17-21-23-24-28_final project
TRANSCRIPT
METROPOLIS LIGHT & POWER
Kyle69 Substation Design Proposal
12/4/2015
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Power Systems Engineering I – EE484 – Final Project: Kyle 69
Substation Design Proposal.
__________________________________________________________
Our Group:
Filosi, William (17)
Morizio, Andrew. (21)
Nur, Emran. (23)
S. Martin, Moises. (28)
Perci Santiago, Raphael. (24)
Web Page:
https://buffalo.digication.com/kyle69_substation_design_proposal_metropolis_light_power/Welcome/
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Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................3
Objective.....................................................................................................................................4
Initial Design Concerns ...............................................................................................................4
Design 1 ......................................................................................................................................5
Design 2 ......................................................................................................................................7
Design 3 ......................................................................................................................................8
Design 4 .................................................................................................................................... 10
Design 5 .................................................................................................................................... 12
Selected Design ......................................................................................................................... 14
Transmission lines..................................................................................................................... 16
Background ........................................................................................................................... 16
Cable Calculation .................................................................................................................. 18
Overhead wire - Transmission lines ....................................................................................... 19
Right of Way ......................................................................................................................... 20
Tower configuration .............................................................................................................. 21
Power Transfer Efficiency Index: .......................................................................................... 21
Transmission lines applied to the best system solution. .......................................................... 22
Transformers ............................................................................................................................. 23
Fault Protection of the Power Distribution System .................................................................... 25
Control Systems ........................................................................................................................ 32
Smart Grid ................................................................................................................................ 34
Sustainability and Environmental Impact .................................................................................. 38
Vegetation control of transmission lines Right-of- way .......................................................... 41
Effects on local Species ......................................................................................................... 43
Characterization of Transmission line impacts ....................................................................... 44
Effect of High voltage transmission Lines on Humans and Plants .......................................... 46
Greenhouse Gas Emission ..................................................................................................... 48
Aesthetic Effect ..................................................................................................................... 52
Economic Reflection ................................................................................................................. 52
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MLP Revenues ...................................................................................................................... 54
Community Concerns Outreach................................................................................................. 55
Ethical Concerns ....................................................................................................................... 58
Health and Safety ...................................................................................................................... 59
Appendix I – General Figures.................................................................................................... 63
Appendix II – Design 1 Figures ................................................................................................. 68
Appendix III – Design 2 Figures ............................................................................................... 73
Appendix IV – Design 3 Figures ............................................................................................... 76
Appendix V – Design 4 Figures ................................................................................................ 78
Appendix VI – Design 5 Figures ............................................................................................... 83
References ................................................................................................................................ 86
Introduction
The following text is a technical write up for the MLP Company. The MLP Company has
been hired by the Kyle Aluminum Company as its energy provider. The MLP Company must
now design a new substation in the city of Metropolis to support the new load on the system; this
substation is KYLE69 and will be served at 69 kV [33]. The max loading at the KYLE69
substation will be 45 MW and 10 MVAR. The Aluminum manufacturing is very sensitive to
blackouts; therefore KYLE69 must have at least two separate feeds.
MLP Company has asked this group of engineering interns to provide a solution to their
current contract with the KYLE Aluminum Company. MLP has also suggested that while adding
this new load to the system the group should eliminate the existing contingencies in the Power
System for the city of Metropolis. The following technical report shows the proposed solutions
of each of the 5 members of the team. The team, after analyzing each of the solutions, came to a
final decision of design 5 as the final solution to MLP’s problem. Within the report is a detailed
explanation in regards to why design 5 is the most effective solution. There are also sections in
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the report discussing what should be expected with the construction of the new lines and
substation. The technicality of the report explains components and their functionality in the
project, as well as the effects on the Metropolis community, environment, and economics.
Objective
The goal of Design Project 4 is to design the transmission lines for a new substation,
called KYLE 69, in order to supply power to an aluminum company, and develop
recommendations to solve the contingency problems on the grid. A requirement for this project
is to provide at least two lines of 69 KV for the company and resolve all violations.
Initial Design Concerns
The initial case presents a poor power distribution, which leads to several contingencies.
A previous power flow analysis was made in order to understand the dynamics of the system
before proposing the installation of Kyle 69. That analysis led to recommendations for the whole
system’s improvement in performance. The majority of the contingencies were happening at the
regions around Kyle, affecting power distribution in the power system plant, which causes
unbalanced power distribution for the whole system affecting the system performance. Case 4
tries to address those problems in the most economical way.
Contigencies analysis for the systems before adding KYLE69 can be found in Appendix
I. There were six contingencies that are related to LAUF69 and HANA69 substations. Those
contingencies are caused by violations in the power flow limits for each trasmission line and
those represent imbalance on the system.
Characteristics of the Kyle Substation:
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Electricity Provider: Metropolis Light and Power Company (MPL)
Peak Load: 45 MW and 10 MVar
Load voltage: 69KV
Kyle substation must to be large enough to accommodate either 138KV or 69 KV using
step-down transformers. The transmission is made by a 3-phase system since this system is
almost universally adopted for transmission of electric power.
Design 1
Given the new load to the system my recommendations provide an efficient solution that
equally distributes the new load throughout the already existing system. The production of
aluminum is sensitive to blackouts, which means redundancy of supply to the load is necessary.
