16 lymphatic
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Lymphatic System and Immunity
• network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids• transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces• transports fluid to the bloodstream• transports fats to bloodstream• help defend the body against diseases
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Pathways
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Lymphatic Capillaries
• microscopic• closed-ended tubes• in interstitial spaces of most tissues
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Lymphatic DuctsThoracic Duct• Right Lymphatic Duct
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Tissue Fluid and Lymph
Lymph• tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary
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Lymph Movement
• action of skeletal muscles• respiratory movements*•Inhale (low pressure)•Exhale (diaphragm increases pressure)
• smooth muscle in larger lymphatic vessels• valves in lymphatic vessels
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Lymph Nodes
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Lymph Nodes
• cervical region• axillary region• inguinal region• pelvic cavity• abdominal cavity• thoracic cavity• supratrochlear region
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Functions of Lymph Nodes
• filter potentially harmful particles from lymph• immune surveillance by macrophages and lymphocytes• areas of lymphocyte production
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Thymus
• small in an adult• superior to the heart • site of T lymphocyte production
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Spleen
• largest lymphatic organ• upper left abdominal cavity
•Inferior to the diaphragm• resembles a large lymph node •sinuses filled with blood• white pulp
• lymphocytes• red pulp
• red blood cells• lymphocytes• macrophages
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Body Defenses Against Infection
• pathogen• disease causing agent• bacteria, viruses, etc
• innate defenses • general defenses• protects against many pathogens
• adaptive defenses• immunity• more specific • carried out by lymphocytes
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Innate Defenses
• Species Resistance• resistance to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible
• Mechanical Barriers• skin• mucous membranes
•Chemical Barriers• enzymes in various body fluids• pH extremes in stomach• high salt concentrations• interferons• defensins• collectins
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Innate Defenses
• Fever • inhibits microbial growth• increases phagocytic activity
• Natural Killer Cells• type of lymphocyte• defend the body against various viruses and cancer by secreting perforins
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Innate Defenses
• Inflammation• tissue response to injury
• red, swollen, warm & painful• white blood cells attracted to area
• pus• clot forms• fibroblasts arrive
• enclose the area• helps prevent spread of pathogen
• phagocytes are active• cell division replaces lost cells
• Phagocytosis• neutrophils
• small particles• monocytes
• larger particles• macrophages• destruction of foreign particles
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Lymphocyte Origins
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Lymphocyte Origins
• Undifferentiated lymphocytes released •T cells• thymus• 70-80% of lymphocytes• lymph nodes, thoracic duct & white pulp of spleen
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Lymphocyte Origins
• Undifferentiated lymphocytes released • B cells• remain in red bone marrow• 20-30% of lymphocytes• lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow & intestinal lining
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Lymphocyte Functions
• T cells•interact directly with foreign invaders•cellular immune response
• B cells•interact indirectly•produce antibodies to destroy specific antigens•humoral immune response
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T Cells
• requires antigen-presenting cell• requires MHC antigens• helps T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign
• types of T cells• helper T cell • stimulate B cells to make antibodies
• cytotoxic T cell• aka killer T cells• destroy cells by cutting openings in them
• memory T cell• future response w/o delay
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T Cell and B Cell Activation
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B Cell Proliferation
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Graft Types
• Isograft – identical twin• Autograft - self• Allograft – same species• Xenograft – different species