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8/11/2019 15987771 Blokh M Y a Course in English Theoretical Grammar

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CHAPTER I

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~ e7 HRN MOLWWLTXQLc QLTNM\OXN[ wRXQR LON ONLcX[Nb fZ TRNbN[QOXfNb TZSN[ \P P\OW[ \OMLYX[Nb XY P^YQTX\YLc SLOLbXMWLTXQ\SS\[XTX\Y[4 QLY NXTRNO fN XYYLTN P\O L MXoNY QcL[[ \P w\Ob[4 \O\YcZ fN NpSON[[Nb \Y TRN [ÔPLQN \P XT4 [NOoXYM L[ L [XMY \PQ\OONcLTX\Y wXTR [\WN \TRNO QcL[[7

j\O XY[TLYQN4 TRN QLTNM\OZ \P Y^WfNO X[ \OMLYXQLccZQ\YYNQTNb wXTR TRN P^YQTX\YLc YLTÔN \P TRN Y\^Ym XT bXONQTcZNpS\[N[ TRN Y^WfNO \P TRN ONPNONYT [^f[TLYQN4 e.g. one ship $several ships. HRN QLTNM\OZ \P Y^WfNO XY TRN oNOf4 R\wNoNO4fZ Y\ WNLY[ MXoN[ L YLTÔLc WNLYXYMP^c QRLOLQTNOX[TXQ T\ TRN

bNY\TNb SO\QN[[5 TRN SO\QN[[ X[ bNo\Xb \P Y^WNOXQLc PNLTÔN[[^QR L[ LON NpSON[[Nb fZ TRN MOLWWLTXQLc Y^WfNO7 UYbNNb4wRLT X[ ONYbNONb fZ TRN oNOfLc Y^WfNO X[ Y\T L v^LYTXTLTXoNQRLOLQTNOX[LTX\Y \P TRN SO\QN[[4 f^T L Y^WNOXQLc PNLTÔXYM \PTRN [^fnNQTBONPNONYT7 &f.:


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HRNgirl X[ [WXcXYM7 C HRNgirls LON [WXcXYM7 HRNship X[ XYTRN RLOf\Ô7 C HRNships LON XY TRN RLOf\Ô7

HR^[4 PO\W TRN S\XYT \P oXNw \P ONPNONYT ONcLTX\Y4MOLWWLTXQLc QLTNM\OXN[ [R\^cb fN bXoXbNb XYT\ zXWWLYNYTzQLTNM\OXN[4 X7N7 QLTNM\OXN[ XYYLTN P\O L MXoNY cNpNWXQ QcL[[4 LYb

zONPcNQTXoNz QLTNM\OXN[4 X7N7 QLTNM\OXN[ \P L [NQ\YbLOZ4bNOXoLTXoN [NWLYTXQ oLc^N7 ELTNM\OXLc P\OW[ fL[Nb \Y[^f\ObXYLTXoN MOLWWLTXQLc LMONNWNYT k[^QR L[ TRN oNOfLcSNO[\Y4 TRN oNOfLc Y^WfNOl LON ONPcNQTXoN4 wRXcN QLTNM\OXLcP\OW[ [TXS^cLTXYM MOLWWLTXQLc LMONNWNYT XY cNpNWN[ \P LQ\YTXM^\^[ w\ObBQcL[[ k[^QR L[ TRN [^f[TLYTXoNBSO\Y\WXYLcSNO[\Y4 TRN [^f[TLYTXoN Y^WfNOl LON XWWLYNYT7 UWWLYNYT LONLc[\ [^QR QLTNM\OXN[ LYb TRNXO P\OW[ L[ LON Qc\[Nb wXTRXY Lw\ObBQcL[[4 X7N7 b\ Y\T TOLY[MON[[ XT[ f\ObNO[m T\ TRN[N fNc\YMTRN TNY[N \P TRN oNOf4 TRN Q\WSLOX[\Y \P TRN LbnNQTXoN LYbLboNOf4 NTQ7