Before the addition of the load an initial contingency analysis was done, this identified two
contingencies with six violations. Another analysis of the system using a contour map was
generated in power world that shows the current on a branch divided by the max current of that
branch (fig. 6 appendix 2). This method of contouring shows how much loading is on each line
and the color tones show whether the lines could handle more loading current. Looking at the
contour map the lines that appeared to have room for loading was AMANDA69 and both
LAUF69/138. Tim69/138 seemed to be close to the max loading so the idea was thrown out as a
possibility. AMANDA69 was only 5.2 miles away from KYLE69 and had room for additional
branch loading, which is why it was used in the solution. Initially LAUF69 was chosen in order
to reduce spending on the project. After running a contingency analysis of this design it showed
that violations still existed, which meant additional spending was necessary in order to reach a
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new solution. The new KYLE69 bus was removed and instead a new KYLE138/69kV bus was
added, which included a transformer to step down the voltage. The addition of the
KYLE138/69kV bus allowed for the connection to LAUF138 and AMANDA69. Also a new
25MVAR compensation capacitor was used to resolve the low voltage contingencies at some of
the busses in the system. The contingency analysis was run for the new connections and resulted
in zero violations (fig. 5 appendix 1). Through the use of the transformer I was hopeful to reduce
system losses when compared to a solution that does not implement a 138/69kV transformer.
Also this solution takes advantage of only 2 right of ways, which is more efficient than the right
of ways necessary when no 168 kV bus connection is made.
With these two right of ways selected I suggest that MLP uses Partridge for the 69kV
transmission line and Lark for the 138kV transmission line. The reason for choosing these two
conductors is to reduce the overall spending on the project. The transmission towers that are to
be used on the project are the 69kV tangent H frame, and the 138kV tangent H frame found in
Appendix I (Figure AI.3 and Figure AI.4). The decision for using these transmission lines is due
to the cost comparison between wood material and steel, the wood transmission lines tend to be
more cost efficient. With these conductors and towers chosen the proper calculations were done
to determine the per unit values for resistance, inductance, and shunt charging. These values
were then added into Power World for a more accurate analysis of the system. The results from
the analysis showed that the overall system losses increased to 11.86, and the violations
remained at zero. The total overhead cost of the solution is around 6.5 million dollars. The total
accumulation of cost to build the proposed solution and the cost of the additional power losses on
the entire system over a five year period are shown in the Appendix II (Figure AII.3).
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Design 2
Design 2 focused on using only 69 kV transmission lines to Kyle69. The reasoning was
so MLP could avoid the maintenance of a new transformer in the system. After checking the
initial contingency analysis of the system I found that there were 2 contingencies with 6
violations. I decided to implement Rook conductors in my system because I believed that they
would provide the least amount of power losses in the system. I chose to use the 69 kV Tangent
H-Frame transmission structure for all of my conductors. I chose this structure because it is one
of the simplest structure designs. It also uses an inexpensive wood material. Before I could add
lines I had to know the transmission line parameters namely 𝑅, 𝑋𝐿, and 𝑋𝐶 in per unit. The
calculation process for these variables can be found in the appendix. Once these values were
known I could continue on with trying to modify the system.
I tried to connect the first line in a way that would collect power from an area of the
system with high power flow. I figured that a connection to the Tim69 bus would fit this criterion
because it is receiving large amounts of power from the Slack365 bus. Knowing that we needed
more than just one connection to Kyle69 I looked for a second connection that would hopefully
take care of contingencies found in the system. After some experimenting I found that a
connection to Amanda69 extinguished all contingencies in the system. At this point the power
losses in the system had risen from 10.70 MW to 12.46 MW. With the contingencies completely
fixed, the goal now was to try and minimize the power losses by making one or two more
connections. After some further experimenting I found that connections to the two other closest
substations, namely, Hisky69 and Pete69 lowered the power losses to 12.23 MW. The addition
of more lines on top of these didn’t seem to improve the losses anymore so I decided to try and
insert a shunt capacitor at the Kyle69 bus so as to provide power factor correction. I found that a
capacitor providing 24 MVAR lowered the system losses further to 12.14 MW. This setup turned
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out to be my final design. Images for the new design setup and the final contingency analysis can
be found in Appendix III (Figure AIII.1 and Figure AIII.2) .
After achieving my design the next goal was to estimate the costs of the design based on
cost parameters given to me by MLP. The total cost of the project is defined as the cost of the
conductors, capacitors, and substation as well as the cost of the additional power losses over the
next 5 years. For my design I found the final cost to be $7,232,960.00. A detailed cost
calculation for my design can be found in Appendix III (Figure AIII.3).
Design 3
In order to accomplish the goals of this project two lines are designed to supply KYLE
69. These lines come from the following busses: AMANDA 69, and HISKY 69. These
substations are chosen because of the distance from KYLE 69, see Appendix I (Figure AI.7).
These two busses are the closest to KYLE 69. This solution will investigate the results of the
simplest design. Theoretically, a simple design might be the cheapest option.
Designing transmission lines starts with choosing the tower to support wires. A Tangent
H-Frame - 69 𝐾𝑉 tower is chosen for this purpose, see Appendix I (Figure AI.3). Moreover, a
conductor type must be chosen, and there are four options. The prices and current rating differ
from one to another as Appendix I (Figure AI.6) shows. A requirement for this project is to
develop a solution on the least cost way to supply this new substation, it is chosen the cheapest
conductor type; Partridge. On the other hand, Partridge has the lowest current rate, 460 𝐴.
Therefore, it might change the overall system losses of the grid.
This solution inspects what will happen if it is designed two nearest transmission lines to
KYLE 69, and choosing the cheapest conductor type. It is reasonable to think this design might
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be the best, once installation cost for this scenario is the cheapest. An installation cost includes
the type of transmission lines (Partridge), a new buss work (KYLE 69), and the fixed cost of
transmission lines. The fixed cost of each transmission line is for the purchase/installation of the
three-phase circuit breakers, associated relays, and changes to the substation bus structure [1].
