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The Italian Christoper Columbus arrives inAmerica by Gergio Deluci (1493).

Millennium: 2nd millennium

Centuries: 14th century · 15th century · 16th century

Decades: 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s

Categories: Births – DeathsEstablishments – Disestablishments

15th centuryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 15th century was the century which spans the Julianyears 1401 to 1500.

In European history, the 15th century is seen as the bridgebetween the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, andthe Early modern period. Many technological, social andcultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospectbe seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the followingcenturies. In religious history, the Roman Papacy was splitin two parts in Europe for decades (the so­called WesternSchism), until the Council of Constance. The division of theCatholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussitemovement would become factors in the rise of the ProtestantReformation in the following century.

Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern RomanEmpire, falls to emerging Ottoman Turks, forcingWestern Europeans to find a new trade route. Atthe same time, the beginning Age of Sail allowsSpanish and Portuguese explorations led to the firstEuropean sightings of the Americas (the NewWorld) and the sea passage along Cape of GoodHope to India, in the last decade of the century.The Spanish Reconquista leads to the final fall ofthe Emirate of Granada by the end of the century.

In Asia, under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng Heto explore the world overseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle. Tamerlane established amajor empire in the Middle East and Central Asia, in order to revive the Mongolian Empire.

In Africa, the spread of Islam leads to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end ofthe century leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teeterson the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire.

In the Americas, both the Inca Empire and the Aztec Triple Alliance reach the peak of their influence.

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Portrait of the founder of accounting, LucaPacioli, by Jacopo de' Barbari (Museo diCapodimonte).

Contents

1 Events2 Significant people

2.1 Visual artists, architects, sculptors, printmakers, illustrators2.2 Literature2.3 Musicians and Composers2.4 Exploration2.5 Science, invention and philosophy

3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions4 Important personages5 References6 Decades and years

Events

1400s

1401: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present­day central India1402: Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture ofBayezid I.1402: Sultanate of Malacca founded by Parameshwara.1403: The Yongle Emperor moves the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing.1403: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire.1405–1433: Zheng He of China sails through the Indian Ocean to India, Arabia, and East Africa tospread China's influence and sovereignty.1405: Paregreg war, Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana againstWirabhumi. (to 1406)1405–1407: The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java,Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.[1] (to 1433)

1410s

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Joan of Arc, a Frenchpeasant girl, directlyinfluenced the result of theHundred Years' War.

Filippo Brunelleschi, one ofthe greatest engineers andarchitects of all time.

1410: The Battle of Grunwald is the decisive battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the TeutonicKnights.1410–1413: Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland.1414: Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor ofMultan, takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty.1415: Henry the Navigator leads the conquest of Ceuta from theMoors marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.1415: Battle of Agincourt fought between the Kingdom of Englandand France.1415: Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic at the Council ofConstance.

1420s

1420: Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City is completed inBeijing.1420–1434: Hussite Wars in Bohemia.

1424: James I returns to Scotland after being held hostage underthree Kings of England since 1406.1424: Deva Raya II succeeds his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Rayaas monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire.1425: Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by PopeMartin V.1429: Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans and turns the tide ofthe Hundred Years' War.1429: Queen Suhita succeeds Wikramawardhana as ruler ofMajapahit.[2]

1430s

1431January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin inRouen, France under English occupation.March 3 – Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, tobecome the 207th pope.March 26 – The trial of Joan of Arc begins.May 30 – Nineteen­year­old Joan of Arc is burned at thestake.June 16 – the Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creatinganti­Polish allianceSeptember – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.October 30 – Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace between Portugal andCastille.December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.

1438: Pachacuti founds the Inca Empire.

1440s

1440: Eton College founded by Henry VI.1440s: The Golden Horde breaks up into the Siberia Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, theAstrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Great Horde.1440–1469: Under Moctezuma I, the Aztecs become the dominant power in Mesoamerica.

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The renaissance kingMatthias Corvinus ofHungary. His mercenarystanding army (the BlackArmy) had the strongestmilitary potential of its era.