hY\TRNO N[[NYTXLc bXoX[X\Y \P MOLWWLTXQLc QLTNM\OXN[ X[fL[Nb \Y TRN QRLYMNLfXcXTZ PLQT\O \P TRN NpS\[Nb PNLTÔN7GLWNcZ4 TRN PNLTÔN \P TRN ONPNONYT NpSON[[Nb fZ TRN QLTNM\OZQLY fN NXTRNO Q\Y[TLYT k^YQRLYMNLfcN4 zbNOXoLTX\YLczl4 \OoLOXLfcN kQRLYMNLfcN4 zbNW^TLTXoNzl7

hY NpLWScN \P Q\Y[TLYT PNLTÔN QLTNM\OZ QLY fN [NNY XY TRNQLTNM\OZ \P MNYbNO4 wRXQR bXoXbN[ TRN QcL[[ \P IYMcX[R Y\^Y[XYT\ Y\YBR^WLY YLWN[4 R^WLY WLcN YLWN[4 R^WLY PNWLcNYLWN[4 LYb R^WLY Q\WW\Y MNYbNO YLWN[7 HRX[ bXoX[X\Y X[ONSON[NYTNb fZ TRN [Z[TNW \P TRN TRXOb SNO[\Y SO\Y\^Y[[NOoXYM L[ MNYbNOBXYbXQN[ k[NN PÔTRNOl7 &f.:

It kY\YBR^WLYl5 W\^YTLXY4 QXTZ4 P\ON[T4 QLT4 fNN4 NTQ76e kWLcNR^WLYl5 WLY4 PLTRNO4 R^[fLYb4 ^YQcN4 NTQ7 She kPNWLcN R^WLYl5w\WLY4 cLbZ4 W\TRNO4 MXOc4 NTQ76e \O she kQ\WW\Y R^WLYl5SNO[\Y4 SLONYT4 QRXcb4 Q\^[XY4 NTQ7

dLOXLfcN PNLTÔN QLTNM\OXN[ QLY fN NpNWScXPXNb fZ TRN[^f[TLYTXoN Y^WfNO k[XYM cLO C Sc OLcl \O TRN bNMONN[ \PQ\WSLOX[\Y kS\[XTXoN C Q\WSLOLTXoN C [^SNOcLTXoNl7

E\Y[TLYT PNLTÔN QLTNM\OXN[ ONPcNQT TRN [TLTXQ QcL[[XPXQLTX\Y[\P SRNY\WNYL4 wRXcN oLOXLfcN PNLTÔN QLTNM\OXN[ NpS\[NoLOX\^[ Q\YYNQTX\Y[ fNTwNNY SRNY\WNYL7 J\WN WLOMXYLc

QLTNM\OXLc P\OW[ WLZ LQv^XON XYTNOWNbXLOZ [TLT^[4 fNXYMc\QLTNb XYBfNTwNNY TRN Q\OON[S\YbXYM QLTNM\OXLc S\cN[7 j\OXY[TLYQN4 TRN Y\^Y[ [XYM^cLOXL TLYT W LYb ScÔLcXL TLYT^WSON[NYT L QL[N \P RZfOXb oLOXLfcNBQ\Y[TLYT P\OWLTX\Y[4 [XYQNTRNXO oLOXLfcN PNLTÔN \P Y^WfNO RL[ fNQ\WN zOXMXbz4

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\O zcNpXQLcX[Nbz7 &f.: YNw[4 LboXQN4 SO\MON[[m SN\ScN4 S\cXQNmfNcc\w[4 T\YM[m Q\c\Ô[4 cNTTNO[m NTQ7

UY bX[TXYQTX\Y T\ TRN[N4 TRN MNYbNO w\ObBf XcbXYM SLXO[[R\^cb fN Q\Y[XbNONb L[ L QcNLO NpLWScN \P RZfOXb Q\Y[TLYTBoLOXLfcN P\OWLTX\Y[4 [XYQN TRNXO Q\Y[TLYT PNLTÔN \P MNYbNO RL[

LQv^XONb [\WN QRLYMNLfXcXTZ SO\SNOTXN[4 X7N7 RL[ fNQ\WN T\ LQNOTLXY NpTNYT zMOLWWLTXQLcX[Nbz7 &f.: LQT\O C LQTON[[4L^TR\O C L^TR\ON[[4 cX\Y C cX\YN[[4 NTQ7

