157-radio short history slides 1 to 75

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A Short History of Radio

and Signal Processing inModern Radios

fred harris

29-May 2007

http://www.sdsu.edu/



Pulse Train



What The Customer Wants



What the Customer Will Pay

M O R E M O R E

M O R E M O RE

M O R E M O R E M O R E M O R E M O R E

M O R E

M O R E

MORE MORE

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M M O

O R

R E

E

M

O

RE

MORE

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S L E S S S L E S S S E V E N L E S S



When the Customer wants it.

M O R E M O R E

M O R E M O R E

M O R E M O R E M O R E M O R E M O R E

MO R E

M O R E

MORE MORE

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M M O

O R

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N E X T W E E K T O M O R R O W T H I S A F T E R N O O N



The Size Customer Wants.



Early Communication at a Distance†

776 BC Homing pigeons used to send message – the winner of the Olympic Games to the Athenians.

200-

100 BC Relay stations use fire messages to relay messages-station to station.

37 AD Heliographs - mirrors send messages toRoman Emperor Tiberius.

1793 AD Claude Chappe invents the first long-distance opticalsemaphore telegraph line.

(†Communicating Faster Than A Person Can Run)



Signal Fires: Early Warningof Approaching Enemy



Carrier Pigeons in WW-1



A Time Line

GSM,CDMA, SDR

digital signal processing, DR

audio broadcast

Marconi's experiments

Hertz's experiments

Maxwell equations

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Shannon, television

transistor

CDMA-2000, WLAN, CR

Mrs. Harris’s First Born



Telecommunications!Applying Maxwell Equationsto communication Systems

Maxwell's equations (1873)

magnetic field

electric field

electric displacement

magnetic flux density

current density

volume charge density

rot H J D

rot E B

div D

div B 0

H

E

D

B

J

.

.

James Clerk Maxwell,1831 – 1879



Milestones inElectromagnetic Communications

H.C. Orsted, 1777-1841 “Electrici and Magneticam” 1820

Fraday, 1791-1867, Induction 1831

J.C. Maxwell, 1831-1879, “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism”, 1873

H.L. Helmholtz, 1821-1894 Predicted E-M Waves

Heinrich Hertz, 1857-1894 Radio Propagation 1887

G. Marconi, Radio 1895

Valdemar Poulsen, Continuous Radio Waves 1905

Lee de Forest, Audion 1907

Edward Armstrong, Super-regenerative, Superheterodyne 1917Frequency Modulation, 1934



Disruptive Technology

The electric telegraph arrived in the early 19th

century and redefined communications at a

distance.It required the confluence of three ingredients:

the science of electromagnetism,the ability to generate or store electricitythe Industrial Revolution to build the

required infrastructure



Communication at a Distance withElectricity and Magnetism

1831 Joseph Henry invents the first electric telegraph.

1843 Samuel Morse invents the firstlong distance electrictelegraph line.

1858 Cyrus Field’s Company Lays theTransatlantic Cable.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell patentsthe electric telephone.

1889 Almon Strowger patents the direct dial telephone automatictelephone exchange.

Brunel’s Great Eastern

http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Field/1966Medal2b.jpg



We Need Some Source Coding Here

A

A

B

B

C

C

D

D

7

7

8

8

9

9

36 Lines

Samuel Thomas von Sömmering’s (1808-10)

"Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph



Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph

A

10

9

8

7

6

3

2

4

5

B

E

H

M

R

I

F

N

S

K

G

O

T

V

L

D

P

Y

W

B

2 out of 5 Coding

(5*4 = 20 )



The Cooke and Wheatstone first commercial electrical telegraphentered use on the Great Western Railway on April 9, 1839.

It ran for 13 miles from Paddington Station to West DraytonOn January 1, 1845 John Tawell was apprehended following theuse of a needle telegraph message from Slough to Paddington.

This is thought to be the first use of the telegraph to apprehend a

murderer.

