16 galaxies island universes. 16 copyright – fors1 vlti, european southern observatory
Post on 21-Dec-2015
218 views
TRANSCRIPT
1616
Spirals
• Like Milky Way.• Disks and
bulge.• Young stars
and old.• Gas and dust.• Stars forming.• Stars dying. M81 and M82 – Copyright R. Gendler
1616
Distance to Near Galaxies
• Need a standard candle.• If there is something in a galaxy which
has a known luminosity we can determine a distance.
• Several candidates:– Variable stars– Supernovae– “Brightest” stars
1616
Nearby Galaxies
• Cepheids• Period• Luminosity
Mv
• Know mv
• Get Distance
10pc
distancelog5 10Mm
1616
• For Cepheid in M100• P = 20 days.• From P-L: L = 10000 x
Sun
• Msun = 5, so MCep = -5
• m = 20• m – M = 25• So 25/5 = 5 = log(d/10pc)• How log works:
– What is 100 = 10x?– Same as saying 2 = log(100)
• So 5 = log(d/10pc)• d/10pc = 100000• D = 1,000,000 pc
10pc
distancelog5 10Mm
How it works
1616
Distant Galaxies
• Can’t see individual stars.• Supernovae rare.• Can use nearby galaxies to get
distances to further galaxies.• Distance ladder:
– Parallax nearby stars– Nearby stars H-R diagram– H-R diagram distant stars (variables)– Variable stars nearby galaxies– Nearby galaxies Hubble’s Law
1616
21cm Radiation
• Neutral hydrogen (HI) gives off light, = 21cm.
Milky Way HI emission – Copyright J. Dickey
1616
Extragalactic HI
• Observe HI in other galaxies.• Measure wavelength of 21 cm radiation.• Doppler Shift: Get velocity away from us.
1616
Hubble’s Law
• Measure the velocity of every galaxy.
• Nearly all are redshifted.
• Use Cepheids to measure distances to nearby galaxies.
• Result: The faster it’s moving, the farther away it is.DH v
distance velocity
o
Ho = 71 km/s/Mpc
1616
Map the Universe• v = HoD
• If you know Ho: 71 km/s/Mpc
• Measure v• Get D• Find:
VoidsWallsClusters
1616
Concept Test
• Imagine that Cepheid variables were more luminous than previously thought. As a result, Hubble’s constant would be:a. Smaller than previously thought.b. Larger than previously thought.c. Unchanged since we aren’t changing
either the velocity or position of the galaxy.
d. None of the above.