Another important aspect to consider it is the system losses. A good solution is the one
that reduces system losses and meanwhile has the cheapest final cost (installation and losses).
The solution described above has a system losses of 13.46 𝑀𝑊. It is 2.76 𝑀𝑊 higher than the
original grid which is 10.70 𝑀𝑊. The original grid has 6 contingencies, and after implementing
the changes described above, it has 7. Thus, despite the fact this solution gives the cheapest
installation cost, it does not solve any contingency actually it has one more. Therefore, it proves
that a simple solution with two transmission lines coming from HISKY 69, and AMANDA 69
cannot be implemented, and it has to improve, for example, by adding another transmission line.
By analyzing all the contingencies, it is noticed that adding a transmission line from
PETE 69 to KYLE 69 solves one of the violation, see Figure AIV.4. This figure is a map
showing the locations of the violations. As it shows, the west side is the one impaired. Besides
solving one violation, the system losses also improve. The new system losses are13.11 𝑀𝑊.
Hence, the final design has three transmission lines from AMANDA 69, PETE 69, and HISKY
69 connected to the new bus, KYLE 69. Moreover, Partridge is the type of conductor designed
for all three new transmission lines, and Tangent H-Frame - 69 𝐾𝑉 is the tower chosen for all of
them as well. Figure AIV.3 shows the cost for this solution.
It turns out this solution has a high total cost due system losses. The system losses is
determined by a series of factors, such as type of conductor, tower configuration, shunt
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conductance, resistance, capacitance, inductance, and so on, see [2]. This solution was not
designed on base of all these parameters. As mentioned before, this design investigates the
results of the simplest solution that meets the requirements. Thus, the distance from a substation
to KYLE 69 is a factor of decision. That is the reason of choosing the closest substations to feed
KYLE 69. It is proved that to obtain better results, it has to design a solution on base of all the
parameters described above.
Design 4
Kyle69 configuration bus and its transmission lines can be found in the appendix for the
design 4 case. The design of the line and tower type selections for the proposed KYLE69
substation were selected in order to provide a reliable source of power to the bus. For this
overhead transmission line, 69kV, Rook conductor lines and a Tangent H-frame transmission
tower (Appendix I) were selected for the added transmission lines. The Conductor selections
were based on cost, material resistance parameters and electric resistance per mile. The chosen
conductor was rook, an aluminum steel reinforced cable with a 0.977 inch overall diameter, a
current carrying capacity of 770 amps, a resistance per mile value of .1688 ohms per mile at 75%
capacity, and an inductive reactance of .414 ohms per mile, accordingly with the table A4.This
conductor was chosen because it meets the design goals for the proposed line.[1]
Appendix V (Figure AV.4) shows the connections made with Kyle 69 as well as the
power information concerned with Kyle Bus. The stations are connected through overhead
transmission lines, having a right of way between 5.2 and 13 miles in length. This transmission
line was designed to carry the rated output of the station.
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It is possible to find in the appendix 5 the figure showing the new system configuration
after adding Kyle 69 substation. The installation of a 32.8 MVar capacitor bank in KYLE69 has
been made to help to lower power loss. In the appendix 5 there is a figure showing a contouring
simulation for the power factor around Kyle. The power factor is pretty stable around Kyle,
except for UIUC that presents the lowest power factors between the buses. Improving the
efficiency of the whole system would be ideal to correct the power factor in this substation. An
accurate contigency analysis has been made with the help of the software power world. The
contingency analysis tool can analyze the impact of a list of contingencies (e.g., when a
generator or power line trip) on the rest of the system: does it remain stable , is the N-1 criterion
still verified , etc. No contigencies were found in the system after adding Kyle in the described
configuration , which enhance the performance and reliability of the system.
Cost considerations and overall considerations
In order to determine the overall least cost solution to provide power service to the Kyle
substation, a cost analysis has been made for this particular solution. The total cost was estimated
as $7,422,190.00. This design resolved all contingencies but resulted in a relatively high loss
system, a total of 12.11 MW. The losses are added to the total cost estimated in a five years span.
Realizing the system performance related with the improvement of the losses in the systems, our
system has to be designed trying to achieve the smallest system losses. The substation modeling
takes into account the precisely dynamic behavior of the system in order to be able to adjust the
parameters of Kyle into the existing power flow. We will also require a radial system
transmission type for parallel transmission lines with separated feeds into Kyle what will
significantly improve the performance of the whole systems, balancing out the power in the
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system and solving contingencies across the system. A high performance system will lead to a
reliable system and to a cheaper cost design.
Design 5
To build Design 5 task, Kyle Aluminum Company and Metropolis Light and Power
Company (MLP) worked together to resolve problems that exist in the western Portion of the
city. Kyle Aluminum Company requires interns to build a new substation, Kyle69 at 69 KV.
Kyle69 meets the new load of 45MW and 10 Mvar. Since the company is aluminum based,
known to be sensitive to a blackout, we must avoid any blackouts. The blackouts are prevented
through at least 2 or more feeds into the new substation along with the efficient type of
conductor that is given. Moreover, to have balanced and systematic power distribution, design 5
task also requires not just to open a new substation, but also getting rid of the existing
contingencies in the western part of the city, see Appendix I .
Furthermore, to build the best transmission system into, Kyle 69, 2 or more feeds were
added within the requirements given; see Appendix I (Figure AI.7) [3]. Power World provided a
useful understanding of the MLP system. Next thing to look at was to find out where to start in
order to eliminate the violations and contingencies in western portion of the city, see Appendix I
(Figure AI.2). It shows there are 6 violations with 2 contingencies. These contingencies are Tim
69 to Hana69 there is 1 with 5 violations. And Robin69 to Lauf69 there is 1 with 1 violation.
