16 topchu

2

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Gu-Chu-Sum BookPublished by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet(Ex-political Prisoners’ Association)Jogibara Road, P.O.McLeod GanjDharamsala-176219 H.P. IndiaWeb Site : www.guchusum.orgEmail : [email protected]

Biography of an activist. Vol 16

A Tumultuous LifeBiography of Ngawang TopchuEdited by Lobsang TashiCover and Design: Phurbu TseringCopyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of TibetFirst edition 500 copies, 2007All rights reserved. No part of this bookmaybe reproduced by any means withoutprior written permission from the publisher.

Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi

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11

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13

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14

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15

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16


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17


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18


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19


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20


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21


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22


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23


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hGôm-q¼-hq¾-º‚ô¼-GÅôG-Oæz-ÇÀh-hÝ-uÛ-uôh-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-zŸÛ-hP-ü hGôm-q-¤W¾-¤Dm-hP-»Þ¾-Ç+ô¼-vô-ºV¤-q-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-V-Ç‰ô¤-ÅÞ¤-Tß-®¤-Vh-¤ïh-ºôP-Çeïü hï-hG-GÛ-ºzÞ¾-z-ÅôGÅ-»ôP-zz-GP-º±¤Å-»ôh-q-¤-¸hü hï-ÇSôm-&;Ým-G¸ÛGÅ-¼Ûm-qô-VïÅ-GmP-zºÛ-Vß-Bï¾-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-ŸÛG-ˆP-»ôh-q-zTÅ-hï-®¤-qºÛ-h;º-P¾-Vï-z-¤ïh-±ôh-ˆP-ü hGï-ºhÝm-h¤PÅ-±P-¤ºÛ-º±ô-z-Bô-ŸÛP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-ym-±ô¼-GmP-zºÛ-¾Å-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-ZÛm-¸Å-ˆP-ÇtGÅ-hP-W-fP-¾-wô¼-¤¼-TßP-zMz-q-¼ï-¾Å-¤ïh-qºÛ-º±ô-z-È-TP-ZG-y-Bï¾-z-hP-ü &;Ým-G¸ÛGÅ-qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïÅ-GmP-zºÛ-ºfÞP-Vß-hzô¼-‚ïh-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-Bôm-Áô¼-mü P-±ô-¸Þ¼-ŸÝGÅ-q-n¤Å-¤Û-¼ïÅ-Vß-zm-IPÅ-zTß-GZÛÅ-¼ï-hzô¼-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-»ôhü Vß-¤fôP-m-ºEG-zG-¾-»Ûh-VïÅ-BïÅü ŸïÅ-qºÛ-hqï-¿e¼-VßP-Å-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-hï-¿e-zÞ-mÅ-&;Ým-G¸ÛGÅ-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-z;º-iÛm-»Ûh-mÅ-±ô¼-HÛ-»ôhü

24


P-±ôºÛ-¾Å-hqôm-hGï-ºhÝm-zIïÅ-qºÛ-IÅ-»¼-ºwï¾-¾GÅ-»Ûm-q-hP-ü DôP-mÛ-hGôm-qºÛ-¾Å-hôm-fôG-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-Vï-ŸÛP-ü h¤PÅ-hP-¤fÞm-qü ¾Å-¤±¤Å-Ç+zÅ-ÅÞ-P-±ô¼-hGôm-qºÛ-¾Å-hôm-Ço-±ôGÅ-Pô-vôh-hP-hGôm-q¼-Á-±-hGôÅ-qºÛ-zÇÀz-‚-GmP-GÛ-»ôhü GÝP-±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-z¼-GÅïP-Ç+zÅ-z¯ôm-ºIâÅ-Vï-zºÛ-P-±ôºÛ-IôGÅ-qô-ºGº-hqï-V-Bô¼-¢P-‚ïh-q-hP-ü ºGº-M¾-qô-M¾-¯ïh-¯ï-zü D-ÁÅ-ˆÛ-ÇtP-ÇeïP-hÝ-¼Û-¤ô-hP-lô-h;¼-ÇKôP-GÛÅ-zôh-¼P-z®m-ŸïÅ-»Û-Gï-z¸ô-»Û-»ôhü

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25


¤Û-¼ÛP-z¼-¾Å-IÔ-z®ßGÅü ¾ô-hïºÛ-zôh-¹- 3 mP-P-±ô-¸Þ¼-ŸÝGÅ-zM-hP-hGÝ-zTß-®¤-ŸÛG-hGôm-qºÛ-OÛG-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-º±ßhü

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26


Ç+Ý-º±ô-zŸÝGÅ-¼ÛP-GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-GmP-ŸÛP-ü GÅô-BôP-¤²h-qºÛ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-mP-zÇem-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG-»Ûm-q-hP-ü hGº-¿km-hGôm-Z¤Å-GÅô-ŸÝÅ-mÅ-z¸ÞP-hï-Ç+zÅ-¾Å-ºVh-Zm-h¼-z-ŸÛG-¤-‚ãP-¾ü h-Ç+zÅ-ˆP-hGï-zºÛ-zÁïÅ-GZïm-n¤-q-GÅÞ¤-HÛÅ-zÁh-Oæz-zÇem-qºÛ-M¾-¤±m-º²Ûm-zŸÛm-q-¼ïhü