The message was:A murder has just been committed at Salt Hill and the suspected

Murderer was seen to take a first class ticket to London by thetrain that left Slough at 7:42 pm. He is in the garb of a Kwaker

with a brown great coat on which reaches his feet. He is in thelast compartment of the second first-class carriage



Single Needle andVariable Length Code

Cooke-WheatstoneSingle Needle Telegraph (c 1850)



Early Telephone InstrumentsEricsson "Eiffel Tower"Telephone, 1885

11 digit Potbelly

Dial CandlestickStrowger 1905

Dial Candlestick

Automatic Electric1921

Footnote: Western Electric 1877, 5 PhonesEngineers were 1894, 250,000 Phones

wrong! Very Wrong! 1906, 7,500,000 Phones



Communication at a Distance byElectromagnetic Radiation (Radio or Wireless)

1894 Guglielmo Marconiimproves wireless telegraphy.

1902 Guglielmo Marconitransmits radio signals acrossthe Atlantic Ocean.

1914 First cross continentaltelephone call made.

1916 First radios with tunersdifferent stations.

1930 First television broadcastsin the United States.



The Players• Wireless

• Radio

• Analog Radio

• Digital Radio

• DSP Radio

• Software Defined Radio

• Cognitive Radio



It all Started with…..

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz,1847-1894



Shocking!

1. Induction Coil Produces High Voltage

2. Spark Produces Electromagnetic Waves3. Electromagnetic

waves induce voltage in

resonator, producing

small spark in spark gap.



Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937

December 12 1901

Spark Gap Transmitter



Early Radios Were Mechanical(Many Moving Parts)

SPARK TRANSMITTERS



Spark Gap Wireless Transmitter

(Damped Oscillations)



Sparks came in all sizes



Marine Spark Transmitter

Radio Operators

aboard Ship Were CalledSparky

Because theyOperated the

Spark Transmitter



Marconi Tower Radio

2 KW 500 cycle quenching transmitter

Mobile Communications: Communicate to a moving Train

150 ft Antenna stretched across 3-railway cars

(187.4 kilocycles, 1600 Meters)



The Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower was built for an industrial exposition (1889) and thecentenary of the French Revolution.

It created amazement and outrage. The previous world champion, America'sWashington Monument was half the tower's height. The tower held the world’s title for the world’s tallest structure till 1930, when it was surpassed by theChrysler Building.

Eiffel tried to find practical applications for his tower. He wanted the tower towork, to pay its way. He could find no practical application for the tower!Parisians spoke seriously of tearing the tower down.

Then Eiffel discovered the 20th century's killer app for towers, Marconi's radio!

The tower started broadcasting signals in 1904 and by 1908, the French militaryhad installed a radio espionage nest, where they could eavesdrop on German andAustro-Hungarian stations.

Due to Marconi’s invention, the tower's future was secure.



Poulsen Arc Transmitter



Lee De Forest, 1877-1961

Patent No. 879532

Put those sparks to rest!

http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Field/1966Medal2b.jpg



The path to the Triode Thermonic Valve,Thomas Edison, John Fleming, Lee de Forest



Edwin Armstrong, 1890-19541912 regenerative receiver



Regenerative Receiver

A little Feedback Goes a Long Way



Tuned RF Radio

E l M bil C i i



Early Mobile Communications

It may not be safe todrive while using yourmobile phone!



Edwin Armstrong’s Super

Heterodyne ReceiverDET AMP AMP AMP

AMP

ANT

IF IFRF

From Disclosure: June 3, 1918



Replacing the Vacuum Tube

Shockley, Brattain and Bardeen Solid State Amplifier

1947



Integrated Circuits

Robert Noyce,

Intel

Jack Kilby,

TI

1958

Noyce Founded IntelTed Hoff worked for Noyce

Kilby AwardedNobel Prize in 2000



We all own a Billion Transistors

NEXT-GENERATION VIRTEX FAMILY FROM XILINXTO TOP ONE BILLION TRANSISTOR MARK

Eiffel Tower Contains 18,084 Parts

It is Fastened together by 2.5 Million Rivets

The 1 billion transistor processor: who will be first? Semiconductor International, March 2003

Future Microprocessors - How to use a Billion Transistors September 1997 issue of IEEE Computer

The World grows more transistorsthan it grows grains of rice!



Analog-to-Digital Converter



Digital-to-Analog Converter



Start of the Modern eraADC and DSP Insertion



Sample TheIntermediate Frequency Stage



Perform Timing and Carrier

Synchronization in DSP Land

Th M d E



The Modern Era

Software Radio (SR): An ideal SR directly samples the antenna output.

Joe Mitola, 2000

Digital Radio (DR): The baseband signal processing is invariably implemented on a DSP.

Software Defined Radio (SDR): An SDR is a realizable version of an SR:

Signals are sampled after a suitable band selection filter.

t r a n s m i t

r e c e i v e

radio frontend

radiofrequency

RF

baseband

processing

t o u s e r

f r o m u

s e r

analog-to-digitalconversion

A/D

data

processing

control(parametrization)



Everything is in Place



A Simple

Communication SystemMODULATOR

INFORMATION

SOURCE

INFORMATION

DESTINATIONDEMODULATORCHANNEL

BANDLIMITED

AWGN

f x

Amplitude

Distribution

Spec tral

Distribution



All Channels are Waveform ChannelsRepeaters are not!