~ _7 UY TRN cXMRT \P TRN NpS\[Nb QRLOLQTNOX[TXQ[ \P TRNQLTNM\OXN[4 wN WLZ [SNQXPZ TRN [TLT [ \P MOLWWLTXQLcSLOLbXMW[ \P QRLYMNLfcN P\OW[7

VOLWWLTXQLc QRLYMN RL[ fNNY XYTNOSONTNb XY TOLbXTX\YLcTNOW[ \P bNQcNY[X\Y LYb Q\Yn MLTX\Y7 qZ bNQcNY[X\Y TRNY\WXYLc QRLYMN X[ XWScXNb kPXO[T \P Lcc4 TRN QL[N [Z[TNWl4 wRXcNfZ Q\Yn^MLTX\Y TRN oNOfLc QRLYMN X[ XWScXNb kTRN oNOfLc P\OW[\P SNO[\Y4 Y^WfNO4 TNY[N4 NTQ7l7 }\wNoNO4 TRN bXoX[X\Y \PQLTNM\OXN[ XYT\ XWWLYNYT LYb ONPcNQTXoN XYoXTN[ L bXoX[X\Y \PP\OW[ \Y L [\WNwRLT W\ON Q\Y[X[TNYT fL[X[7

JXYQN TRN XWWLYNYT PNLTÔN X[ NpSON[[Nb fZ N[[NYTXLccZXYbNSNYbNYT MOLWWLTXQLc P\OW[4 LYb TRN ONPcNQTXoN PNLTÔN4Q\OON[S\YbXYMcZ4 fZ N[[NYTXLccZ bNSNYbNYT MOLWWLTXQLc P\OW[4Lcc TRN P\OW[ \P TRN PXO[T \ObNO kXWWLYNYTl [R\^cb fN QcL[[NbL[ zbNQcNY[X\YLcz4 wRXcN Lcc TRN P\OW[ \P TRN [NQ\Yb \ObNOkONPcNQTXoNl [R\^cb fN QcL[[Nb L[ zQ\Yn^MLTX\YLcz7

UY LQQ\Ob wXTR TRX[ SOXYQXScN4 TRN Y\^Y XY [^QR [ZYTRNTXQLccLYM^LMN[ L[ r^[[XLY \O ]LTXY X[ bNQcXYNb fZ TRN P\OW[ \PMNYbNO4 Y^WfNO4 LYb QL[N4 wRXcN TRN LbnNQTXoN X[ Q\Yn^MLTNbfZ TRN [LWN P\OW[7 h[ P\O TRN IYMcX[R oNOf4 XT X[ Q\Yn^MLTNbfZ TRN ONPcNQTXoN P\OW[ \P SNO[\Y LYb Y^WfNO4 f^T bNQcXYNb fZTRN XWWLYNYT P\OW[ \P TNY[N4 L[SNQT4 o\XQN4 LYb W\\b7

CHAPTER IGRAATICA& C&A""E" $% $R*"

~ 1. HRN w\Ob[ \P cLYM^LMN4 bNSNYbXYM \Y oLOX\^[ P\OWLcLYb [NWLYTXQ PNLT ON[4 LON bXoXbNb XYT\ MOLWWLTXQLccZONcNoLYT [NT[ \O QcL[[N[7 HRN TOLbXTX\YLc MOLWWLTXQLc QcL[[N[\P w\Ob[ LON QLccNb zSLOT[ \P [SNNQRz7 JXYQN TRN w\Ob X[

bX[TXYM X[RNb Y\T \YcZ fZ MOLWWLTXQLc4 f T Lc[\ fZ[NWLYTXQ\BcNpNWXQ SO\SNOTXN[4 [\WN [QR\cLO[ ONPNO T\ SLOT[ \P[SNNQR

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L[ zcNpXQ\BMOLWWLTXQLcz [NOXN[ \P w\Ob[4 \O L[ zcNpXQ\BMOLWWLTXQLc QLTNM\OXN[z )!=4 k-l4 //m k,l4 -..7

UT [R\^cb fN Y\TNb TRLT TRN TNOW zSLOT \P [SNNQRz X[ S^ONcZTOLbXTX\YLc LYb Q\YoNYTX\YLc4 XT QLYuT fN TLsNY L[ XY LYZ wLZbNPXYXYM \O NpScLYLT\OZ7 HRX[ YLWN wL[ XYTO\b^QNb in TRN