This software also shows the initial outline of the current for the entire Metropolis, Appendix VI
(Figure AVI.4). In this figure it shows the current flow of the western portion is really low
(between 14.45 to 286.05Amps), rather than the eastern side of the city. After observing the
layout the initial assumption to work on this task was either Moro138, Lauf138, Hisky69,
Homer69, or Amanda69 to Kyle69. The two substations chosen were Moro138 and Amanda69
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with a 101 MVA stepdown transformer between Kyle 138 and Kyle 69, results in lower system
loss, no contingencies, and no violations.
Moro138 to Kyle138 and Amanda69 to Kyle69 using the right type of conductor and
right transmission tower is one of the significant ideas in this task. The cheapest conductors, lark
and partridge, were chosen for the conductors. Appendix I (Figure AI.3-7) has the information
about them to retain and use them for the calculation which also shown in Appendix I
(calculation).
The Powerworld calculator was used to calculate per unit transmission parameters using
recalculated conductor values, namely, 𝑋𝐿, 𝑋𝐶, and R in Ω/mile. Calculating them brought
changes into MLP and it will not only change the system loss from 10.70MW to 11.79MW, but
also get rid of the violations and the existing contingencies from the western portion of the city.
As the shunt capacitor improves the power factor and also reduces the system losses to a minimal
extent there was a shunt capacitor of 25.6 Mvar that was implemented into Kyle 69 and the
system loss went down to 11.62 MW. It was also observed that changing the value of shunt
capacitor will not bring any significant changes to the system.
After finding 𝑋𝐿, 𝑋𝐶, R and all the other values for each transmission lines that are feed
into Kyle69, the system loss changed to 11.62 MW as well as the changes in current flow of
MLP along with the contingencies and the violations, Appendix VI((Figure AVI.5).
This was reasonably the best solution yet, where the system loss is 11.62 MW. It is also
financially efficient, where the total cost came up to $5,824,280.00. If it was otherwise, there
would still be contingencies in the system or overload at any point in the western side of the city.
For instance if the line from Moro138 to Kyle138 was turned off, not only there will be more
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contingencies in the system but also an overflow will occur. Connection to Moro and Amanda
brings significant changes in the system which makes this an improved and stable solution.
Accomplishing the task with financial concerns was also a very important. The details about cost
analysis for this task are given in Appendix VI (Figure AVI.3).
Selected Design
The final decision made by our design team for MLP is the proposed solution in design 5.
This solution meets all requirements proposed by the MLP such as, eliminating all violations in
the power system and providing two 69 kV supplies to the Kyle Aluminum Company. The
team’s final proposed solution not only meets these requirements but also surpasses in
functionality and cost of the other proposed designs. The solution proposed in design 5 utilizes
the fact that the new substation is large enough to accommodate a 138/69 kV transformer [1].
Therefore the KYLE substation is a new 138/69 kV substation.
The design uses two of the provided right of ways. First is the eight mile right of way
KYLE to MORO. Second, is the 5.2 mile right of way connecting KYLE to AMANDA. The first
right of way requires the install of a 138 kV transmission line. The conductor used for this line
will be Lark, which has a max current rating of 600 Amps. The second right of way requires an
install of a 69 kV line. The conductor used for this line will be Partridge, which has a max
current rating of 460 Amps. The transmission towers that were selected were the 138 kV tangent
H-frame and the 69 kV tangent H-frame towers. The transmission line parameter calculations for
this design can be found in appendix I. These per unit calculations highlight the process carried
out for all designs. For sake of avoiding redundancy this calculation process is only shown for
the selected design.
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The transformer used in this design costs $ 870,000.00, which seems like a high price to
pay. However the addition of the transformer provides less power losses than the proposals that
did not utilize the transformer. This difference in power gained over the five year period allows
the transformer to pay for itself and then some. For example design two, which did not
implement a transformer, had power losses of 12.14 MW compared to 11.62 MW for the
selected design. This is directly reflected in the final cost of both designs, with the selected
design being 1.5 million dollars less.
One of the bigger advantages of this selected design is the overall cost. The design uses the
cheapest priced conductors, which are fully capable of supporting the line loadings. Partridge
was used for the 69 kV line between KYLE69 and AMANDA69, Partridge cost per mile can be
seen in Appendix I (FigureAI.6). Lark was used for the 138 kV line between KYLE138 and
MORO138, Lark is the cheapest conductor available for 138 kV lines. To lower cost even further
the selected design utilized the shorter right of ways available, which means a lower overall
conductor cost. These selected connections were also able to fix all contingencies.
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Transmission lines
Background
Transmission line is a high-voltage
overhead power line that is
operated by utilities for long-
distance transmission of electricity.
Virtually all of these lines carry two
separate circuits, one on each side
of the towers, each with three wires
or bundles of wires. Electric power
transmission lines transfer high voltage electricity from generating power plants to electrical
substations located near demand centers. On the other hand, distribution lines are at lower
voltages than transmission lines and are used by distribution network operators for distributing
electricity around an area [48].
The purpose of transmission lines is to provide electricity to demand centers, attending
the needs of the society for energy with reliability and high performance.
As far as the technical aspects are concerned, the conductors have some physical
characteristics that should be taken into account when one is designing a transmission line for a
power system. The inductance per unit length can be calculated from their size and shape.
Another important parameter that must to be considered is its capacitance per unit length.