Modern painting of Mehmed IImarching on Constantinople in 1453

1440: Oba Ewuare comes to power in the West African city ofBenin, and turns it into an empire.1441: Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter, dies.1441: Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish theEuropean slave trade with a shipment of African slaves sentdirectly from Africa to Portugal.1441: A civil war between The Tutul Xiues and Cocom breaks outin The League of Mayapan. As a consequence the league begins todisintegrate.1443: Abdur Razzaq visits India.1443: King Sejong the Great publishes the hangul, the nativephonetic alphabet system for the Korean language.1444: The Albanian league is established in Lezha, Skanderbeg iselected leader. A war begins against Ottoman empire. An Albanianstate is set up and lasts until 1479.1444: Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats the Polishand Hungarian armies under Władysław III of Poland and JánosHunyadi at the Battle of Varna.1445: The Kazan Khanate defeats the Grand Duchy of Moscow atthe Battle of Suzdal.1446: Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II asmonarch of the Vijayanagara Empire.1447: Wijayaparakramawardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit.[2]1449: Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born.1449: Esen Tayisi leads an Oirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in the capture of theZhengtong Emperor at Battle of Tumu Fortress.

1450s

1450s: Machu Picchu constructed.1451: Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhisultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty1451: Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styledBrawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as rulerof Majapahit.[2]1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of theByzantine Empire and the death of the last RomanEmperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Growthof the Ottoman Empire.1453: The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of theHundred Years' War and the first battle in Europeanhistory where cannons were a major factor in deciding thebattle.1453: Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.[2]1454–1466: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexesRoyal Prussia.1455–1485: Wars of the Roses – English civil war between the House of York and the House ofLancaster.1456: Joan of Arc is posthumously acquitted of heresy by the Catholic Church, redeeming herstatus as the heroine of France.

1456: The Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottomans' advance into Europe.1456: Girindrawardhana, styled Brawijaya VI becomes ruler of Majapahit.[2]

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Detail of The Emperor's Approachshowing the Xuande Emperor's royalcarriage. Ming Dynasty of China.

Richard III of England

1460s

1461: The League of Mayapan disintegrates.

1461February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of Yorkdefeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke inWales.February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeatedby a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV ofEngland.March 5 ­ Henry VI of England is deposed by theDuke of York during war of the Roses.March 29 – Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeatsQueen Margaret to make good his claim to theEnglish throne (thought to be the bloodiest battleever fought in England).June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, iscrowned as Edward IV, King of England (reignsuntil 1483).July – Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologoshonourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, lastgarrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invadingforces of the Ottoman Empire after a year­longsiege.July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VIIof France as king (reigns until 1483).

1462: Sonni Ali Ber, the ruler of the Songhai (or Songhay)Empire, along the Niger River, conquers Mali in thecentral Sudan by defeating the Tuareg contingent at Tombouctou(or Timbuktu) and capturing the city. He develops both his owncapital, Gao, and the main centres of Mali, Timbuktu and Djenné,into major cities. Ali Ber controls trade along the Niger River witha navy of war vessels.1462: Mehmed the Conqueror is driven back by Wallachian princeVlad III Dracula at The Night Attack.1464: Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville1466: Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girindrawardhana asruler of Majapahit.[2]1467: Uzun Hasan defeats the Black Sheep Turkoman leader JahānShāh.1467–1615: The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan.

1469: The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I ofCastile leads to the unification of Spain.1469: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquers some parts ofBohemia.1469: Birth of Guru Nanak Dev. Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is revered by Hindusand Muslim Sufis across the Indian subcontinent.

1470s

1470: The Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeat the Tatars of the Golden Horde at the

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King Henry VII, (1457–1509), the founder of theroyal house of Tudor

The seventeen Kuchkabals of Yucatánafter The League of Mayapan in1461.

Battle of Lipnic.1471: The kingdom of Champa suffers a massive defeat by the Vietnamese king Lê Thánh Tông.1474–1477: Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine and Sigismund II of Habsburgagainst the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

1478: Muscovy conquers Novgorod.1478: Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.[2]1478: The Great Mosque of Demak is the oldest mosque in Java,built by the Wali Songo during the reign of Sultan Patah.1479: Battle of Breadfield, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary defeatedthe Turks.