MOLWWLTXQLc TNLQRXYM \P hYQXNYT VONNQN4 wRNON TRN Q\YQNST\P TRN [NYTNYQN wL[ Y\T ZNT NpScXQXTcZ XbNYTXPXNb XY bX[TXYQTX\YT\ TRN MNYNOLc XbNL \P [SNNQR4 LYb wRNON4 Q\Y[Nv^NYTcZ4 Y\[TOXQT bXPPNONYTXLTX\Y wL[ bOLwY fNTwNNY TRN w\Ob L[ Lo\QLf^cLOZ ^YXT LYb TRN w\Ob L[ L P^YQTX\YLc NcNWNYT \P TRN[NYTNYQN7

UY W\bNOY cXYM^X[TXQ[4 SLOT[ \P [SNNQR LON bX[QOXWXYLTNb \YTRN fL[X[ \P TRN TRONN QOXTNOXL5 z[NWLYTXQz4 zP\OWLcz4 LYbzP^YQTX\YLcz7 HRN semantic QOXTNOX\Y SON[^SS\[N[ TRNNoLc^LTX\Y \P TRN MNYNOLcX[Nb WNLYXYM4 wRXQR X[ QRLOLQTNOX[TXQ\P Lcc TRN [^f[NT[ \P w\Ob[ Q\Y[TXT^TXYM L MXoNY SLOT \P [SNNQR7

HRX[ WNLYXYM X[ ^YbNO[T\\b L[ TRN zQLTNM\OXLc WNLYXYM \P TRNSLOT \P [SNNQRz7 HRN formal QOXTNOX\Y SO\oXbN[ P\O TRNNpS\[XTX\Y \P TRN [SNQXPXQ XYPcNpX\YLc LYb bNOXoLTX\YLc kw\ObBf^XcbXYMl PNLT^ON[ \P Lcc TRN cNpNWXQ [^f[NT[ \P L SLOT \P[SNNQR7 HRNfunctional QOXTNOX\Y Q\YQNOY[ TRN [ZYTLQTXQ O\cN \Pw\Ob[ XY TRN [NYTNYQN TZSXQLc \P L SLOT \P [SNNQR7 HRN [LXbTRONN PLQT\O[ \P QLTNM\OXLc QRLOLQTNOX[LTX\Y \P w\Ob[ LONQ\YoNYTX\YLccZ ONPNOONb T\ L[4 ON[SNQTXoNcZ4 zWNLYXYMz4zP\OWz4 LYb zP^YQTX\Yz7

~ ,7 UY LQQ\Ob wXTR TRN bN[QOXfNb QOXTNOXL4 w\Ob[ \Y TRN

^SSNO cNoNc \P QcL[[XPXQLTX\Y LON bXoXbNb XYT\ Y\TX\YLc LYbP^YQTX\YLc4 wRXQR ONPcNQT[ TRNXO bXoX[X\Y XY TRN NLOcXNOMOLWWLTXQLc TOLbXTX\Y XYT\ QRLYMNLfcN LYb ^YQRLYMNLfcN7

H\ TRN Y\TX\YLc SLOT[ \P [SNNQR \P TRN IYMcX[R cLYM^LMNfNc\YM TRN Y\^Y4 TRN LbnNQTXoN4 TRN Y^WNOLc4 TRN SO\Y\^Y4 TRNoNOf4 TRN LboNOf7

HRNfeatures of the noun wXTRXY TRN XbNYTXPXQLTX\YLc TOXLbzWNLYXYM C P\OW C P^YQTX\Yz LON4 Q\OON[S\YbXYMcZ4 TRNP\cc\wXYM5 -l TRN QLTNM\OXLc WNLYXYM \P [^f[TLYQNkzTRXYMYN[[zlm ,l TRN QRLYMNLfcN P\OW[ \P Y^WfNO LYb QL[NmTRN [SNQXPXQ [^PPXpLc P\OW[ \P bNOXoLTX\Y kSONPXpN[ XY IYMcX[R

b\ Y\T bX[QOXWXYLTN SLOT[ \P [SNNQR L[ [^QRlm /l TRN[^f[TLYTXoN P^YQTX\Y[ XY TRN [NYTNYQN k[^fnNQT4 \fnNQT4[^f[TLYTXoLc SONbXQLTXoNlm SONS\[XTX\YLc Q\YYNQTX\Y[mW\bXPXQLTX\Y fZ LY LbnNQTXoN7