Capacitance can be calculated from the dielectric constant of the insulation. The electrical
resistance is significant parameter because it increases with frequency. The magnetic fields
generated by high-frequency currents drive those currents to the outer edge of the conductor that
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carries them, so the higher the frequency, the thinner the layer of metal available to carry the
current, and the higher the effective resistance of the cable.
To reduce energy loss, electricity generated in power stations is raised to very high
voltage for transmission. A high transmission voltage means only relative small current flows
through the transmission cables. It is important because as we know, current produces heating
effect when flowing through the cables with resistance. Small currents help to reduce energy
losses on the cables, enabling more electrical power to be transferred to the users. The cables
should also have low resistance. Reducing the resistance of the transmission cables will reduce
energy loss in the line. There are many types of cables available in the market. However, the
functioning of cables differs from cables to cable and not all cables serve the same purpose. The
materials chosen for the cables play an essential role in this process. Metals are good conductors
with low resistance. Copper and aluminum are the most commonly used metals in transmission
wires. They are very good conductors, cheap, resistant to corrosion, and strong. The resistance of
the transmission wire is lowered by making the wire thicker. Thicker wires have larger cross-
sectional area and therefore lower resistance [49]. Cables are also generally divided into four
categories depending on its functionality and purpose. There are coaxial cables, ribbon cables,
twisted pair cables and shielded cables [50].
Coaxial electric cables consist of a solid copper or stranded copper plated steel that has four
layers of metallic tape and metallic braid. The insulated copper wire is then protected by an
insulated protective outer jacket [50].
Ribbon electric cables also known as flat twin cables usually consist of multiple insulated
wires, which run parallel to one another.
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Twisted pair cables usually consist of two or more insulated color-coded copper wires that are
twisted around each other. The numbers of wires vary as per the requirement and the diameter of
each wire rests between 0.4mm to 0.8mm.
Shielded cables usually comprise of one or two
insulated wires that are surrounded by an aluminum
Mylar foil or a woven braided shield. The foiled shield
of the cable ensures better signal transmission by
eliminating irregular power frequency and external radio
interference. Mostly, power cables which carry high-
voltage of electricity are shielded for greater protection and better electric transmission [50].
Cable Calculation
This constitutes one of the most important parts in the electrical design. A miscalculation
in this part may lead to not only losses in the system but also to economic losses for clients.
Cable calculation includes the cable tray layout. To be useful, electrical wiring must get from
one place to another. Distribution is a necessary phase of system wiring design in order to get
power or impulse signals to their final destinations. Historically, wires and cables have been
pulled through conduit. Plant environments are characterized by patterns of plentiful parallel
conduit runs. Conduit continues to be the mainstay of electrical power distribution [51].
However, cable trays are making inroads into industrial plants. Knowing this, the entire
wiring for Kyle Aluminum was designed using cable tray layout accordingly with the facility
size.
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According to the National Electrical Code, a cable tray system is "a unit or assembly of
units or sections and associated fittings forming a rigid structural system used to securely fasten
or support cables and raceways."[51].
The advantage of cable trays is that the cables can run from the ground floor to the top
trough cable vents in systematic manner so that no mechanical pressure is felt on them to avoid
damage of the cables and misconnections. With the help of cable tray layout, we can assess the
number of cables and the length of the cables required to avoid wastage and maintain monetary
wastage. Cable trays also help to lessen the cable temperature, improving the performance of the
system [50].
Overhead wire - Transmission lines
The most common type of electrical
transmission lines are overhead lines. They
are held high above the ground by metal
towers called pylons. However, a metal tower
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conducts electricity very well. Engineers prevent electricity from leaking to the ground through
the tower using a stack of discs hanging from the pylon. This stack of discs is a series of
suspended porcelain insulators which prevents the line from being electrically connected to the
pylon and become earthed. The power is flowing to kyle69 through parallel radial distribution
using overhead transmission lines.
Right of Way
Right of way can be defined as the legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass
along a specific route grounds or property belonging to another [50]. Right of way comes under
the initial investments of the power generation and transmission. This depends on various factors
like number of cables used, capacity of power transferred, and type of pylons and so on. When
designing a right of way, it is necessary to consider the
different zones that might affect the tower functionality. The
specifications required for a regularized right of way are
prescribed at the electric transmission specifications and
drawings from the United States Department of Agriculture.
Power is being distributed to Kyle69 through a parallel AC
line on an estimated 13.2 miles right-of-way under a radial
configuration. As it is described in the chapter about
environmental issue of this technical report, it is extremely
important a previous study before stablish the path of the
right of way, taking into account not only technical issues
21
but also social issues.
Tower configuration
A transmission tower is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to support an
overhead transmission line [51]. Towers are one of the most important elements of a power
transmission system. Their function should guarantee support for the conductors and keep them
apart from each other and from green areas. A correct tower configuration design prevents faults
between conductors and its surroundings. This is called phase to fault to ground, in case of
unintended direct contact. There are also phase-to-phase faults that occurs between conductors.
The tower drawing used to connect Kyle to the system is located at the appendices. In order to
satisfy the requirements of the project in the most economical and reliable way, it was chosen the
transmission tower Tangent H Frame.
Power Transfer Efficiency Index
The amount of power that can be carried by a transmission circuit must be proportional to
the square of its voltage, and the right-of-way width is roughly proportional to voltage.
Approximate widths for various voltage levels are shown next [50].
The objective when one is designing a power system right of way is to maximize line
loading and minimize corridor cross-section [50]. Using higher transmission voltages, it is
possible to improve the right of way in a certain region. The relationship between the line
loading, the right of way, and tower configuration is defined as the efficiency index and can be
calculated with the following equation:
height) wer width)(Toway-of-(RightLoading Line
22
Through this equation, it is possible to calculate the efficiency index for the transmission lines
that feeds Kyle substation.
