16 hoisting and conveying equipment

8/20/2019 16 Hoisting and Conveying Equipment

1/71

Accident Prevention Manualfor Business & Industry:

Engineering & Technology

13th edition

National Safety Council

Compiled by

Dr. S.D. Allen Iske, Associate Professor

University of Central Missouri


2/71

CHAPTER 16

HOISTING AND CONVEYING EQUIPMENT


3/71

Hoisting Apparatus

!efinition" A hoisting apparatus is a de#ice used to raise

and lo$er %aterials

'asic types" electric

air

hand(operated chain


4/71

Hoisting Apparatus )Cont*

+eneral infor%ation" The safe load capacity of the hoist should ,e attached to the ,ody

of the %achine The la,el for safe operation should ,e a,le to ,e

read fro% ground le#el

-oads should only ,e raised or lo$ered if the load is directly underthe hoist )centered*

Personnel should N.T ,e allo$ed to enter the area directly under

the load


5/71

Cranes

!efinition" A crane is a %echanical de#ice designed to

raise/ lo$er/ and shift hea#y o,0ects through the use of a

long %o#a,le ar%


6/71

Cranes )Cont*

+eneral infor%ation" A co%petent person %ust inspect all %achinery and euip%ent

prior to use to ensure safe operating condition2 any deficiencies

repaired

All parts of e#ery crane should ,e of adeuate strength for its ratedser#ice

!o N.T use a hoist or crane to transport people

All euip%ent %ust ,e inspected and %aintained to pre#ent

incidents

or4ers %ust ,e properly trained in the use of the hoist and all

safety policies5procedures %ust ,e follo$ed at all ti%es


7/71

Cranes )Cont*

.#erhead and gantry cranes constructed and installed

after Aug 31/ 171/ %ust ,e in co%pliance $ith

ANS85AS9E '3:;

.pen hoo4s should not ,e used if there is a danger of the

tension decreasing during use Each independent hoisting unit shall ha#e ,ra4es

co%pliant $ith the standard

The load rating should ,e clearly %ar4ed on each side of

the crane2 each hoisting unit should ha#e its rated load%ar4ed

An audi,le alar% and $ind indicator should ,e utili


8/71

Cranes )Cont*

!esign and construction" Arrange the ca, and locate control and protecti#e euip%ent so

that all operating handles are $ithin con#enient reach of theoperator

Each control le#er should ,e %ar4ed $ith its action and direction ofcontrol

The controls should ,e self(closing to a neutral position

-i%iting de#ices to pre#ent o#errunning safe li%its

Pro#ide for safe footing and access$ays

Access to ca, and5or ,ridge $al4$ay ,y con#enient fi=ed ladders/stair$ays or platfor%s

Ca, fitted $ith dry che%ical or eui#alent fire e=tinguisher

Accessi,le areas $ithin s$ing radius ,arricaded to protecte%ployees fro% in0ury


9/71

Cranes )Cont*

+uards and li%it de#ices" +ears and %o#ing parts should ,e co#ered/ or out of reach/ during

operation of the crane

Tra#eling cranes %ust ,e euipped $ith an audi,le $arning de#ice

and a stro,e light -arge hoo4s should ha#e handles affi=ed to the% to allo$ the load

operator to %anipulate the hoo4 $ithout danger to their

hand5fingers

The hoisting %otion %ust ha#e an o#er(tra#el li%it s$itch

No guard/ safety/ or other de#ice shall ,e %ade inopera,le e=ceptfor repairs or ad0ust%ents

All guards and safety de#ices %ust ,e i%%ediately acti#ated after

co%pletion of repairs or ad0ust%ents


10/71

Cranes )Cont*

+eneral guidelines" >se hoisting ropes of reco%%ended construction for crane or hoist

ser#ice

8nspection/ testing/ and %aintenance should ,e perfor%ed ,y a

ualified person only Crane %o#e%ent %ust ,e go#erned ,y a standard of code signals

,et$een the crane signaler and crane operator

.nly one person should ,e authori


11/71

.#erhead

+antryCrane


12/71

Crane

Signals


13/71

Crane

Signals


14/71

Cranes )Cont*

Selection and training of operators" Age" 1?@

-anguage" >nderstand spo4en and $ritten $ords5instructions

Physical" Physical fitness/ #isual acuity/ depth perception/ %anual

de=terity/ etc

no$ledge" 'asic 4no$ledge of the euip%ent/ its usage/

inspection/ %aintenance/ etc

S4ills" !e%onstrated proficiency in classroo% and onsite 9aintain

a file that clearly docu%ents the operatorBs SA

Note" S%oothness is a sign of a good crane operator


15/71

8nspection

.#erhead and gantry cranes %ust ,e inspected accordingto ANS85AS9E '3:;

