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Dr. SWETLANA NAGALASSISTANT PROFESSOR

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA

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Biotechnology Today Focuses on how to change microorganisms, plants and

animals

Scientist isolated and made changes to DNA in theearly 1970s

DNA carries the Blueprint

Genes are units of DNA

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The science disciplines which are included under

biotechnology are:

Microbiology Chemistry

Biochemistry Genetics

Molecularbiology Immunology

Cell and tissue culture Physiology

On the engineering side, it leans heavily on chemicaland biochemical engineering.

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Techniques

Biotechnology

Gene Mapping

Tissue Culture

Biofermentation

Gene Modification

Cloning

Gene Transfer

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USE OFSCIENTIFICAND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLESTO THE PROCESSING OF

MICROORGANISMS/CELLS/THEIRPRODUCTSTOPROVIDEGOODSAND SERVICESFOR THE

MANKIND

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Office of Tech Assessment

DefinitionAny technique that uses living organisms or

substances from those organisms to make or

modify a product, to improve plants or

animals.

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Cont.OR

to develop microorganisms forspecific

uses.

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Biotechnology in Agriculture

(Plants) Crops

Built in insect and herbicide resistance

Built in tolerance to environmental conditions

Improved color and quality Pharmaceuticals

Plants that produce edible vaccines

Food Improved taste and nutrition Improved handling qualities

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Organismic BiotechWorking with complete, intact

organisms or their cellsCloning is an example of

organismic biotech

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CloningProcess of producing a new

genetic replica of an organismfrom cells or tissues of existingorganism.

1997 cloned sheep Dolly inEdinburgh Scotland

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The Biotechnologyof ReproductiveCloning

Even under the bestof circumstances, thecurrent technology ofcloning is very

inefficient.

Cloning provides themost directdemonstration that

all cells of anindividual share acommon geneticblueprint.

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Molecular BiotechChanging the genetic make-

up of an organism GENE THERAPY

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Genetic EngineeringChanging the geneticinformation in a cell

Specific trait of one organismmay be isolated,cut, and moved

into the cell of anotherorganism

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Transgenicproducts of Genetic

engineering Are said to betransgenic

Geneticmaterial in anorganism has been altered

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Biotech examplesMedicine

AgricultureEnvironment

Forestry

Food and beverage processing

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MedicineTherapeutant - product used to

maintain health or prevent disease

Biopharmaceuticals drug orvaccine developed throughbiotechnology called designerdrugs

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EnvironmentalProblems naturally solved by

microorganisms such asbacteria, fungi break downcontaminant into a form less

harmful or not harmful

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Plant biotech Improve plants and the products

produced from them

Insect and disease resistance

Engineered to have desired

characteristics

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Animal BiotechImprove animals or the

products they produceAnimals may be used to

produce products thatpromote human health

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Animal BiotechIncrease productivity

Pigs engineered to producehuman hemoglobin

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Food and BeveragesUse of technology in producingand processing

Some biotech principles havebeen employed for hundreds of

yearsYeast in baking bread

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BiotechnologyHelps meet human needs

Food, clothing and shelterPlants and animals are used inmanufacturing food, clothing

and materials for shelter

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BiotechnologyUsed to make products more

useful or desirableEx: conversion of milk into

cheese or yogurt

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EfficiencyMust keep the cost of

improving products as low aspossible

Biotech results in greaterefficiency

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Health Promoting FoodsFood with unique traits

Some contain therapeutantsSome designed with nutrient

enrichment

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Route to theProduction byBacteria of

Human Insulin

Overview ofgene cloning.

Cloninganimation

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter16/animations.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter16/animations.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter16/animations.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter16/animations.html

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Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin

The final steps are to collect the bacteria, break open the cells, andpurify the insulin protein expressed from the recombinant humaninsulin gene.

Bi h l

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Biotechnology

Dolly andsurrogate

Mom

Genetically modified rice.

Embryonic stemcells and gene

therapy

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Some important fermentation products

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Some important fermentation products

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THANKS