1480s

1480: After the Great standing on the Ugra river, Muscovy gainedindependence from the Great Horde.

1481: Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first auto­da­fé.1485: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary captured Vienna, FrederickIII, Holy Roman Emperor ran away.1485: Henry VII defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. andbecomes King of England.1485: Ivan III of Russia conquered Tver.1485: Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Rayaending the Sangama Dynasty.1486: Sher Shah Suri, is born in Sasaram, Bihar.1488: Portuguese Navigator Bartolomeu Dias sails aroundthe Cape of Good Hope.

1490s­1500

1492: The death of Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void inthe Songhai Empire, and his son was soon dethroned byMamadou Toure who ascended the throne in 1493 underthe name Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. AskiaMuhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the historyof West Africa. The empire went into decline, however,after 1528, when the now­blind Askia Muhammad wasdethroned by his son, Askia Musa.1492: Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks the end of theSpanish Reconquista and Al­Andalus.1492: Jews expelled from Spain.1492: Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas fromSpain.1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside ofEurope between themselves.1494–1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city­states.1497–1499: Vasco da Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back.1499: Ottoman fleet defeats Venetians at the Battle of Zonchio.1499: The Pieta is made in Rome1500: Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion.1500: Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of JayaPakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.[3]

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The Siege of Rhodes (1480).Ships of the Hospitaliers inthe forefront, and Turkishcamp in the background.

Charles the Bold

Significant people

Abu Sa'id al­Afif, a Samaritan physician.Afonso de Albuquerque (1453–1515) was a Portuguese nobleman, naval general officer whosemilitary and administrative activities conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire inthe Indian ocean. Generally considered as a world conquest military genius by means of hissuccessful strategy.Ah Xiu Xupan last ruler UxmalMatthias Corvinus of Hungary, Renaissance ruler (1443–1490).George Kastrioti, Skenderbeg – Albanian Prince who resisted theOttomans for almost 30 years (1443–1468).Ferdinand II of Aragon, co­ruler of Spain with Isabella I of Castileand responsible with her for the unification of Spain (1452–1516).Johannes Gutenberg, European inventor of printing with movabletype (c. 1398 – 1468)Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor and Roman Emperor.He lived from 1404–1453.Henry the Navigator Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu(1394–1460); infante (prince) of the Portuguese House of Aviz andan important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire,being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwideexplorations.Henry V of England, the English King who won the famous Battleof Agincourt in 1415 (1387–1422).Henry VII of England, English King and founder the Tudordynasty (1457–1509).The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England (1470–1483?) andhis brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York(1473–1483?), two sons of Edward IV of England and ElizabethWoodville.John Hunyadi, Regent of Kingdom of Hungary, won the Siege ofBelgrade in 1456 (1387–1456)Jan Hus, Bohemian religious thinker and reformer (c. 1369–1415).Isabella I of Castile, co­ruler of Spain with Ferdinand II of Aragonand responsible for the unification of Spain and the discovery ofthe New World (1451–1504).Ivan III of Russia, Grand Duke of Moscow who ended thedominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus (1440­1505)Joan of Arc, military commander and national heroine of France(1412–1431).Kazimierz IV Jagiellon King of Poland and Grand Duke ofLithuania (1427–1492).Louis XI, King of France (1423–1483).Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Conqueror ofConstantinople (1432–1481).Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire (1483 ­ 1530).Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Vaishnav saint and important socialreformer (1486 ­ 1534).Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh Religion (1469).Srimanta Sankardeva, founder of Ekasarana Religion preacher of Vaishnavism, creator of SattriyaDance, Ankiya Nat, Satras etc.Sejong the Great of Joseon, a Korean monarch who developed hangul, the native Korean alphabet(1397–1450).

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Ivan III, Grand Duke ofMoscow.

