenots are invited invited

An ambush leads to An ambush leads to 3,000 Huguenots 3,000 Huguenots being slaughtered being slaughtered in in the St. the St. Bartholomew's Day Bartholomew's Day MassacreMassacre

Within 3 days Within 3 days 20,000 Huguenots 20,000 Huguenots are killed are killed throughout the throughout the provinces. provinces.

Catherine convinces Charles that a Huguenot retaliation is imminent.

He attempts to form a moderate Catholic

faction as an alternative to the Guise.

This leads to the War of the Three Henry’s

Henry III Henry of

GuiseHenry of

NavarreHenry III has Henry Guise assassinated in Dec. 1588Henry III has Henry Guise assassinated in Dec. 1588The Guise family retaliates by having Henry III assassinated in July The Guise family retaliates by having Henry III assassinated in July

1589.1589.This leaves only Henry of Navarre standing. He establishes the Bourbon This leaves only Henry of Navarre standing. He establishes the Bourbon

dynasty and makes peace among the religious factions.dynasty and makes peace among the religious factions.

Peter Paul Rubens, Triumphal Entry of Henri IV into Paris

• Gave the over 1 million Gave the over 1 million Huguenots: Huguenots: • Freedom of public worshipFreedom of public worship• The right of assemblyThe right of assembly• Admission to public offices and Admission to public offices and

universitiesuniversities

•Permission to maintain fortified towns

• Significance – created a state Significance – created a state within a state. This problem would within a state. This problem would not be solved until Louis XIVnot be solved until Louis XIV