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27

14

GZÛÅ-qüGZÛÅ-qüGZÛÅ-qüGZÛÅ-qüGZÛÅ-qü

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28


¾-ym-hP-zÇem-º²Ûm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-IôGÅ-GŸm-hï-¤-£m-q¼üzôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-ŸÛG-hP-ü hPÞ¾-ym-zÞ-ºDÞ¼-mÅ-Bï¾-¤Û-M-¤-Ç¨ ôm-¾¤-hP-IôGÅ-GŸm-ŸÛG-zTÅ-¤Z¤-ZG-¼ôP-¿Ë-hGº-zMãh-ÇeG-¯ï-μ ôP-z¼-Gô¤-zIôh-ˆÛÅ-zBôhü

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29

16 zôh-ˆÛ-¯-hôm-ºDÞ¼-hÝ-„ÀPÅ-qü

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30


ºDô¼-mP-¤-ºVßh-q¼-h¤G-¤Û-hP-Zïm-dôG-q-GZÛÅ-¼ïÅ-z¸ÞP-mÅ-zÇkhü

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31


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32


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33


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34


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35

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36

¿Ë ÛP-ºWGÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-±ï-Çe ôhü ü 23

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37


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38

¿Ë ÛP-ºWGÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-±ï-Çe ôhü ü 25

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39


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40


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41


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42


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46


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47


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48


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49


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50


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51

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59


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60


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64


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1] »ï -Á ïÅ-d ôGÅ-¿ kmü1] »ï -Á ïÅ-d ôGÅ-¿ kmü1] »ï -Á ïÅ-d ôGÅ-¿ kmü1] »ï -Á ïÅ-d ôGÅ-¿ kmü1] »ï -Á ïÅ-d ôGÅ-¿ kmüBïÅ-»Þ¾-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-μ ôP-M-

¤-FÛ-DP-hÝ-uÛ-¾ô- 1964 ¾ô¼-BïÅü VßP-hÝÅ-¾ô-GZÛÅ-ÇÀôz-VßP-hÝ-zBôhü 1986¾ô¼-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å¼-ŸÛ-zºÛ-Pô-Lô¾-¾-ŸÝGÅ-Aïmü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-º²Ûm-

z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-ZÛm-zTß-GÅÞ¤-hP-ü hï-XïÅ-ÍÞ-cÛ-bàh-hÝ-

105

92 Çt äm-Zï-DG-GTÛG-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-¤hô¼-zÇk ÝÅü

zTßG ¹-z-¿S-®¤-XïÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôz-ˆP-»P-zB¼- 1989¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5ü6ü7 zTÅ-ˆÛ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-mP-»P-ŸÝGÅü

M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-Pô-Lô¾-ZÛm-¤fº-¤ºÛ-¤±m-¤ô-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-ÍÞ-cÛ-bàh-z®ôm-DP-hP-ÅÛ-FâºÛ-½‰ÛP-q¼-zTßG ¹-z-GZÛÅ-hP-ZÛm-zTô-¿SºÛ-¼ÛP-iÛ-¯h-hP-iG-lÝP-ºDÞ¼-hÝ-„ÀPÅ-bï-¼P-ZÛh-Pô-Lô¾-¾-zBôh-qºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-¯-z-mÅ-¤-‚Å-q-hP-ü Dô-q-±ô¼-»P-hqP-dGÅ-Çeôm-Mã-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü

ºôm-ˆP- 1990 ¹- 3 mP-IÔ-IPÅ-zŸÛ-zTß-Ÿï-¿S-®¤-hP-¿Ëm-hGôm-mÅ-xÛ¼-wÞh-zbP-Çeïü DôP-±ô¼-¤Û-±ï-GTÛG-hGôm-q-GP-¼ÞP-¾-º²â¾-¤Û-VôG-q-hP-ü ¤Û-zTß-»m-HÛ-ºGô-ºFÛh-‚Å-¤Û-VôG-q-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-ZïÅ-ºGm-z;Ý¼-mÅ-BïÅ-»Þ¾-¾-¯ÛÅ-vhü ¾ô-hïºÛ-uÛ-¹- 6 mP-z®m-‚ô¾-¾-»ôP-Çeï-h-Ç+zÅ-l-Å¼-»ôhü

2] z®ßm-¤-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô -¤ ôüz®ßm-¤-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô -¤ ôüz®ßm-¤-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô -¤ ôüz®ßm-¤-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô -¤ ôüz®ßm-¤-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô -¤ ôüuÛ-¾ô- 1975 ¾ô¼-BïÅü »ï-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-

¿km-HÛ-GTßP-¤ô-hP-ü M-¤±ô-¼Ûm-Vïm-HÛ-GTïm-¤ô-»Ûmü VßP-hÝÅ-Å-DÞ¾-ÇÀôz-VßP-hÝ-zBôh-q-