Lorenzo de' Medici

Cesare Borgia

Stephen III of Moldavia, also known as Stephen the Great, ruler of Moldavia, national hero ofRomanians for long resistance to the Ottomans (1437–1504)Richard III of England, last English King of the House of York, last of the House of Plantagenet(1452–1485).Mir Chakar Khan Rind (1468–1565), a Baloch king.Vlad III Dracula, Prince of Wallachia who led the defense of his territory against the expandingOttoman Empire (1431–1476).Oba Ewuare, transformed the city state of Benin into the BeninEmpire.

Visual artists, architects, sculptors, printmakers,illustrators

See also: Thematic development of Italian Renaissance painting,Italian Renaissance painting, Renaissance sculpture andRenaissance painting

Bartolomé Bermejo (c. 1440 – 1498), Spanish painter who adoptedDutch painting techniques and conventions.Pedro Berruguete (c. 1450 ­ 1504), Spanish painter.Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450 – 1516), Early Netherlandish painter.Many of his works depict sin and human moral failings.Sandro Botticelli (c. 1445 – 1510), Italian painter.Dirk Bouts (c. 1410/1420 – 1475), Early Netherlandish painter.Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), invents one­point perspective,leads innovation in Italian architecture.Robert Campin (c. 1375 – 1444), the Master of Flémalle, firstgreat master of Early Netherlandish painting.Petrus Christus (c. 1410/1420 – 1475/1476), Early Netherlandishpainter.Gerard David (c. 1460 – 1523), Early Netherlandish painter andmanuscript illuminator known for his brilliant use of color.Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528)[4] was a German painter, printmakerand theorist from Nuremberg, Germany.Barthélemy d'Eyck;[5] (c. 1420 – after 1470)[6] was an EarlyNetherlandish artist who worked in France and probably inBurgundy Early Netherlandish painter and manuscript illuminator.He was active between about 1440 to about 1469.[7]Dionisius (c. 1440 – 1502), Russian painterHubert van Eyck (c. 1366 – 1426), Flemish painter and olderbrother of Jan van Eyck.Jan van Eyck (before c. 1395 – before 1441), Early Netherlandishpainter, considered one of the best Northern European painters ofthe 15th century.Juan de Flandes (1460–1519), Early Netherlandish painter whowas active in Spain from 1496 to 1519 at the court of Isabella I ofCastile.Jean Fouquet (1420–1481) French painter of both panel paintingand manuscript illumination, inventor of the portrait miniature.Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492) Italian painterNicolas Froment (c. 1435 – c. 1486), French painter.Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455) was an Italian artist of the earlyRenaissance best known for works in sculpture and metalworking.

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Maximilian I

Isabella I of Castile

Jan van Eyck

Hugo van der Goes (c. 1440 – 1482 or 1483), Early Netherlandishpainter.Jean Hey (c. 1475 – c. 1505),[8] now generally identified with theartist formerly known as the Master of Moulins, EarlyNetherlandish painter.Hans Holbein the Elder (c. 1460 – 1524), German painter,woodcut artist, illustrator of books and church window designer.[9]He and his brother Sigismund Holbein painted religious works inthe late Gothic style.Limbourg brothers, (Herman, Paul, and Johan; 1385–1416), DutchRenaissance miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen.Simon Marmion (c. 1425 – 1489) French, or Burgundian, painterof panels and illuminated manuscripts.Masaccio, (c. 1401 – 1428), Italian painter.Hans Memling (c. 1430 – 1494), Early Netherlandish painter, bornin Germany.Michelozzo (1396–1472), Italian architect and sculptor.Andrei Rublev (c. 1360 – c. 1430), Russian painter.Enguerrand Quarton (c. 1410 – c. 1466) was a French painter andmanuscript illuminator.Leonardo da Vinci, (1452–1519), Italian polymath, scientist,mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor,architect, botanist, musician and writer.Rogier van der Weyden (1399/1400 – 1464), considered one of thegreatest exponents of Early Netherlandish painting.

See links above for Italian Renaissance painting and Renaissancesculpture.

