CALIFORNIA ALSAKA

UNITEDSTATES

OF AMERICA33.6 million

1821 to 1920

RUSSIA 550,0001860 to 1900

NEW ZEALANDAND

AUSTRALIA2 million

CANADA2.3 million

U.K.GERMANY

SPAIN

GUIANA

ALGERIA764,000

CAPECOLONY

160,000to 1888

CHINA

JAPAN

INDIA

SIAM

FRANCEITALY

ARABIA

B R A Z I L

IRELAND

WE

STIN

DIE

S

MO

RO

CCO

S O U T HA M E R I C A

3.6 million

NATA

L

Odessa2 million to USA1890 to 1910

Slaves

Slavesto Arabia

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

I N D I A N

O C E A N

P A C I F I C O C E A N

A R C T I C

O C E A N

From Asia

Number of Immigrants

Main groupsChineseJapanese

From Canada

From EuropeMain groups

GermansIrishItaliansPolesEnglishJews

370,000275,000

5,000,0004,500,0004,500,0002,600,0002,600,0002,000,000

From Latin America

700,000

2,200,000

30,000,000

900,000

Emigration from Europe

Emigration from Japan

Emigration from China

Emigration from India

Migration from European Russia

SWED

EN

EA

ST

IND

I ES

17-1 Patterns of Global Migration, 1840–1890

Po

pula

tio

n

Years

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000.000

40,000,000

50,000,000

Rural

Urban

19001875185018251790

17-1 Proportion of Population Leaving Cities, 1790–1900

0

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

100 200 300 Miles

G U L F O F M E X I C O

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

C A N A D A

M E X I C O

New Orleans

San Francisco

Kansas City

Chicago New York

Lake

Mic

h iga

n

L a k e S u p e r i o r

LakeH

uron

L ake Er i e

Lake Ontari o

Railroads in operation in 1840

Railroads in operation in 1870

Railroads in operation in 1920

17-2 The Growth of Railroads, 1850–1890

San Francisco

Omaha

Chicago

MilwaukeeDetroit

ToledoCleveland

Pittsburgh

Buffalo

BostonProvidence

Rochester

IndianapolisColumbus

Louisville

Winston-Salem

Baltimore

PhiladelphiaNew York

CincinnatiKansas CitySt. Louis

New Orleans

Portland

Seattle

ARIZONA

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

OREGON

WASHINGTON

IDAHO

MONTANANORTH

DAKOTA MINNESOTA

SOUTHDAKOTA

NEBRASKA

WYOMING

COLORADO

NEWMEXICO

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSASOKLAHOMA

KANSAS MISSOURI

IOWA

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

ILLINOIS

INDIANAOHIO

KENTUCKY

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPIALABAMA

GEORGIA

SOUTHCAROLINA

NORTHCAROLINA

VIRGINIAWESTVIRGINIA

DELAWARE

NEW JERSEY

MARYLAND

PENNSYLVANIA

NEWYORK

CONNECTICUTRHODE ISLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

MAINEVERMONTNEW HAMPSHIRE

FLORIDA

UTAH

Distribution of factory output, 1919

CitiesOver $3,000,000

Value of product over $1 billion

Value of product over $200 million

$1,000,000 to $2,999,999

$500,000 to $999,999

Less than $100,000

$100,000 to $499,999

Cotton goodsCopper refiningLumber productsMeat packingBrass and copper productsLeather goodsIron and steelFlour mill productsSugar refiningPaper

ClothingProducts for railroadsTobacco productsRubber productsPetroleum refiningLead smeltingMarble and stone productsWoolen goodsDiversified

Shipbuilding 0

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

100 200 300 Miles

A T L A N T I C

O C E A NP A C I F I C

O C E A N

G U L F O F M E X I C O

17-3 Major American Industries, c.1890

Fort Hall

Fort Vancouver

Fort Bridger

Salt Lake

Bent’s Fort DodgeCity

Fort Leavenworth

Kansas City St. Louis

Fort Smith

Chicago

Detroit

PhiladelphiaPittsburgh

Albany BostonPlymouth

New York

Providence

Baltimore

Charleston

San Antonio

Santa Fe

El Paso

Natchez

Bozeman

Los Angeles

Fort CrittendenSutter’s Fort

Lake

Mich

igan

Lake Ontari o

Lake Huron

LakeErie

Lake Superior

C A N A D A

M E X I C O

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

G U L F O F M E X I C O

Mississippi R.