Another important factor that should be taken into account when one is designing the
limits of a transmission line, is the Load Factor. Load factor is defined as the ratio of average
load to the maximum demand during a given period. It can be calculated for a single day, for a
month, or for a year. Its value is always less than one, because maximum demand is always more
than average demand. It is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the
load factor, lesser will be the cost per unit [50]. The demand factor, which is the ratio of the
maximum real power consumed by a system to the maximum real power that would be
consumed if the entire load connected to the system were to be activated at the same time. The
calculation of the demand factor is essential because it helps to avoid future power outage in
cases of high demand for power in a specific situation.
Transmission lines applied to the best system solution.
For the chosen case (Design Case 4), MPL will utilize the cheapest and more efficient
ACSR (Aluminum cable, steel, reinforced) conductors. Lark and partridge were chosen for the
conductors. Partridge has the lowest current rating and is the cheapest cable per mile. As it was
mentioned before, as low as the current running in the cables is, as efficient overall system will
be, which means fewer losses. Partridge has a relatively high resistance per mile. This is due the
fact that those cables have to have a greater resistance since it has a small current capacity, with
current rated at 460 A and resistance 0.385 per mile in the range of 50o conductor temperature
when the current is approximately 75% of the total capacity of the cable. Lark conductor was
selected to lower the cost as well, while maintaining the quality of the system, with a maximum
rated current at 600A. Another reason to select lark was that Partridge is not available for 138KV
23
lines. Since Lark has a smaller resistance, it is more flexible to frequency variations caused by
possible faults. This helps to attenuate part of the small faults in the transmission line. The
hybridization between Partridge and Lark promoted the best system losses configuration after the
contingencies analyses simulations, showing to be the best and most efficient engineering
solution for the transmission and distribution lines. The line Amanda-Kyle has a 7.62 x 10-2
efficiency index, while the line Moro-Kyle has 7.80 x 10-2
.
Transformers
Transformers are capable of increasing or decreasing voltage from the transmission lines
to the substation without affecting the frequency of the power being transferred, whether for
utilization industrial use or the use from everyday consumers. In our proposed solution MLP
company will need to purchase a 138 kV/69 kV step down transformer, with a fixed cost of
870,000. The step down transformer will be used to step the 138 kV from the transmission line
connecting KYLE138 to MORO138,
down to the appropriate 69 kV required
by the Aluminum plant. The transformer
will add additional costs to the system
through regular maintenance.
Figure. 1: The image above is the 138/69 kV
transformer used to step down the voltage
24
Figure. 2: Plans in order to maintain oil spill during a
fire cause by transformer failure.
Although the addition
of the transformer is costly its
presence in the system will
result in lower system losses
than some of the other
proposed solutions without
the transformer. The
difference in power losses in
the solutions stated previously show that by adding the transformer to the system a savings of
upwards of two million dollars can be achieved. These savings show that the transformer will
pay for itself in less than five years. The transformer that was decided by the MLP Company for
purchase is the liquid filled CG power system transformer similar to the transformer shown in
figure 1, the liquid within this transformer is oil, which is an increased risk of fire or explosion.
The liquid filled transformer will require a concrete trough in order to contain any leaks that may
occur during its operation [4]. P The oil filled transformer MLP has chosen has an average
lifespan of 30 years, and when compared to the dry-type transformer should outlast it as far as
expected lifetime [4]. Therefore MLP should not have to worry about cost to purchase another
transformer for some time.
MLP should take precautions to an unexpected explosion if problems were to occur. This
would mean placing a transformer in a location where if the transformer were to start fire it
would have no effect on any other components in the subsystem [4]. One way to minimize the
spread of this fire would be to catch any oil that may be spilled during the incident and
immediately pump it out of the affected area. This method would help stop the spreading of fire
25
to other areas within the substation [4]. The sump tanks that the trough flows into will hold the
spilled oil and water mixture. These sump tanks are required to hold all of the oil within the
transformer, plus any water that may be used during extinguishing the fire, plus water that could
accumulate during heavy rain fall [4]. The plans to be carried out for fire protection are shown in
figure 2. The sump tank will also need to have oil interceptors so oil does not flow into the street
water drain.
In essence MLP Company must follow all of the proper standards for the installation and
maintenance of the transformer covered in the NEMA standards for Power Transformers [4].
Fault Protection of the Power Distribution System
Fault Protection is a very common and important section in the power industries.
Moreover, it impacts on all the areas of the system such as transmission, power generation,
distribution, and utilization. Protective relays and other equipment isolates and dissipates a fault
in the system and the company management depends on fault protection in order to have reliable
continuity with the customer. If the protection schemes do not operate correctly there can be
extensive damages to the power equipment with consequences. The schematic of Fault and
protection for the system, does not just provide reliable power source, but also prevent damaging
equipment, personal injuries, reduce customer outage and other related issues. Figure 1 below
will show how a standard fault protection scheme is layout and the logic behind it [44].
26
Figure 1: Schematic for fault location algorithm.
When an abnormal condition occurs, the protection equipment must function in order to
reduce the damages to the minimum and minimize the outage time to the customers. There are
different reasons, which can cause an abnormal condition at a power distribution system such as
natural events, physical accidents, equipment failure, operation that done wrong. All these
reasons can causes abnormal condition which Leeds to fault in the system. That is an unwanted
short circuit connection between two or more phase wire or a phase wire and ground. The
consequences of the fault increase the current flow, which causes damages due to the heat in the
conductor. The actual magnitude of fault current depends upon the amount of power available to
feed into the fault. It also dependents on the resistive to flow that is the impedance between the
fault and the source. For example if there was fault in the western side of MLP, it would depend
on the resistivity of the line between two busses and the sources. Closing Moro138 to Kyle138
causing a faults in the line as well as the circled sources Tim69 and Hannah69. It also assumed
that the fault can cause due to the impedance of the transformer from Kyle138 to Kyle 69.