HRNfeatures of the ad"ective: -l TRN QLTNM\OXLc WNLYXYM \PSO\SNOTZ kv^LcXTLTXoN LYb ONcLTXoNlm ,l TRN P\OW[ \P TRN

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bNMONN[ \P Q\WSLOX[\Y kP\O v^LcXTLTXoN LbnNQTXoN[lm TRN[SNQXPXQ [^PPXpLc P\OW[ \P bNOXoLTX\Ym /l LbnNQTXoLc P^YQTX\Y[XY TRN [NYTNYQN kLTTOXf^TN T\ L Y\^Y4 LbnNQTXoLc SONbXQLTXoNl7

HRNfeatures of the numeral: -l TRN QLTNM\OXLc WNLYXYM \PY^WfNO kQLObXYLc LYb \ObXYLclm ,l TRN YLOO\w [NT \P [XWScN

Y^WNOLc[m TRN [SNQXPXQ P\OW[ \P Q\WS\[XTX\Y P\O Q\WS\^YbY^WNOLc[m TRN [SNQXPXQ [^PPXpLc P\OW[ \P bNOXoLTX\Y P\O \ObXYLcY^WNOLc[m /l TRN P^YQTX\Y[ \P Y^WNOXQLc LTTOXf^TN LYbY^WNOXQLc [^f[TLYTXoN7

HRNfeatures of the pronoun: -l TRN QLTNM\OXLc WNLYXYM \PXYbXQLTX\Y kbNXpX[lm ,l TRN YLOO\w [NT[ \P oLOX\^[ [TLT^[ wXTRTRN Q\OON[S\YbXYM P\OWLc SO\SNOTXN[ \P QLTNM\OXLcQRLYMNLfXcXTZ LYb w\ObBf^XcbXYMm /l TRN [^f[TLYTXoLc LYbLbnNQTXoLc P^YQTX\Y[ P\O bXPPNONYT [NT[7

HRN features of the verb: -l TRN QLTNM\OXLc WNLYXYM \PSO\QN[[ kSON[NYTNb XY TRN Tw\ ^SSNO [NOXN[ \P P\OW[4

ON[SNQTXoNcZ4 L[ PXYXTN SO\QN[[ LYb Y\YBPXYXTN SO\QN[[lm ,l TRNP\OW[ \P TRN oNOfLc QLTNM\OXN[ \P SNO[\Y4 Y^WfNO4 TNY[N4L[SNQT4 o\XQN4 W\\bm TRN \SS\[XTX\Y \P TRN PXYXTN LYb Y\YBPXYXTN P\OW[m /l TRN P^YQTX\Y \P TRN PXYXTN SONbXQLTN P\O TRNPXYXTN oNOfm TRN WXpNb oNOfLc C \TRNO TRLY oNOfLc P^YQTX\Y[P\O TRN Y\YBPXYXTN oNOf7

HRNfeatures of the adverb: -l TRN QLTNM\OXLc WNLYXYM \PTRN [NQ\YbLOZ SO\SNOTZ4 X7N7 TRN SO\SNOTZ \P SO\QN[[ \O LY\TRNOSO\SNOTZm ,l TRN P\OW[ \P TRN bNMONN[ \P Q\WSLOX[\Y P\Ov^LcXTLTXoN LboNOf[m TRN [SNQXPXQ [^PPXpLc P\OW[ \P bNOXoLTX\Ym/l TRN P^YQTX\Y[ \P oLOX\^[ LboNOfXLc W\bXPXNO[7

aN RLoN [ OoNZNb TRN XbNYTXPZXYM SO\SNOTXN[ \P TRNY\TX\YLc SLOT[ \P [SNNQR TRLT ^YXTN TRN w\Ob[ \P Q\WScNTNY\WXYLTXoN WNLYXYM QRLOLQTNOX[Nb fZ [NcPBbNSNYbNYTP^YQTX\Y[ XY TRN [NYTNYQN7