ATTN

ATTN

ATTN

ATTN

ATTN

ATTN

AMP AMP AMP

s(t)+ N1

s (t)1 s (t)2 s (t)K

s(t) + N2+ N1 s(t) + NK+ N + N + ...1 2

N1(t)

N1(t)

NK(t)

NK(t)

N2(t)

N2(t)

s(t)

s(t)

ANALOG REPEATER CHANNEL

DIGITAL REPEATER CHANNEL

^ ^ ^



Why Digital Communications?

But Let Your Communications Be

Yea, Yea: Nay, Nay:

For What So Ever is

More Than These Cometh of Evil.

Sermon on the Mount, Matthew, Ch. 5, verse. 37

P b bili f E



Probability of Error

10-0

10-3

10-1

10-4

10-6

10-2

10-5

10-7

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 3 .0 4.0 5.0 6.0

10 log ( )= 10 log ( )10 10Eb

Eb

Eb

N0

N0

N0 /2

1

1

d/2

d/2

d/22

2

2

[ ]

SNR(dB)

=

SNR= 9.6 dB

P(e)= 10-5

Slope a t 10-5

1 Decade/dBERFC( )

P r o b a b i l i t y o f E r r o r , A W G N

4.27

9.6

d

P(e)

ConditionalDensity Functions

Bottom Line



Bottom Line

5100

10

10 10

: ( ) 10 : Analog

: 10 ( ) 10100

10 ( ) 10 10 (100) 30

Given P

SNR Then Log dB

Log SNR dB Log dB

5100

5

1

71

: ( ) 10 :

: 100 ( ) 10( ) 10 12

Given P Digital

Then P P SNR dB

5100100 Repeaters, ( ) 10P



Cl d Sh



Claude Shannon

'The world has only 10kinds of people.

Those who get binary,and those who don't.'

Noise Does not Limit Fidelity.

Information is measurable.

Distortion is Controllable.

Shannon’s Digital Model



Shannon s Digital Model DISCRETE CHANNEL DIGITAL

MODULATOR

DIGITAL

DEMODULATOR

BITS

M-ARY

ALPHABET

M-ARY

ALPHABET

DATA

TRANSFORMS WAVEFORM

TRANSFORMS

SPECTRAL

TRANSFORMS

SPECTRAL

TRANSFORMS WAVEFORM

TRANSFORMS

DATA

TRANSFORMS

BASEBAND

WAVEFORM

RF

CHA NNE L

RF

BASEBAND

WAVEFORM

BITS



Shannon’s Model

BITS

BITS

BANDWIDTH

REDUCING

BANDWIDTH

PRESERVING

BANDWIDTH

EXPANDING

CHA NNE L

SOURCE

ENCODING

CHANNEL

ENCODING

CHANNELDECODING

SOURCEDECODING

ENCRYPTION

DECRYPTION

It’s all Bits! Bits in, Bits out!

Sh ’ L



Shannon’s Legacy • Communication System Resources

BandwidthSignal to Noise RatioComputational Complexity

• A Communication System needs aComputer in Modulator and Demodulator!

• We have a Computer on Board!