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hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¾ô¼-G¼-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-Vïh-¿Ë-Å¼-zÇkhü uÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-DôP-hP-PG-hzP-GÅP-Iô¾ü hGº-IÔ-¹-z-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-ŸÛ-zºÛ-Q¤-Çeôm-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü z¼-Ç+ô¼-¤PGÅ-GbôP-DP-GÛ-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-zB¾-z-hP-ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-FÛ¤Å-DP-mÅ-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-z¸ôÅ-bï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü IÔ-zŸÛ¼-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-¤ï-¤hºÛ-¤WâG-ÁÛP-lïG-Çeï-¾G-G»Å-qºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q¼-Åï¼-D-z¸ôÅü z®ôm-DP-hP-ºƒÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-h¤PÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-zTÅ-¾-Ç¨m-DP-zÇeïm-MãºÛ-ŸÝ-GbàGÅ-‚Å-ˆP-»-¾m-®¤-¤-‚Å-q¼-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-¼ÛP-¾ÞÅ-qÅü ¼ÞÅ-q-VG-qºÛ-¤±¤Å-Á-BïÅ-bï-¾G-G»Å-wm-¤ïh-VGÅ-bïü uÛ-¾ô- 1995 ¹- 6±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-z®ôm-mÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-»P-hïP-Ç+zÅ-¾G-G»Å-qÅ-¾Å-;-hï-®¤-fÞz-ˆÛ-¤ïhü

3] M-¤±ô-¼Ûm-VïmüM-¤±ô-¼Ûm-VïmüM-¤±ô-¼Ûm-VïmüM-¤±ô-¼Ûm-VïmüM-¤±ô-¼Ûm-Vïmü¤ÛP-GŸm-zG-Iô-¸ï¼ü uÛ-¾ô- 1977

¾ô¼-BïÅü »ï-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-¿km-hP-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô-¤ôºÛ-GTßP-qô-»Ûm-ŸÛP-ü VßP-hÝÅ-ÇÀôz-VßP-ºIÛ¤Å-¥ôP-z-hP.ü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ-

107


6 ZÛm-7GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼-Z¼-¤Û-VôG-qºÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-¾-Pô-Lô¾-‚Å-Aïmü ±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-LÝ-±-z;G-Z¼-DP-hÝ-zTßG ¤f¼-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-GZÛÅ-zbP-Çeï-FÛ-¸¤-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾-z-hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-z®ôm-mÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¤¾-Iô¼-ŸÛP-qºÛ-º±ô-z-Bï¾-zŸÛm-GmÅ-»ôhü

4] ±ï -zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼ü±ï -zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼ü±ï -zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼ü±ï -zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼ü±ï -zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼üuÛ-¾ô- 1932 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-FÛ-DP-hÝ-BïÅü Å-GmÅ-

hï-GºÛ-ŸÛP-q-»Ûmü 1999 ¾ô¼-zôh-hôm-Vz-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-Gmh-hôm-JÀïP-q¼-zÇ‰h-zbGÅ-mÅ-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-mÅ-ÅÛ-FâºÞ-z®ôm-DP-mP-¹-z-zhÝm-®¤-zTßG uÛ-¾ô- 2000 ¹-4 mP-z®ôm-mÅ-JÀôhü

5] zÇem-º²ÛmüzÇem-º²ÛmüzÇem-º²ÛmüzÇem-º²ÛmüzÇem-º²ÛmüuÛ-¾ô- 1971 ¾ô¼-BïÅü ±ï-zdm-hq¾-

º‚ô¼-HÛ-zÞ-hP-M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-GÛ-GTïm-qô-»Ûmü ¾ô-VßP-mÅ-h¤PÅ-z®ßGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ-hP-ü μ ôP-ÇÀôz-ºƒÛP-ü ¿Ë-Å-ÇÀôz-ºƒÛP-GÅÞ¤-q-zTÅ-ÅÞ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚Åü ¿Ë-Å-ÇÀôz-ºƒÛP-fôm-

108


¾-Zï-Ç+zÅ-¤ºÛ-D-Vï¤Å-zŸÛm-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-IÔ-ŸÝGÅ-‚ÅüuÛ-¾ô- 1993 zôh-¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 15 ZÛm-ym-PG-hzP-ÇeôzÅ-zTß-hP-¤Z¤-z¼-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-‚Å-Ç+zÅ-ym-ƒôÅ-f¼-»P-DôP-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü LÝ-±¼-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-¿S-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zTßG

uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 1 hP-ü 4 ZÛm-HÛ-IÔ-zŸÛºÛ-ºôÅ-¾PÅ-ÅÞ-DôP-»P-ŸÝGÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¾ô¼-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-ü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¤¾-Iô-M-¤¼-ŸÛP-qºÛ-º±ô-z-Bï¾-zŸÛm-GmÅ-»ôhü