Literature

Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) was an Italian author, artist,architect, poet, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, andgeneral Renaissance humanist polymath.Joseph Albo (c. 1380 – 1444) was a Jewish philosopher and rabbiwho lived in Spain.John Argyropoulos (1415 – 1487), Greek lecturer, philosopher andhumanist.Antonio Beccadelli (1394–1471), Italian poet, canon lawyer,scholar, diplomat, and chronicler.Vespasiano da Bisticci (1421–1498), Italian humanist andlibrarian.Matteo Maria Boiardo (1440/1 – 1494), Italian poet.Poggio Bracciolini (1380 – 1459), Italian writer and humanist.Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370 – 1444), Italian humanist, historian andstatesman.Laonikos Chalkokondyles (1423 – 1490), Greek scholar.Pal Engjëlli (1416­1470) was an Albanian Catholic clergyman,Archbishop of Durrës and Cardinal of Albania.Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499), Italian humanist and writer.Constantine Lascaris (1434 – 1501), Greek scholar and grammarian.Antonio de Lebrija (1441 — 1522), Spanish scholar, historian, teacher, astronomer and poet.John Lydgate (c.1370 – c.1451), English monk and poet.

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Leon Battista Alberti

Pico della Mirandola

Sir Thomas Malory (1405 – 1471), English writer.Jorge Manrique (c.1440 – 1479), Spanish poet.Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), Italian Renaissance philosopher.Iñigo López de Mendoza (1398 ­ 1458) Castilian (Spanish) politician and poet.Afanasy Nikitin (? ­ 1472), Russian merchant, traveler and writer.Thomas Occleve (c. 1368 – 1426), English poet.Reginald Pecock (c. 1395 – 1460), was an English prelate andwriter.Christine de Pizan, French writer (1364–1430).Poliziano (1454 – 1494), Italian classical scholar and poet.Giovanni Pontano (1426 – 1503), Italian humanist and poet.Luigi Pulci (1432 – 1484), Italian poet.Bartolomeo Sacchi (1421 – 1481), Italian humanist writer andgastronomist.Lorenzo Valla (c.1407 – 1457), Italian humanist, rhetorician, andeducator.Gil Vicente (c. 1465 – c. 1536), Portuguese poet.François Villon (c.1431 – 1474), French poet .

Musicians and Composers

See also: List of Renaissance composers, Franco­Flemish School,Burgundian School, Renaissance music and Medieval music

Juan de Anchieta (1462 ­ 1523, Spanish composer of theRenaissance.Adrien Basin (c. 1457 – 1476; died after 1498), Franco­Flemishcomposer, singer, and diplomat of the Burgundian school of theearly Renaissance.Gilles Binchois, (c. 1400 – 1460), Franco­Flemish composer, oneof the earliest members of the Burgundian School.Antoine Busnois (c. 1430 – 1492), French composer and poet ofthe early Renaissance Burgundian School.Guillaume Dufay, (c. 1397 – 1474), Franco­Flemish composer andmusic theorist.John Dunstaple (c. 1390 – 1453), English composer of polyphonicmusic.Juan del Encina (1468 ­ 1530), Spanish composer, poet andplaywright.Hayne van Ghizeghem (c. 1445 – 1472 or possibly later; NewGrove says he died between 1472 and 1497), Flemish composer ofthe early Renaissance Burgundian School.Nicolas Grenon (c. 1375 – 1456), French composer of the earlyRenaissance.Robert Morton (c. 1430 – 1479), English composer of the early Renaissance.Johannes Ockeghem, (c. 1410 – 1497), Flemish composer.Francisco de Peñalosa (c. 1470 – 1528), Spanish composer of the middle Renaissance..Leonel Power (c. 1370 to 1385 – 1445), English composer of the late Medieval and earlyRenaissance eras.Johannes Tapissier (c. 1370 – 1408 to 1410), French composer and teacher of the late MiddleAges.Jacobus Vide (c. 1405 – 1433), Franco­Flemish composer of the transitional period between themedieval period and early Renaissance.Josquin des Prez (c. 1450 – 1521), Franco­Flemish composer of the Renaissance.