• We can use it to do some Heavy Lifting

The Four Pillars of



Modern Communications

B

A N D W I D T

H

S I G N

A L t o N O I

S E

D A

T A T R A N S F O

R M S

S I G N A L T R A N S F

O R M S

MODERN

COMMUNICATIONS

Th M dul t Di it l t An l Int f



The Modulator Digital to Analog InterfaceMoves Towards the RF

BASEBAND

BASEBAND

BASEBAND

RF

RF

RF

M-ARY

M-ARY

M-ARY

TUNER

TUNER

TUNER

ANALOG

ANALOG

ANALOG

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

SIGNAL

CONDITIONER

SIGNAL

CONDITIONER

SIGNAL

CONDITIONER

The Demodulator Analog to Digital Interface



The Demodulator Analog to Digital InterfaceMoves Towards the RF

BASEBAND

BASEBAND

BASEBAND

RF

RF

RF

M-ARY

M-ARY

M-ARY

ANALOG

ANALOG

ANALOG

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

TUNER

TUNER

TUNER

SIGNAL

CONDITIONER

SIGNAL

CONDITIONER

SIGNAL

CONDITIONER

Fi t G ti DSP R i



First Generation DSP Receiver

LOW-PASS

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

I-F

FILTER

IMAGE

REJECT

FILTER

MATCHED

FILTER

FIRST

LO

SAMPLER

DATA

DETECTOR

PHASE

DETECTORCARRIER

VCO

TIMING

VCO

LNA

TUNING

GAIN

S d G ti DSP R i



Second Generation DSP Receiver

LOW-PASS

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

I-F

FILTER

IMAGE

REJECT

FILTER

MATCHED

FILTER

FIRST

LO

SAMPLER

DATA

DETECTOR

PHASE

DETECTORCARRIER

VCO

TIMING

VCO

LNA

TUNING

GAIN

LOW-PASS FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

I-F FILTER

IMAGEREJECT

FILTER

MATCHED FILTER

FIRST

LO

SAMPLER

DATADETECTOR

PHASE

DETECTORCARRIER

VCO

TIMING

VCO

LNA

TUNING

GAIN

Thi d G ti DSP R i



Third Generation DSP Receiver

LOW-PASS FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

I-F FILTER

IMAGE

REJECT FILTER

MATCHED FILTER

FIRST

LO

SAMPLER

DATADETECTOR

PHASE

DETECTORCARRIER

VCO

TIMING

VCO

LNA

TUNING

GAIN

LOW-PASS

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

LOOP

FILTER

I-F

FILTER

IMAGE

REJECT

FILTER

MATCHED

FILTER

FIRST

LO

SAMPLER

DATA

DETECTOR

PHASEDETECTORSECOND LO SAMPLING CLOCK CARRIER DDS

TIMING

DDS

LNA

TUNING

GAIN

INTERPOLATOR

SECOND GENERATION



SECOND GENERATIONDSP CENTRIC MODEL

SAMPLED DATA CHANNEL DIGITAL

MODULATOR DSP

MODULATOR

DSP

DEMODULATOR

DIGITAL

DEMODULATOR

BITS

M-ARY

ALPHABET

M-ARY

ALPHABET

DATA

TRANSFORMS WAVEFORM

TRANSFORMS

SPECTRAL

TRANSFORMS

SPECTRAL

TRANSFORMS WAVEFORM

TRANSFORMS

DATA

TRANSFORMS

BASEBAND

WAVEFORM

RF

CHA NNE L

RF BASEBANDWAVEFORM

BITS

ANALOG

SIGNALS DIGITAL

SIGNALS

DATA

SIGNALS

THIRD GENERATION



THIRD GENERATIONDSP CENTRIC MODEL

ANALOG CHANNEL DIGITALMODULATOR

DSPMODULATOR

DSPDEMODULATOR

DIGITALDEMODULATOR

BITS

M-ARY

ALPHABET

M-ARY

ALPHABET

DATA

TRANSFORMS WAVEFORM

TRANSFORMS

SPECTRAL

TRANSFORMS

SPECTRAL

TRANSFORMS WAVEFORM

TRANSFORMS

DATA

TRANSFORMS

BASEBAND

WAVEFORM

RF

CHA NNE L

RF

BASEBANDWAVEFORM

BITS

ANALOG

SIGNALS DIGITAL

SIGNALS

DATA

SIGNALS

Mapping an Analog prototype



Mapping an Analog prototypeto its Digital Counterpart

ANALOG SIGNALPROCESSING

DIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSING

ANALOG TO DIGITALCONVERTER

DIGITAL TO ANALOGCONVERTER

ANALOGBLOCKS

DIGITALBLOCKS

x(t)

x(t)

x(n)

x(n)

x(t)

y(t)

y(t)

y(n)

y(n)

y(t)

PROTOTYPE ANALOG PROCESS

EQUIVALENTDIGITAL PROCESS

Good Advice!



Good Advice!

• Don’t Copy Analog Legacy Prototype toDSP Domain.

• Legacy Designs include CompromisesAppropriate for their Time.

• Return to First Principles!• Start with a fresh slate using current

resources and perspectives.

Signal Processing in Transmitter I



Signal Processing in Transmitter-I

Base Band Sigma-Delta ADC VCELPC Speech Source Coding Spectral Shaping Fixed Interpolation Arbitrary Interpolation I-Q Balance DC Canceling Digital Up-Conversion

Sin(x)/(x) Predistortion IF Sigma-Delta DAC Direct Sequence Spreading Automatic Gain Control

157-radio short history slides 1 to 75

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