6] M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-M¾-¤±m-hq¾-z¸P-üB-¤ÛP-¤ÛG-h¤¼ü uÛ-¾ô- 1980 ¾ô¼-BïÅü

±ï-zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼-HÛ-zÞ-¤ô-hP-zÇem-º²Ûm-Vï-zºÛ-GTßP-¤ô-»Ûmü ¼P-¾ô-hGÝ-mÅ-¿Ë-Å-G-¼Û-hGôm-hÝ-

VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-q-hP.ü uÛ-¾ô- 1993 zôh-¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 25ZÛm-G¼-hGôm-z®ßm-¤-zTß-GZÛÅ-hP-¿Ëm-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-z¼-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-¾-ŸÝGÅü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-M-GŸÝP-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-mÅ-DôP-hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-Åôm-¤ïh-ˆP-ºiÛ-¯h-fïPÅ-zMh-®¤-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1994

109


zôh-¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 19 ZÛm-μ ôP-GÛ-ºGô-FÛh-hP-w-±ï-zdm-hq¾-º‚ô¼-¯ÛÅ-¾ïm-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤Û-¿ËG-qºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-hP-zTÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-ü hïP-Ç+zÅ-Íô-ÅÛ-=ô-¾Û-»¼-»ôhü

7] h¼-MÅüh¼-MÅüh¼-MÅüh¼-MÅüh¼-MÅüuÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô¼-BïÅü ¤¾-Iô-M-¤-Çoôm-mP-DÞG-

mÅ-»Ûmü zÞ-VßP-±ï-¼ÛP-GÛ-GTïm-qô-»Ûmü uÛ-¾ô- 1984 mP-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-IÔ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü XïÅ-ÅÞ-¿Ë-Å¼-¸-DP-GZï¼-mÅ-±ôP-¾Å-‚Åü DôP-hP-Í-¤hô-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-M-¤±ôü ÆÛh-VôÅ-±ï-¼ÛP-ü G®P-q-»ï-ÁïÅü „Àô-z¸P-»ï-ÁïÅ-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-¤²h-n¤Å-z=¤Å-q-hP-ü hô¾-MÅ-zÇeïm-GÅô¾-‚ïh-¤Dm-n¤Å-¾-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-zÇem-bï-ÇÀôz-GÅô-Çtï¾-zÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1995 ¾ô¼-¿Ë-Å-mÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-zTßG-q-hP-¾ô-Vh-¿S-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü uÛ-¾ô- 2000 ¾ô¼-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-D-¾ô-z-‚ïh-TÛP-GmÅ-»ôhü

110


8] zÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-VïmüzÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-VïmüzÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-VïmüzÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-VïmüzÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-VïmüDôP-mÛ- 1969 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-¤hº-

Á¼-z=-ÁÛÅ-DP-GÅ¼-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-BïÅü d-¤IÛm-HÛ-GTßP-qô-»Ûm-q-hP-ü fÞz-zÇem-»ï-ÁïÅ-hP-DôP-GÅÞ¤-EÛ¤-GTÛG-GÛ-¤Û-»Ûmü VßP-hÝÅ-h¤PÅ-

z®ßGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-zBôhü 1987 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 mÅ-DôP-GÛÅ-¤¾-Iô-zMãh-hÝ-zôh-¼P-z®m-HÛ-»ÛG-V-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-‚ÅüuÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 30 ZÛm-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-DÞ¾-HÛ-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-zÅ¤-qºÛ-hq¾-»ôm-¸ï¼-zºÛ-ÇÀôz-GÅôºÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-Çtï¾-Ç+zÅü ±ôGÅ-hˆÛ¾-mÅ-zÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP.ü zÅôh-m¤Å-lô-Xïü ¿Ëàm-Iâzü h;ôm-¤VôG-„Àô-IôÅ-zTÅ-zŸÛÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-zOïPÅ-mÅ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-‚Å-qÅü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-n¤Å-¼ï-ŸÛG-TÛ-‚-Gbô¾-ƒ¾-PP-xÛ¼-ƒôÅ-‚Å-Aïmü zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-ÇkÛPÅ-VºÛ-fôG-z®ßGÅü

Ç+¼-¤-ZÛ-ÁÝºÛ-XïÅ-M-GŸÝP-GÛ-Zïm-dôG-q-hP-h¤G-¤ÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-μ ôP-GÛ-z®ôm-DP-hP-ü LÝ-±-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-z®ôm-zTßG-hP-¤Û-uôh-¾Å-ºhÅ-qºÛ-¤m¼-GTôh-±h-¤ïh-zbP-Çeïü G¸ÞGÅ-GTôPÅ-Tm-z¸ôÅü 1992 ¹- 10

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±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å-ºƒÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-¤P-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛÅ-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô-Vh- 15 z¸ôÅ-mÅ-¹-z-GTÛG-¿ËG-®¤-XïÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü

1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 1 ü 4 ZÛm-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z®ôm-qÅ-Hïm-¾PÅ-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-h¤G-¤Û-hP-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-±zÅ-VïºÛ-ZïÅ-lÝP-zbP-Çeïü GTôPÅ-Tm-»Ûm-qºÛ-DôP-GÛ-º±ô-GmÅ-¾-±zÅ-VïºÛ-Zïm-D-ºyh-hï-ºVÛ-¾-Zï-D¼ü Åï-¼-hGôm-qºÛ-Zï-ºI¤-HÛ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-uÛ-Ez-Ç¨m-¯ÓºÛ-¿eï-GmÅ-ŸïÅ-q¼-Ç¨m-GbàG-¾-FÛh-ˆP-ü 1999 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 17 ¤±m-¤ôºÛ-Vß-±ôh-GZÛÅ-q¼-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-Ç+Ý-wÞP-¾-zdG-hrh-‚Å-ºƒÅ->Àh-q-hP-JÀô-z-Ç+¤-q-ÁïÅ-q-¼ïhü

9] fÞz-zÇem-»ï -Á ïÅüfÞz-zÇem-»ï -Á ïÅüfÞz-zÇem-»ï -Á ïÅüfÞz-zÇem-»ï -Á ïÅüfÞz-zÇem-»ï -Á ïÅüuÛ-¾ô- 1958 ¾ô¼-BïÅü zÅôh-m¤Å-

¼Ûm-Vïm-hP-d-¤IÛm-HÛ-GTïm-¤ôºÛ-¤G-q-»Ûmü¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-M-¤¼-ŸÛP-qºÛ-ºôÅ-¾PÅ-ˆÛ-hôm-Aïm-¿ËG-mÅ-ZÛm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-XïÅ-bïü 1992 ¹- 7

±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-Vï-z-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-fôG-M-h¤G-Gô-¤±ôm-fôGÅ-q-hÝ-¤-ŸÛG-M-¤-DÞ¾-HÛ-¤Û-Åï¼-HÛ-DP-q-ÇSôG-q¼-º‚ô¼üDôP-GÛ-EÛ¤-HÛ-M¾-ÇKô¼-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-ƒÛÅ-»ôh-qÅ-DôP-º²Ûm-

112


z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼-μ ôP-GÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG XïÅ-ÅÞ-ŸÛP-qºÛ-ºôÅ-¾PÅ-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-q-»Ûm-q-ÁïÅ-mÅ-LÝ-±¼-FÛh-q-hP-ü hï¼-¿Ë-Å-ºƒÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-¤P-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛÅ-z®ôm-ºWâG-¾ô-Vh-zTô-¿S-hP-Vz-ÆÛh-hzP-V-¾ô-¿S-ºyôG uÛ-¾ô- 2007 ¹- 6 XïÅ-ÅÞ-JÀ ôh-ºIô¾-fôzü

10] d-¤IÛmüd-¤IÛmüd-¤IÛmüd-¤IÛmüd-¤IÛmüuÛ-¾ô- 1967 BïÅü DôP-mÛ-zÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-Vïm-HÛ-

GTïm-qô-hP-ü fÞz-zÇem-»ï-ÁïÅ-hP-DôP-GÅÞ¤-EÛ¤-GTÛG-GÛ-¤Û-»Ûmü VßP-mÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-q¼-¼z-bà-‚ãP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1988¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ŸÛ-Lô¾-mP-º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-qÅü M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô- 5 zTh-hï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zTßGuÛ-¾ô- 1993 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 4 ZÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü DôP-EÛ¤-hÝ-ÇÀïzÅ-Ç+zÅ-»-P-zºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-hÝ-¤-fôm-»ôh-q-Çeïü GTßP-qô-zÅôh-m¤Å-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP-GTïm-¤ôºÛ-z¸º-¹-fÞz-zÇem-»ï-ÁïÅ-z®ôm-hÝ-º±ßh-q-hP-ü P¾-¯ô¾-Vï-VßP-GP-¾-@P-ºGm-ºEï¼-hGôÅ-qºÛ-GTïm-¤ô-lz-Bôm-Áô¼-mÅ-Ç+ïh-q-VG-q-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-EÛ¤-hÝ-¼P-¤Gô-¤Û-fôm-qºÛ-¼P-GÛ-¤-Lm-hP-GTïm-¤ôºÛ-yâG-GÝ-GÅÞ¤-¿ËG-»ôhü DôP-mÛ-IÔ-AP-n¤-hG-TÛG-»Ûm-»P-¼P-¤Gô-

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¤Û-fôm-qºÛ-¤Û-zŸÛºÛ-º±ô-GmÅ-ˆÛ-@P-ºGm-ºDÞ¼-mÅ-EÛ¤-HÛ-w-Lm-¿e-zÞ-GmP-mÅ-hïP-Ç+zÅ-¼P-EÛ¤-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-»ôhü

11] hôm-Iâzü hôm-Iâzü hôm-Iâzü hôm-Iâzü hôm-IâzüuÛ-¾ô- 1973 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-ÇtP-Çoï-DÞG-bà-BïÅü uÛ-