Moreover, it also causes fault to the other bus and sources figure below it is shown that having a
fault on bus 500KV can also causes Bus 115KV system to lose synchronism.
27
Figure 2: Having a fault on 500KV causes Bus 115KV system to lose synchronism
To identify the fault from MLP, fault analysis had done and the fault for all the Buses and
Lines are shown in Figure 3-4.
Figure 3: Buses records when there’s fault analysis in MLP after Moro138 is turned off
28
Figure 4: Faults on line variable
Besides having over current in the line is not the only effect resulting for the fault
condition. For example effects on the Generator can cause the serious change in the system
condition. Such as under voltage, change in power and power factor, change in direction of
current and power flow.
Preventing the fault and Securing the safety of the electrical equipment is a broad and
significant step for the power industry, change in frequency, and change in the windings. In order
to detects these faults Protective relays are implemented at the control system. Relays are the
programmable mechanical device that detects the faults in the system within a time period.
Relays check the faults and see if they are tolerable or intolerable. Some faults can be tolerable
for at least a short period time, protective relays do not engage. On the other hand when the fault
turns out to be intolerable require immediate assistance such as using circuit breaker trips and
isolation to prevent damages. Even though protective relays provides safety, at times they do
intend to fail during a clear and intolerable faults and during that time the backup relays known
as “local back up” provides further assistances to back up the primary relays Figure 5 [45].
29
Protective relay assists during a fault occurred on a two- terminal 69kv transmission line where
the relays located the trip targets, fault estimated location and the event report, Figure 6. Even
though the relay works on how to find the targets based on the event reports sometime they do
intend to fail due to a dramatic evolution of the fault which can led to the confusing targets as
well [47].
Figure 5: A diagram of a local relays (backup relays) for fault protection
Figure6: Event data from 69 KV Transmission Line Relay
30
Along with the relays circuit breakers are the one that comes in very convenient in order
to prevent the damage when there is fault. Relays are small low voltage control device when the
circuit breakers is the part of high voltage, high current power system. In fact for the protective
relay to have any impact on the power system it must be coupled to a switching devices. Circuit
breaker specially designed to interrupt fault current which is ten times or more than normal full
load current. In figure 7 below it is shown how a 138KV substation with 4 circuit breaker
Figure 7: Typical 138 kV Substation – Four (4) Breaker Ring Bus w/ Oil Circuit Breakers
Figure above there are 4 138KV oil circuit breakers where all three phases are immersed
in oil tanks and then the tanks are grounded. Usually current transformers are located in the
bussing of these circuit breaker and they also grounded with a single trip coil to operate the
opening mechanism on all the phases. Figure 8 will show how a typical circuit breaker and
relays are connected with each other. According to [46] a standard circuit breaker operates in 1
to 5 cycles in order to operate.
31
So far this literature has illustrated on fault protection for the power industries and they
all depend on five key points. They are reliability, selectivity, and speed of operation, simplicity
and cost. To take care of the reliability testing is necessary time period. For selectivity, it is
necessary for the relays to make decision as fast as possible within time. Next steps is speed of
operation where they relays need to operate within 50 mille seconds which is 3 cycles. For both
relays and circuit breaker to operate it take 4 to 8 cycles which is 70 to 130 milliseconds in total.
However it may vary on how and where the relays are setup. Some of the high speed relays
works as fast as .2 milliseconds [46].
Figure 8: Typical single-line ac connections of a protective relay with its Dc trip circuit. The CS seal in the unit is
not required with solid-state units and lower-trip circuit currents with modern circuit breakers [5].
Besides relays, circuit breakers there are other electric equipment that provides protection
to the system and it also take care faults and prevents damages. Such as Surge and Lightning
Protectors and it plays an important role to protect transformers, line protection and other
electrical equipment from damaging [47].
32
Control Systems
With the addition of the KYLE69 substation into our network it is necessary to employ
the necessary equipment to integrate it into our control system. Our control system monitors the
power network at a substation level and also allows us to control different aspects of a
substation. Our power control center, located in central Metropolis, is where we monitor the
system through what is called a SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system. In
particular we utilize software by ABB that allows us to monitor and control the system from this
headquarters. Below is an example of what an ABB control system screen would look like for a
power system.
Figure 1: Example of ABB SCADA software monitoring screen [6]
As you can see in this example we are able to control and monitor different aspects of a
system with the click of a mouse. In order for information to make it to our SCADA system we
must utilize what are called RTUs in our substations. RTU stands for remote terminal unit and
they are used to communicate information about system performance from the substation to the
SCADA system. They also allow the SCADA system to control different parts of a substation.
So the addition of an RTU at the KYLE69 substation will be necessary. Below in is an image of
what a standard freestanding RTU would look like.
33
Figure 2: Standing RTU Enclosure [6]
The main part of an RTU cabinet is the RTU motherboard. The motherboard contains the
CPU that controls the RTU communications. An example of an RTU motherboard that we can
utilize is Schneider Electric’s Sage 2400 motherboard [8]. This motherboard has been used in a
wide range of smart grid applications [8]. Below is a picture of what this motherboard looks like.
Figure 3: Sage 2400 RTU Motherboard
In addition to the motherboard the RTU also requires many other components. Another
important piece of equipment required is a router so that the RTU can communicate with the
EMS system. An example of a router that we could implement is the DX940 GarrettCom which
is an industrial router which combines WAN access, IP routing, Ethernet switching, Serial-to-IP
34
terminal services and advanced security features in a small-footprint [7]. Below is a picture of
this router.