Ne$ la$s for operators of cranes are ,eing enacted ,y

state la$s and pending .SHA changes

Certification of cranes ,y state la$s are reuired at least

annually ,y certified crane inspector

Repairs of cranes should ,e perfor%ed ,y ualified

indi#iduals

!o perfor%ance testing of hoisting euip%ent prior to

placing it in ser#ice

Perfor% regular pre(shift and on(shift inspections to

ensure safe to operate


16/71

Crane .perating Rules

Re#ie$ the list of Crane 9anufacturer Association of

A%erica/ 8nc operating rules for crane operators

Re#ie$ the %aintenance safety rules fro% ANS85AS9E

'3:; for .#erhead and +antry Cranes


17/71

.#erhead Cranes

An o#erhead crane %ay ,e operated either fro% a ca, orfro% the floor

All control handles %ust ,e clearly identified ,y signs and

,y shape or position so that an operator/ $hile 4eeping

contact $ith the signaler/ can identify each control ,ytouch

eep controls in identical positions if %ultiple cranes are

used in one location


18/71

.#erhead Cranes )Cont*


19/71

.#erhead Cranes )Cont*

+eneral infor%ation" 8t is i%portant that the operator ha#e a safe route to and fro% the

ca,

8n the e#ent of an e%ergency/ the operator %ust ha#e a safe

egress regardless of the position of the crane on the run$ay A fire e=tinguisher should ,e located inside the ca,


20/71

Storage 'ridge and +antry Crane

Storage ,ridge cranes and gantry cranes tra#el on rails

that are on ground le#el

+antry cranes typically ha#e short spans/ $hereas

storage ,ridge cranes typically ha#e large spans and %ay

,e used to %o#e large a%ounts of coal or ore

Access to the ca, is ,y ladder on one of the crane legs

eep trac4 repaired and cleaned

Pro#ide $arning de#ices to indicate crane tra#el


21/71

+antry crane


22/71

Storage 'ridge and

+antry Crane )Cont* +uidelines"

An audi,le alert should sound each ti%e the tra#el controller

handle is %o#ed fro% the off position

The operator should apply the rail cla%ps at any point in ti%e $hen

the operator is not in the ca, Cranes of this nature are typically e=posed to the ele%ents2

therefore they reuire additional inspection and %aintenance

procedures


23/71

9onorail

!efinition" A %onorail is a syste% consisting of one or%ore independent trolleys/ supported fro% or $ithin an

o#erhead trac4/ fro% $hich the hoists are suspended

Three types"

1 Hand(operated" %aterial raised $ith hand(po$ered hoist andtrolley propelled ,y hand

; Se%i(hand(operated" po$er hoist and is %o#ed hori


24/71

9onorail )Cont*


25/71

i, Crane

!efinition" A 0i, crane is capa,le of lifting/ lo$ering/ and

rotating a load $ithin a circular arc ,y a rotating ar% or 0i,

The 0i, and trolley are typically supported or %ounted

fro% a ,uilding $all/ colu%n or pillar

The hoist/ $hich is used to lift the loads/ is suspended

fro% the trolley that tra#els on the 0i, ,oo%

Note" A ualified engineer should deter%ine if the

structure is sufficient to support the crane


26/71

i, Crane )Cont*


27/71

!erric4s

9ain types of derric4s a(fra%e derric4

stiff(leg derric4

guy derric4

All derric4s %ust ha#e e#ery part fir%ly anchored


28/71

!erric4s )Cont*


29/71

To$er Cranes

To$er cranes contri,ute to a large nu%,er of incidents

Co%%on causes of incidents" 8%proper erection or dis%antling of crane

E=ceeding load capacity

8%proper ,racing

.perator error

>se during high $inds

Ta%pering $ith safety de#ices or li%it s$itches .perators not 4no$ing li%itations of cranes or inadeuate training


30/71

To$er Cranes

)Cont*


31/71

To$er Cranes )Cont*

Safety guidelines" Appropriate steel or alloy for fa,rication of crane structure

Secure attach%ent of counter$eights and safety ropes/ rods or

chains

.nly ualified/ proficient personnel/ fa%iliar $ith the $or4en#iron%ent/ %ay operate the crane