OhioR.

Missouri R.

ArkansasR.

Colorad

o R.

Colum

bia R.

Rio

Gran

de

Nat

chez

Trac

e

El CaminoReal

Los Angeles - Salt Lak

eTr

ail

Atlantic and Pacific

Pony ExpressOverland S t age

Mormon Trail

National Road National Road

C hicago Turnpike

Great Genesee Road

PennsylvaniaRoad

BostonPostRoad

ForbesRoadScioto Trail

WildernessRoad

MaysvilleRoad

Charles Town Path

Nashville Road

Valle

yRo

ad

Great Trading

Path

Fort Smith - Santa Fe Trail

Ta

osTrail

Bozeman

Trail

Pony Express and

Overland Stage Boone’s Lick

Upper Emigrant Trail

Oregon Trail

Old

SpanishTrail

0

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

100 200 300 Miles

Settlers’s routes

17-4 The Overland Trail

0

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

100 200 300 Miles

Ft. Stockton

Ft. SillFt. Smith

Ft. Gibson

Ft.LeavenworthFt.

Riley

Ft. Kearny

Julesburg1865

Beecher’s Island 1868

Ft. Ridgely 1862New Ulm 1862

Birch Coulee 1862

Whitestone Hill 1863

Big Mound 1863

Slim Buttes 1876

Fetterman Disaster 1866Wolf Mountain 1877

Powder River 1875Lame Deer 1877Whitebird 1877

Marias 1870

Clearwater1877

Ft. Keogh

Ft. BertholdKilldeer Mountain 1864

Ft. UnionFt. BentonBear’s Paw 1877

Platte Bridge 1865

Dull Knife 1876

Wagon Box 1867Rosebud 1876

Hayfield 1867Big Hole1877

Little Bighorn1876

Bear River 1863

Ft. Laramie

Grattan Fight 1854

Wood Lake1862

Ft. BridgerBluewater 1855

Ft. RobinsonWarbonnet Creek 1876

Pyramid Lake1860

Sutter’s Fort

Lava Beds1873

Ft. Boise

Rains Fight 1855

Birch Creek 1878

Puget SoundFights 1856

Ft. Hall

Ft. Lapwai

Four Lakes1858

SteptoeDefeat 1858

Wounded Knee 1890

Soldier Spring 1868

Washita 1868

Sand Creek 1864Ft. Lyon

Ft. Wingate

Apache Pass 1862

Camp Grant1871

Salt River Canyon 1872

Big Dry Wash1882

Ft. Defiance

Canyon de Chelly1864

Milk Creek 1879

Bent’s Ft.

Adobe Walls1864, 1874

Palo DuroCanyon

1874Ft. SumnerFt. Apache

MODOC

YAKIMA

CAYUSE

GROS VENTRE

SHOSHONE

SIOUX

ARIKARA

ASSINIBOINE

WINNEBAGO

OMAHA

CHEYENNEARAPAHO

ARAPAHO

CHEYENNEKIOWA

UTE

NAVAJO

PUEBLOS

APACHE

PIMA COMANCHE

PONCA

CROW

SIOUX

NEZ PERCEWALLAWALLA

Miss

issip

piR.

Arkansas R.Pl a tte

R.M

issouri R.

Red R.

Rio Grande

Colorad

o R.

Snake R.

Columbia R.

G U L FO F

M E X I C O

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

M E X I C O

C A N A D A

L a ke Supe r i o r

Lake

Mic

h iga

n

Fort

Massacre

Battle

17-5 Conflicts in the West