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Johannes Ockeghem

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Exploration

See also: Exploration, Exploration of Asia and List of explorers

Johann Schiltberger (1381 – c. 1440), German traveller throughoutthe Middle East and Central Asia.Diogo de Azambuja (1432–1518) Portuguese explorer of theAfrican coast.John Cabot (c. 1450 – 1499) – Italian explorer for England.Discovered Newfoundland and claimed it for the Kingdom ofEngland.Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 – c. 1520), Portuguese navigatorand explorer.Pêro Vaz de Caminha (c. 1450 – 1500), Portuguese explorer thataccompanied Pedro Álvares Cabral in the discovery of Brazil.Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) – Italian explorer for Spain.Sailed in 1492 and discovered the "New World" of the Americas.Niccolò Da Conti (1395–1469), Venetian merchant and explorer,born in Chioggia, who traveled to India and Southeast Asia.Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450 – 1500) – Portuguese explorer. He sailedfrom Portugal and reached the Cape of Good Hope.Vasco da Gama reaches India for Portugal, creating the firstmaritime alternative for the Silk Road (c. 1469 – 1524)Zheng He, Chinese eunuch admiral and explorer (1371–1433).João Fernandes Lavrador (1445?–1501) – Portuguese explorer.One of the first European's to reach Newfoundland and Labrador.João da Nova (c. 1460 – 1509), Portuguese explorer of the Atlanticand Indian Ocean.Amerigo Vespucci (c. 1454 – 1512) – Italian explorer for Spain.Sailed in 1499 and 1502. He explored the east coast of SouthAmerica.

Science, invention and philosophy

See also: Scientific Revolution and History of science in theRenaissance

Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400 – 1468) was a German goldsmith andprinter who is credited with inventing movable type printing inEurope around 1439, and mechanical printing globally.Pietro Pomponazzi (1462 – 1525), Italian philosopher.Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461), German/Austrian astronomerand mathematician.Nicolaus Copernicus (1473­1543), Father of modern astronomy

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 15th century inventions

Renaissance affects philosophy, science and art.Age of Discovery begins.Rise of Modern English language from Middle English.Introduction of the noon bell in the Catholic world.

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Public banksYongle Encyclopedia—over 22,000 volumesHangul alphabet in KoreaScotch whiskyPsychiatric hospitalsDevelopment of the woodcut for printing between 1400–1450Movable type first used by King Taejong of Joseon—1403 (Movable type, which allowedindividual characters to be arranged to form words, was invented in China by Bi Sheng between1041 to 1048.)Although pioneered earlier in Korea and by the Chinese official Wang Zhen (with tin), bronzemetal movable type printing is created in China by Hua Sui in 1490.Johannes Gutenberg advances the printing press in Europe (c. 1455).Linear perspective drawing perfected by Filippo Brunelleschi 1410–1415Invention of the harpsichord c. 1450Discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus 1492

Important personages

Constantine XI

Domenico Ghirlandaio,Amerigo Vespucci,part of the Madonnadella Misericordia atthe Ognissanti churchin Florence, c. late 15thcentury

References1. Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. in Some Southeast

Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL (http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/polities.html) by Geoffrey Wade2. Ricklefs (1991), page 18.3. Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press. p. 437.4. Mueller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv­Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Durers, Walter de Gruyter. ISBN

3­11­012815­2.5. also sometimes in contemporary documents Barthélemy de Cler, der Clers, Deick d'Ecle, d'Eilz – Harthan,

John, The Book of Hours, p.93, 1977, Thomas Y Crowell Company, New York, ISBN 0­690­01654­96. Unterkircher, Franz (1980). King René's Book of Love (Le Cueur d'Amours Espris). New York: G. Braziller.

ISBN 0­8076­0989­7.7. Tolley8. Brigstocke, 2001, p. 3389. "Hans Holbein". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved

2007­02­18.

31/10/2015 15th century ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century 13/13

Tolley, Thomas (2001). "Eyck, Barthélemy d' ". In Hugh Brigstocke. The Oxford Companion to WesternArt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0­19­866203­3.

Decades and years

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Categories: 2nd millennium 15th century Centuries

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