All %o#ing parts should ,e guarded

!o not e=ceed lifting capacity

Account for $eather conditions )$ind forces/ lightning/ $ater $eight

added to load/ etc*

9anage%ent plays a 4ey role in the safe use of to$er cranes


32/71

To$er Cranes )Cont*

.peration" .nly personnel of recogni


33/71

9o,ile Cranes

Engineering %ar#el to acco%plish %any tas4s in

construction $ith up to 1/::: ton capacity and length of

6:: feet plus ,oo% and 0i,

9o,ile cranes %ay ,e po$ered ,y electricity/ gasoline/

diesel fuel or stea% Each reuires specific safety

guidelines

.utriggers %ust ,e utili


34/71

9o,ile Cranes )Cont*


35/71


hen the ,oo% is fully e=tended/ the load %ust not ,e

lo$ered to the side or at an angle to the crane ,ody

8f a crane is used to unload a truc4/ the truc4 %ust re%ain

in place $hile the load is lifted in case the load is too

hea#y for the crane and the load %ust ,e lo$ered ,ac4

into the truc4


36/71


Safety data" ;:D of construction fatalities are crane related (Canadian data

and www.osha.gov)

:D of %o,ile crane in0uries are lin4ed to operator error

.ther contri,uting factors" support failure" 3:D

failure to use outrigger" ;:D

crane failure" 1:(;:D

Rigging" F1GD


37/71


All in0uries to e%ployees" at least ;GD in#ol#ed $ith the

load and 1:F1GD in#ol#ed $ith %aintenance/ refueling/

and so forth around the crane

9o,ile cranes include loco%oti#e cranes/ cra$ler cranes/

$heel(%ounted cranes/ and industrial truc4 cranes

All %o,ile cranes ha#e ,oo%s $ith load hoists and ,oo%

hoists 9ost cranes s$ing or rotate on a turnta,le Po$er

is electric %otor/ stea%/ gasoline/ or diesel engine


38/71


-oad Chartse#ery crane has a capacity plate or sign

noting the safe(load capacity at #arious radii fro% the

center pin of the turnta,le Signs %ust ,e clearly legi,le to operator/ signaler/ and rigger

9ount a ,oo% angle indicator $ith freely suspended pointer Pic4 %ust ,e $ithin the li%its prescri,ed in the chart

Capacity chart for operator %ust indicate ,oo% length/

,oo% angle/ and capacity

Safe access/ good lighting/ and $arning de#ices


39/71

9o,ile Cranes )Cont* .peration"

E=tended riggers are considered part of counter$eight on load

charts

'oo% %ust ne#er ,e s$ung too rapidly

.perating on soft or sloping ground or close to sides of trenches or

e=ca#ations is dangerous

.utriggers pro#ide sta,ility only on solid ground

>se caution $hen operating the ,oo% at a high angle $ith a

suspended load !o not let the load s$ing and stri4e the ,oo% or

steel lattice

>se care in lo$ering an e=tended ,oo% to ground Center the hoo4 o#er the load

Ne#er use the crane for 0er4 piling and/ $hen unloading fro% a

truc4/ donBt allo$ the truc4 to dri#e off fro% under the load

Consult %anufacturer prior to any %odifications of euip%ent


40/71


Tra#el of cranes Cranes should not tra#el $ith a load suspended fro% the ,oo%

8f tra#el on pu,lic roads is necessary/ the ,oo% should point

for$ard and a flag%an should ,e ahead of the unit

Electric $ires Any o#erhead $ires should ,e considered energise a signal

person as $ell as $arning de#ices

8nspection

Routine inspections are i%portant to deter%ine deficiencies ordeterioration in co%ponents


41/71

Aerial 'as4ets

Aerial lift euip%ent is co%%only used for $or4ing a,o#e

ground

These ,oo%(%ounted ,uc4ets/ ,as4ets/ or platfor%s are

used in constructing and %aintaining electric and

telephone lines

8ncreased use in har,or and port $or4/ aircraft industry/

high$ay $or4/ and %aintenance $or4painting/

sand,lasting/ and firefighting


42/71

Aerial 'as4ets )Cont*


43/71


Ha


44/71


.peration" The lift/ ,as4et/ and controls should ,e tested daily/ prior to use to