¾ô¼- 19 hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1992¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 10 ZÛm-DôP-hP-±ï-¼ÛP-zG-Iôü hq¾-ºz¼ü „Àô-z¸P-M-¤±ô-zTÅ-hGº-¿km-IÔ-q-zŸÛÅ-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-z¼-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-ŸÛ-zºÛ-Q¤-Çeôm-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-‚Åü z¼-Ç+ô¼-¤PGÅ-GbôP-DP-hP-ZÝ¾-ŸÛz-¤Û-ÇoÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-FÛh-mÅ-hï¼-iÛ-¯h-‚Å-bï-¹-z-iâG-¼ÛP-zŸG z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-iâG-z¸ôÅ-bï-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 1 hP- 4 Åô-Åô¼-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-ŸÛ-zºÛ-Pô-Lô¾-‚Å-q¼üM-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-»-P-Ç‰ÛP-Xï-Çtä-®¤-¤ïh-q¼-¤Û-uôh-¾Å-ºhÅ-qºÛ-iG-Gmôm-±zÅ-Vï-‚Å-q-hP.ü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-hôm-Iâz-ˆÛ-¾ÞÅ-Åï¤Å-GZÛÅ-;¼-»P-Gmôh-º±ï-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-wôG-qÅ-ü hÝÅ-±ôh-PïÅ-¤ïh-mP-¾ÞÅ-qóºÛ-hzP-¯-hP.ü »m-¾G-f¤Å-Th-¼ïPÅ-qü ºÞ¼-O-Vï-®¤-fôÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÅÞ-JÀô-zÞ¼-im-q-z½ÀGÅ-bï-ºHï¾-

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z-ÅôGÅ-¤Û-±ïºÛ-Gôh-VGÅ-»-P-z-ŸÛG-‚ãP-»ôhü uÛ-¾ô- 1998¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm-¾ô-±h-G®P-z-zŸÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzühïP-Ç+zÅ-m-±-iG-Bïh-GP-®¤-‚ãP-Çeï-¿Ë-Å¼-¸-DP-VßP-PÞ-ŸÛG-GZï¼-mÅ-º±ô-fzÅ-‚ïh-TÛP-GmÅ-»ôhü

12] q-ÅPÅüq-ÅPÅüq-ÅPÅüq-ÅPÅüq-ÅPÅüuÛ-¾ô- 1965 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-M-¤-Çoôm-¤h¼-BïÅü ¼P-

¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß¼-Åôm-Zï¼-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 hP-zôh-¹- 1 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-Ç¨ôm-¾¤-HÛ-‚¤Å-q-Ghm-ºiïm-Ç+zÅ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-qÅü uÛ-±ïÅ- 18 ŸôGÅ-q-hGº-¿km-hGôm-mÅ-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-DôP-ÅôGÅ-hGº-¿km-IÔ-zTß-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü GÅP-»Ûz-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-ºFÛh-mÅ-iÛ-G®ï¼-hÝ-¤-‚Å-bï-¹-z-zŸÛ-¿ËG-®¤-GmÅ-¼ÛP-&;Ým-G¸ÛGÅ-qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-fÞGÅ-XïÅ-DôP-ÅôGÅ-hGº-¿km-IÔ-ÅÞ¤-Tß-®¤-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¼P-»Þ¾-hÝ-ŸÛP-qºÛ-º±ô-z-Bï¾-ŸÛP-GmÅ-»ôhü

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13] ¹-z-zÅôh-m¤Åü¹-z-zÅôh-m¤Åü¹-z-zÅôh-m¤Åü¹-z-zÅôh-m¤Åü¹-z-zÅôh-m¤ÅüuÛ-¾ô- 1976 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm-¤¾-Iô-

GÝP-h;¼-M-¤-Çoôm-mP-DÞG-bà-BïÅü ¾ô-zTß-zŸÛ¼-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-IÔ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1992¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-z¼-Ç+ô¼-mP-ŸÛ-Lô¾-Ç+h-

ºzôh-¾-ŸÝGÅü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-z¼-Ç+ô¼-¤PGÅ-GbôP-DP-GÛ-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-zB¾ü hï-GºÛ-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-¯ÛÅ-¾ïm-Ç+zÅ-ZïÅ-lÝP-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-zbP-z-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-Çtäm-¤Vïh-h;ôm-¤VôG-¤±ô-¤ô-hP-ü Pô-ÁïÅ-PG-hzP-GÅP-Iô¾-GZÛÅ-hP-Gô¤-q-iâG-®¤-HÛ-Å-V¼-zŸG-Çeïü Hôm-GôÅ-±P-¤-wÞh-zTßG-mÅ-h¤¼-ÉïP-¤¼-Vß-±ôh-GTÛG-®¤-zŸG-Çeï-±P-¤¼-Ç+ï-¼GÅ-hP-JÀôG-MãG-GÛÅ-lïG-Çeï-lÝP-ü LÝ-±¼-¹-z-iâG-®¤-z®ôm-zTßG-‚Å-¼ÛP-iÛ-¯h-fïPÅ-zTô-¿S-‚Å-q-hP-ü ¾ô-hïºÛ-¹- 12 mP-z®ôm-Vh-¾ô-¿S-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾ü uÛ-¾ô-1997 ¹- 6 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-ü hïP-Ç+zÅ-zŸÝGÅ-ÇK¼-l-Å¼-GmÅ-»ôhü