E\YTOL[TNb LMLXY[T TRN Y\TX\YLc SLOT[ \P [SNNQR LON w\Ob[\P XYQ\WScNTN Y\WXYLTXoN WNLYXYM LYb Y\YB[NcPBbNSNYbNYT4WNbXLT\OZ P^YQTX\Y[ XY TRN [NYTNYQN7 HRN[N LON P^YQTX\YLcSLOT[ \P [SNNQR7

FY TRN SOXYQXScN \P zMNYNOLcX[Nb P\OWz \YcZ ^YQRLYMNLfcNw\Ob[ LON TOLbXTX\YLccZ TONLTNb ^YbNO TRN RNLbXYM \P P^YQTX\YLcSLOT[ \P [SNNQR7 h[ P\O TRNXO XYbXoXb^Lc P\OW[ L[ [^QR4 TRNZ LON[XWScZ SON[NYTNb fZ TRN cX[T4 [XYQN TRN Y^WfNO \P TRN[N w\Ob[X[ cXWXTNb4 [\ TRLT TRNZ YNNbYuT fN XbNYTXPXNb \Y LYZ MNYNOLc4\SNOLTX\YLc [QRNWN7

H\ TRN fL[XQ P^YQTX\YLc [NOXN[ \P w\Ob[ XY IYMcX[R fNc\YMTRN LOTXQcN4 TRN SONS\[XTX\Y4 TRN Q\Yn^YQTX\Y4 TRN SLOTXQcN4 TRNW\bLc w\Ob4 TRN XYTNOnNQTX\Y7

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HRN article NpSON[[N[ TRN [SNQXPXQ cXWXTLTX\Y \P TRN[^f[TLYTXoN P^YQTX\Y[7

HRN preposition NpSON[[N[ TRN bNSNYbNYQXN[ LYbXYTNObNSNYbNYQN[ \P [^f[TLYTXoN ONPNONYT[7

HRN con"unction NpSON[[N[ Q\YYNQTX\Y[ \P SRNY\WNYL7

HRNparticle ^YXTN[ TRN P^YQTX\YLc w\Ob[ \P [SNQXPZXYM LYbcXWXTXYM WNLYXYM7 H\ TRX[ [NOXN[4 Lc\YM[XbN \P \TRNO [SNQXPZXYMw\Ob[4 [R\^cb fN ONPNOONb oNOfLc S\[TS\[XTX\Y[ L[ P^YQTX\YLcW\bXPXNO[ \P oNOf[4 NTQ7

HRN modal word, \QQ^SZXYM XY TRN [NYTNYQN L W\ONSO\Y\^YQNb \O cN[[ SO\Y\^YQNb bNTLQRNb S\[XTX\Y4 NpSON[[N[TRN LTTXT^bN \P TRN [SNLsNO T\ TRN ONPcNQTNb [XT^LTX\Y LYb XT[SLOT[7 }NON fNc\YM TRN P^YQTX\YLc w\Ob[ \P SO\fLfXcXTZ(probably, perhaps, NTQ7l4 \P v^LcXTLTXoN NoLc LTX\Y(fortunately, unfortunately, lucily, NTQ7l4 LYb Lc[\ \PLPPXOWLTX\Y LYb YNMLTX\Y7

HRN inter"ection, \QQ^SZXYM L bNTLQRNb S\[XTX\Y XY TRN[NYTNYQN4 X[ L [XMYLc \P NW\TX\Y[7

~ /7 ILQR SLOT \P [SNNQR LPTNO XT[ XbNYTXPXQLTX\Y X[ P^OTRNO[^fbXoXbNb XYT\ [^f[NOXN[ XY LQQ\Ob wXTR oLOX\^[ SLOTXQ^cLO[NWLYTXQ\BP^YQTX\YLc LYb P\OWLc PNLT^ON[ \P TRN Q\Y[TXT^NYTw\Ob[7 HRX[ [^fbXoX[X\Y X[ [\WNTXWN[ QLccNbz[^f

15987771 blokh m y a course in english theoretical grammar

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