deter%ine controls are in safe $or4ing condition

8nspect for any defects

9echanical euip%ent inspected daily for safe operation

-oad li%its of the ,oo% and ,as4et posted and not e=ceeded

ar%(up period and hydraulic syste% tested

Truc4 not %o#ed unless ,oo% is lo$ered and ,as4et or ladder

cradled

Riding in ,as4et $hile the truc4 is tra#eling shall not ,e per%itted

Protect $or4ers fro% unsafe positions during $or4

The operator %ust ,e cogni


45/71


8nspection All co%ponents of the ,as4et/ ,oo%/ ca,les/ shea#es/ le#eling

de#ices/ loc4ing de#ices/ controls/ hydraulic syste%/ and fluid

le#els for any $ear or defect 8f defects are found/ report the%

i%%ediately and perfor% appropriate repairs or corrections

Safeguards An aerial ,as4et %ust ,e euipped $ith safety ,elts5lanyards and a

%eans for attaching the lanyard to the euip%ent

-anyards should ,e long enough to allo$ %o#e%ent only inside the,as4et and pre#ent cli%,ing onto the ri%

Thoroughly train $or4ers in the use of euip%ent ,efore use

Proper footing for the $heels and outriggers should ,e pro#ided


46/71

Aerial 'as4ets

)Cont* hat potential ha


47/71

Cra,s and inches

Safety concerns 8nstall so%e for% of ,ra4e or safety lo$ering de#ice

Anchor porta,le units securely against the pull of the hoisting rope

or chain

The operator should ,e positioned a$ay fro% the direct line of pull +ears should ,e fully guarded

'arricade guards should ,e used to protect $or4ers fro% flying

strands of $ire

A s%all le#er should ,e $elded to the loc4ing pa$l to help pre#ent

hand5finger in0uries


48/71

'loc4 and Tac4le

Safety factor of 1: is reco%%ended for deter%ining the

safe $or4ing load of 9anila rope )falls* in a ,loc4(and(

tac4le asse%,ly Allo$s for )1* error in esti%ating the $eight of the load/ );* #i,ration

or shoc4 in handling the load on the tac4le/ )3* loss of strength at4nots and ,ends/ and )* deterioration of the rope due to $ear or

other causes

+o#erning factor is usually the safe $or4ing load of the

,loc4s rather than the falls )rope*

Protect personnel fro% in0uries during use of the pulley

and rope

Caution $hen using $ire instead of fi,er ropes


49/71

'loc4 and Tac4le )Cont*

To find the reuired ,rea4ing strength for ne$ rope" Jor each shea#e 3 in in dia%eter or larger/ add 1:D to the

$eight of the load to co%pensate for friction loss !i#ide this figure ,y the nu%,er of ropes or parts running fro%

the %o#a,le ,loc4 9ultiply the resultant figure ,y a safety factor of 1:

EKA9P-E" A load $eighs ;/::: l,/ and the tac4le consists of t$o dou,le ,loc4s

four shea#es/ four rope parts at the %o#ea,le ,loc4

Jriction loss )1:D per shea#e* L :D or ?:: l, ;/::: @ ?:: L ;/?:: l,/ di#ided ,y L 7:: l, Applying the safety factor of 1: )1: × 7::* gi#es 7/::: l,/ the reuired

,rea4ing strength of the rope -oo4 up on the %anufacturerBs rope ta,les the proper si


50/71

Tiering Hoists and Stac4ers

Tiering hoists )called stac4ing ele#ators/ porta,le ele#ator/

tiering %achine/ or platfor% hoist* are designed to raise

%aterial in a #ertical line on a %o#ing platfor%

>sed in $arehouses for piling and storing %aterials

.perated electrically or %anually

Should ha#e a ,ra4ing de#ice per%itting safe lo$ering of

the platfor% or4ers do not ride platfor%s

Protect the tiering %achine fro% tipping o#er


51/71

Con#eyors


52/71

Con#eyors )Cont*

!efinition" A hori


53/71

Con#eyors )Cont*

+eneral precautions" Signed for loading points and safe load li%it

9o#ing parts %ust ,e protected ,y guards

>nderpasses should ha#e sheet%etal ceilings

Special fire protection de#ices %ust ,e utili


54/71

Con#eyors )Cont*

.peration precautions" The start ,utton should ,e located in an area $here the operator

has the greatest field of #ie$ of the corresponding con#eyor

Start(stop de#ices %ust ,e clearly la,eled

8f con#eyor passes through a $all or floor/ euip each side $ith

starting and stopping de#ices

E%ergency stopping de#ices %ust not ,e located %ore than 7G ft

apart along $al4$ays

Pro#ide anti(run(a$ay and ,ac4stop de#ices

or4ers %ust $ear properly fitting clothes and PPE Control dust le#els $ith e=haust hoods and good #entilation