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14] „À ô -z¸P-hq¾-¿kmü„À ô -z¸P-hq¾-¿kmü„À ô -z¸P-hq¾-¿kmü„À ô -z¸P-hq¾-¿kmü„À ô -z¸P-hq¾-¿kmüuÛ-¾ô- 1974 ¾ô¼-BïÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 6

ZÛm-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-Pô-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-Aïm-mP-ŸÝGÅ-Aïm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-LÝ-±¼-z;G-Z¼-¹-z-iâG-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1996¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 30 ZÛm-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôzü hïP-Ç+zÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-M-¤ÛºÛ-±ôP-DP-mP-¾Å-G»ôG-MãG-Çeï-GmÅü

15] wÞm-±ôGÅ-VôÅ-z¸P-üw Þm-±ôGÅ-VôÅ-z¸P-üw Þm-±ôGÅ-VôÅ-z¸P-üw Þm-±ôGÅ-VôÅ-z¸P-üw Þm-±ôGÅ-VôÅ-z¸P-ü¤ÛP-GŸm-Ç¨ôm-¾¤-uÛ-¾ô- 1975 ¾ô¼-¤¾-Iô-GÝP-h;¼ü

M-¤-FÛ-DP-hÝ-BïÅü VßP-hÝÅ-mÅ-ÇÀôz-VßP-hÝ-¾ô-GTÛG-¿ËG-®¤-zBôhü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¤¾-Iô¼-Gbï¼-D-ÇSôG-Ç+zÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1989hP-ü 1990ü 1991 zTÅ-¾ô¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-q-hP-üGbï¼-D-z;G-hGôÅ-qºÛ-¢¼-»ÛG-¢¼-z-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Aïm-¾Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1992 ¹- 1 mP-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-mÅ-¾ô-GTÛG-hP-¹-z-GÅÞ¤-z®ôm-ºWâG-‚Å-¼ÛP-ü ZÛm-¤±m-h‚ï-º‚ïh-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-¤Þm-DP-hÝ-ZÛm-Zï¼-zŸÛ-zTßG-q-hP-ü ¹-z-iâG-®¤-¼ÛP-¤m¼-GTôh-iG-qô-zbP-ÇezÅ-¾ÞÅ-qôºP-G»ô-

117


ºGÝ¾-¤-fÞz-q¼-ºVÛ-GÅôm-PïÅ-¤ïh-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-uÛ-¾ô- 1993¹- 5 mP-¼P-EÛ¤-hÝ-zB¾ü

Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-hÝÅ-»Þm-GP-¤±¤Å-zÇeïm-XïÅ-iG-Bïh-‚ãP-mÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-¸Þ¼-ŸÝGÅ-ÅÞ-zÇkhü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹-5 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qóºÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼-wz-hGôÅ-qºÛ-z®m-z;º-zbP-z¼-hGº-¿km-hGôm-IÔ-¤P-hP-¿Ëm-hÝ-Pô-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-q-hP-ü iG-Gmôm-‚ïh-qºÛ-¤±m-¤ô¼-hGôm-q-mÅ-ƒôÅ-bï-¾ô-¤WâG-z¼-fG-¼ÛP-xôGÅ-¤fº-DG-bà-ºE¤ÅüuÛ-¾ô- 1997 zôh-¹- 1 mP-M-G¼-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-¾-»ôP-ÇeïühïP-Ç+zÅ-M-G¼-¿Ëô-xôGÅ-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-hGôm-hÝ-ÇÀôz-GZï¼-‚ïh-¤ÞÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅü

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zTß-GZÛÅ-qüzTß-GZÛÅ-qüzTß-GZÛÅ-qüzTß-GZÛÅ-qüzTß-GZÛÅ-qü

Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-ºfz-IôGÅ-GZÛÅ-¾-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-ºfz-IôGÅ-GZÛÅ-¾-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-ºfz-IôGÅ-GZÛÅ-¾-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-ºfz-IôGÅ-GZÛÅ-¾-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-ºfz-IôGÅ-GZÛÅ-¾-im-GÅô-ŸÝüim-GÅô-ŸÝüim-GÅô-ŸÝüim-GÅô-ŸÝüim-GÅô-ŸÝü

