16 social policy. what is social policy? programs that promote a range of public goals:...
TRANSCRIPT
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16Social Policy
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What Is Social Policy?
• Programs that promote a range of public goals:– Ameliorate risk and insecurity– Promote equality of opportunity– Alleviate poverty
• These goals are politically controversial
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The Politics of Social Policy• The severity of the Great Depression placed social policy on the political agenda
• Redistributive policies– Shift wealth from one class to another
– It has been derided by critics as “class warfare”
– Usually requires presidential leadership and mass popular support
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Foundations of the Social Welfare System: Social Security• Social Security– Contributory program – financed by payroll taxes from its future recipients
– Redistributive in that it transfers wealth from the young to the elderly
• Social Security politics is frequently described as the “third rail” of American politics because so many seniors depend on the program
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Public Welfare Programs
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Foundations of the Social Welfare System: Medicare• A national health insurance program for the elderly and disabled
• Private health care providers reimbursed by the federal government
• Medicare’s costs are rising dramatically– Health care inflation– More elderly– Prescription drug benefit added in 2003
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“Obamacare”
• Popular name for the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
• Requires all Americans to maintain health insurance by 2014
• This so-called “individual mandate” is facing a 2012 US Supreme Court challenge
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Foundations of the Social Welfare System• Established in 1930s as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
• Means-tested Public Assistance Policy
• A noncontributory program – Assists people based on demonstrated need rather than contributions they have made
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Foundations of the Social Welfare System: TANF• Re-named Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) in 1996 welfare reform
• Five-year lifetime limit• States given greater flexibility
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Clicker Question
What were the two major social welfare programs to come out of the 1930s?
A.Social SecurityB.MedicareC.Aid to Families with Dependent ChildrenD.Medicaid
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Average Monthly AFDC/TANF Caseload
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Foundations of the Social Welfare System• Medicaid – Provides medical coverage to low-income Americans
• Supplemental Security Income (SSI) – 1974 program sets national minimum for Social Security
• Food stamps – 1964 program provides food coupons to families in need
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Types of Benefits
• In-kind benefit – Goods and services provided to needy individuals and families by the federal government, as contrasted with cash benefits (Example – food stamps)
• Entitlement – The eligibility for benefits by virtue of a category defined by law. Categories can be changed only by legislation
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Clicker Question
Which of the following social welfare programs was created to provide health care to the very poor?
A.MedicaidB.Aid to Families with Dependent ChildrenC.MedicareD.Social Security
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The Politics of Welfare Reform• The idea of welfare contradicts American traditions of individual hard work
• 1996 welfare reform was followed by steep declines in state welfare rolls
• Welfare reform had little impact on reducing poverty
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Arguments Against the Welfare System• Welfare programs are costly and unsustainable
• Third-party payment for Medicare and Medicaid promotes unnecessary healthcare expenses
• Welfare is paternalistic. More should be left to individual initiative
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Arguments Against the Welfare System• Welfare creates a moral hazard, incentivizing poverty
• Welfare removes the burden on employers to pay a living wage
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The Increasing Cost of Entitlement Programs
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Arguments For the Welfare System• Welfare stabilizes the economy by maintaining consumer spending during economic downturns
• Programs such as Social Security provide a safety net for employers and employees
• Welfare programs create social stability by protecting individuals from capitalism’s harshest outcomes
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Arguments For the Welfare System• Welfare programs remove moral judgment from poverty
• Welfare programs are politically necessary and help to enhance social stability
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How Can Government Create Opportunity?
• Education has been the single most important factor in determining upward mobility
• Historically limited role for the federal government
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Growth of the Welfare System
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Recent Education Reforms
• No Child Left Behind Act (2002)– Federally mandated testing in math and reading for grades 3–8
– Measure driven by desire for greater accountability
– Some freedom for states in implementation
• Problems with implementation
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Other Education Reforms: School Choice• School vouchers – Public money available for parents to spend on either public or private schools
• Charter schools – Publicly funded schools run independently of district rules and regulations
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Who Is Poor? What Government Can Do
• African Americans, Latinos, and single mothers tend to be disproportionately poor
• Disadvantaged groups pressure government for antipoverty programs
• Antipoverty programs sometimes run counter to “rugged individualism”
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Clicker Question
The No Child Left Behind Act:
A.requires the creation of charter schools.B.establishes voucher programs for public schools.C.requires testing in math and reading for grades three through eight.D.requires testing in science and math for all K–12 grades.
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