>se proper electrical rated fi=tures


55/71

Con#eyors )Cont* 9aintenance"

The con#eyor %ust ,e loc4ed out/ prior to any %aintenance $or4

,eing perfor%ed The $or4er should carry the only 4ey to the loc4

8f t$o or %ore gangs $ill perfor% the $or4/ they should follo$

.SHA standard 11:17 for loc4 out5tag out

9aintenance personnel should ha#e access to change positions ofpulleys/ sproc4ets/ or shea#es to co%pensate for nor%al $or4ing

conditions

Pro#ide guards for the on(running ,elt

>se fi=ed scrapers and re#ol#ing ,rushes to clean dru%s or pulleys

instead of $or4ers atte%pts ,y hand >se guards in front of pinch points

+uard sides to pre#ent contact


56/71

Con#eyors )Cont*

Jreuent causes of in0uries" atte%pting repairs on %o#ing con#eyors

atte%pting to cross o#er %o#ing ,elts

atte%pting to ride %o#ing ,elts


57/71

Con#eyors )Cont*

>niue ha


58/71

Types of Con#eyors


59/71

Po$er Ele#ators

Ne$ ele#ators or alterations or %odifications reuire

co%pliance $ith code" ANS85AS9E A171 Safety Code for

Ele#ators and Escalators


60/71

Po$er Ele#ators )Cont*

T$o types of dri#es"

1 Electric dri#e

traction dri#e )preferred %ethod*

$inding(dru% dri#e

; Hydraulic dri#e Energy is applied ,y %eans of a liuid under pressure in a cylinder

euipped $ith a plunger or piston


61/71

Ne$ Ele#ators

co%pliance $ith code ansi5as%e a171 safe and con#enient access to the %achine roo% and the

pit

adeuate lighting in the %achine roo% and o#erhead

spaces con#enient electric outlets on the crosshead and in the pit

an inspection station $ith slo$(speed up and do$noperating ,uttons and e%ergency stop s$itch on the topof the car for %aintenance personnel and inspectors to

use nor%al( and final(li%it stops/ interloc4s on all hoist$ay

doors/ contact on car door and e%ergency e=its for thecar


62/71

Po$er Ele#ators

9aintenance and ha


63/71


9aintenance and ha


64/71


9aintenance and ha


65/71

Ele#atorsE%ergency and

!isa,led E%ergency procedure forsafely re%o#ing persons inele#ator

8ncorporate the

reuire%ents forhandicapped standard forall ne$ ele#ators


66/71

Side$al4 Ele#ator

!efinition" a freight ele#ator for carrying %aterial/

e=clusi#e of auto%o,iles/ ,et$een a landing/ a side$al4/

or other area outside a ,uilding/ and the floors ,elo$ the

side$al4 or grade le#el

Presents ha


67/71

!u%,$aiters

!efinition" a hoisting and lo$ering %echanis% euipped

$ith a car that )1* %o#es in guides and has a floor area not e=ceeding ft;

);* has a co%part%ent height not e=ceeding ft

)3* has a rated capacity not greater than G:: l, )* is used e=clusi#ely for carrying %aterials

Can ,e hand or po$er operated


68/71

Escalators

!efinition" a po$er(dri#en/ inclined/ continuous stair$ayfor raising or lo$ering passengers


69/71

Escalator Safety !e#ices

E%ergency Stop ,uttons or other hand(operated s$itches

ha#ing red ,uttons or handles/ accessi,ly located at top

and ,otto% landings

ey(operated ,utton to start and stop unit

Each escalator euipped $ith a speed go#ernor that $ill

interrupt the po$er

8f tread chain ,rea4s/ sensing de#ice should cut the

po$er

Electrically released and %echanically applied ,ra4e a,leto stop the fully loaded escalator

Jire protection of escalator floor openings against spread

of fire and s%o4e is reuired ,y local ,uilding codes


70/71

9an(-ifts

Principal ha


71/71

9an(-ifts )Cont*

8ncident pre#ention" Construct/ %aintain and operate %an(lift in accordance $ith

ANS85AS9E A:1 'elt %an(lifts

>se a safety factor of 6 on each step

E%ergency landings should ,e pro#ided e#ery ;G ft or less +uardrails should ,e used at floor openings

9a=i%u% speed should not e=ceed ?: fp%

Conduct inspections ,y co%petent person e#ery 3: days

16 hoisting and conveying equipment

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