1] zÇem-º²Ûm-»ï-ÁïÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1973 ¾ô¼-zôh-hzÞÅ-ÇeG-¯ï-μ ôP-G®P-bôG-V-IôP-±ô¼-BïÅü ¾ô-zhÝm-mÅ-zTß-GZÛÅ-z¼-V-IôP-±ôºÛ-h¤PÅ-z®ßGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-zBôhü 1985mP-hGº-¿km-hGôm-q¼-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-bïü hGï-zºÛ-zÁïÅ-GZïm-hÝ-¤ºÛ-ŸzÅ-¾-GbàGÅ-bï-GŸÝP-qô-bÛ-¿S-ÅôGÅ-¼ÛG-qºÛ-GmÅ-¾-¢P-q-¿Ëà¼-„ÀPÅ-ˆÛÅ-¢P-ºƒÅ-¯ï¼-Åôm-ŸÛP-ü n¤-hrôh-hP-z®ßm-qºÛ-»ôm-bm-¾-;Ým-HÛ-hP-z-ºiïm-q-ŸÛG-»ôhüM-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-q¼-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼-z®m-zÇkÝ-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-q-GŸm-hP-¤Z¤-hÝ-Pô-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-Aïmü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-LÝ-±¼-zTßG-TÛP-ü ¾ô- 2 z®ôm-zTßG-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-mÅ-FÛ-

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106 Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-ºfz-IôGÅ-GZÛÅ-¾-im-GÅô-ŸÝü

¸¤-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾ü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-hP-LÝ-±¼-ZïÅ-lÝP-±h-¤ïh-zbP-mÅ-mh-GTôPÅ-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-ˆP-ü Ç¨m-zTôÅ-ˆÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-¯-z-mÅ-¤-vhü ÆôG-Zïm-¾-fÞG-Zï¼-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-mÅ-ZÛm-iâG-XïÅ-bï-uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 11 ZÛm-¼P-EÛ¤-hÝ-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼ü

2] „Àô-z¸P-hzP-xãG ¤ÛP-GŸm-PG-hzP-zÇem-BôP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1971 ºƒÛ-GÝP->ÀâP-Áôhü fP-ÇoºÛ-h¤¼-¿km-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-EÛ¤-hÝ-BïÅü ÇÀôz-VßP-fôm-XïÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-q¼-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1996 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-Pô-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-Aïmü ±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-LÝ-±¼-ZïÅ-lÝP-hP.ü iÛ-¯h-fïPÅ-¤P-ºôG-¤f¼-¾ô- 10 z®ôm-ºWâG-FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-Çeï-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zB¾ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1998 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 4 ZÛm-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-z®ôm-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-ŸÛG-º±ôGÅ-q-hP-ü hïºÛ-fôG-ºWÛGÅ-ÇoP-zÇ+Ý¾-bïü 7GôP-Å-¤VôG-¾-hGG-q-MG-q-hP-ü D-ƒ¾-¾-Pô-Lô¾-‚ïh-hGôÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Gb¤-zÁh-Çtï¾-ÇezÅü DôP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-hˆÛ¾-mÅ-zŸïPÅ-bï-Eôh-±ôÅ-zôh-hÝ-VôÅ-hh-¼P-hzP-»ôh-¸ï¼-z-®¤-¾Åü P-±ôºÛ-BzÅ-»Þ¾-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-

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¾-zÇ+Ý¼-z-ºhïzÅ-zTßG-q-ºhÛÅü hôm-hPôÅ-zôh-¤Û¼-VôÅ-hh-¼P-hzP-bÛ¾-ºƒâ-®¤-»P-¤ïh-q-GÅ¾-qô-¼ïhü z®m-Gmôm-HÛ-‚-uôh-ºhÛ-hG-¾-P-±ôÅ-¤fº-GTÛG-bà-Pô-Lô¾-»ôhü zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûmü &GôP-Å-¤VôG-Ç+Ý-±ï-FÛ-¾ô-zdm-q¼-ÁôG-TïÅ-ºzôh-±ÛG-zOGÅ-q¼-Å-hï-G¼-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-DôP-¾-¤ï-¤hº-ºwPÅ-mÅ-z=ôPÅü XïÅ-ÅÞ-Ç+Ý-wÞP-w-¤¼-vôh-Ç+zÅ-¼P-ÁÛ-zMz-q-¼ïh-TïÅ-zÁhü

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108

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TïÅ-¤Vôh-q¼-zXôh-q-ÇSôm-hÝ-ÅôP-z-zŸÛmü ‚P-xôGÅ-mô¼-HÛ-„Àô-IôÅ-¤ºÛ-GŸÛï¼-fÞz-qºÛ-zÇem-q-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-h¼-ŸÛP-MÅ-q-hP.ü ¤Û-¼zÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-Fôh-hzÞÅ-Çeôh-M-¤-FÛ-DP-GÛ-hqôm-¼zÅ-hP.ü hGôm-ÇkïºÛ-VGÅ-¼zÅ-y-ŸÛz-ŸÛG-mÛ-ÇS¼-HÛ-‚ãP-¼Û¤-HÛ-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-GÅ¾-qó-¤ÛG-¾¤-hÝ-Åôm-q-¤ïh-TÛP.ü»ôh-q-n¤Å-ˆP-GÅÞP-qôh-Ço-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-mP-hÝ-f¼-fô¼-hÝ-GmÅ-qÅ-º±ô¾-z¼-h;º-P¾-ÁÛm-bà-Vï-z¼-Hã¼ü

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110 ¸Þ¼-z;ô¾ü

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