Figure 4: DX940 GarrettCom Router
The RTU will be a connecting junction for relays at the substation. This will require
communication cards within the RTU that will be processed by the CPU and sent via the router.
This is the basis of the RTU operation. We must allocate some working hours to employees who
will be working on the construction and configuration of the RTU at KYLE69. This is an
important part of the project that will dictate our ability to control the new KYLE69 substation
which could be paramount, especially with it supplying the load of an aluminum plant.
Smart Grid
This section will introduce the concept of implementing smart grid on an electric grid. A
smart grid is an autonomous electric grid that uses technology to improve efficiency, reliability,
economics, and sustainability [9]. Electricity price changes according to demand, and forecasts
are essential for implementing a smart grid. In addition, a smart grid adds new technology to the
35
already existing power network [12]. The following figure illustrates two new layers, a cyber
layer, and a market layer [9].
Figure 1: Market Layer and Cyber Layer [9]
The cyber layer contains a new hardware and software for the interchange of information
about the current and future conditions of the existing physical layer [9]. Moreover, the market
layer uses data from the cyber layer to establish economic incentives [9]. Therefore, these two
new layers are essential to create an intelligent grid.
An aluminum company needs a HVAC (Heating Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
system. Studies have been conducted to implement smart grid onto HVAC systems. Therefore,
the smart grid recommendation for this project will be an HVAC system.
There are two well-known chillers that provide the heating and air conditioning; electric
chiller, and absorption chiller. The first one needs electricity to operate and it is the most
common in houses. The second requires heat [13]. In addition, the electricity price can be
predicted, as Figure 2 shows.
36
Figure 2: Day-Ahead Electricity Price [13].
As above graphic shows, the wave resembles a periodic waveform. Therefore, the best time to
run the electric chiller is when the price of electricity is low. However, at this time the consumers
might not need heating or AC. Therefore, the concept of smart grid applies, to save energy for
future use. The idea is to produce AC or heating when the electricity price is low and use in the
future when the demand is high. A way to store this energy is through thermo-energy storage,
which is a tank; see Figure 3 [11].
37
Figure 3: TES functionality [13]
Moreover, the absorption chiller can be implemented for this scenario. As it was said
before, it needs heat to produce AC. This heat should be taken from the Aluminum Company. It
is known that electronic devices produce heat, and also the human body. The suggestion is to use
this heat to produce AC or to store for future use as well [7].
Hence, the aluminum company will save energy, and consequently money. In addition, it
has to consider the cost of buying and installing a TES, and the electric/absorption chillers.
Smart grid application can be more complex than the recommendation made. Despite the fact it
was a simple suggestion, it shows that smart grid can be implemented in various areas. It is not
necessarily correlated with changes on the grid itself.
38
Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Sustainable development encompasses economic, social and ecological perspectives of an
engineering project nowadays. Sustainable development implies sustaining the natural life-
supporting systems on Earth, and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a
better life. [15] It is extremely important to consider environmental impacts on the course of
engineering projects and that applies for high-voltage substation projects. Transmission
requirements and transmission line routing initially determine the general location of a
substation. This is directly related with environmental concerns.
In the design, phase for example, its recommended using corridor- sharing to minimize
right of way requirements. Choosing a different transmission pole with different construction
requirements and aesthetic appeal can help to avoid serious environmental impacts, for instance,
H-frame structures have longer span widths which make it easier to cross rivers, wetlands, or
other resources with fewer impacts. Making minor adjustments in pole to avoid archeological
sites or minimize effects on agricultural operations. One way to do this is adding flight diverters
to conductors to minimize bird collisions with the wires [16].
The impact from the construction of a transmission line can be measured in several
different ways. The effect of a new transmission line on an area may depend on the topography,
land use, electromagnetic fields affecting the area, noise impact, vegetation management, and so
on. It may be possible to lessen or mitigate potential environmental landowner and community
impacts by adjusting the proposed route, choosing a different type of pole structure, using
different construction methods or implementing any number of post construction practices.
Temporary impacts that might happen in the construction of a substation are dust, machinery
39
noise, and temporary disruption in local electric-service and so on [16]. It is important to follow
certain procedures in order to avoid any permanent change affecting the environmental area
across the right of way being constructed. When the access to the right of the way is across
private property, the owner, tenant, or occupant shall be contacted to obtain permission for
ingress and egress to the right-of-way. Such arrangements, including obtaining releases for
damage, must be made by the engineers responsible for the project execution. It is also important
to make sure that continuous cleanup programs through construction are being realized. The
contractor shall restore the land that is crossed to its original condition. This restoration includes
the removal of deep ruts and the disposal of foreign objects such as stumps or chunks of
concrete. It also includes smoothing and reseeding damaged vegetation areas with vegetation
similar to the original, cleaning out gullies, and restoring terraces. Roads existing prior to
construction must be restored to equal or better than their original condition [17].
There are some decisions that can be made in order to avoid impacts in the construction
phase : Constructing when the ground is frozen and vegetation is dormant helps to minimize
impacts to wetland habitat in places with rigorous winter; Delaying construction in agricultural
areas until after the harvest to minimize crop damage; Using wide-track vehicles and matting to
reduce soil compaction and rutting in sensitive soil and natural areas; Installing and maintaining
proper erosion controls during construction to minimize run-off of top soil and disturbances to
natural areas.
In the post construction phase, it is important to realize a management control of invasive
species through making an annual surveying for the new population of invasive species caused
40
by construction disturbances. Early detection of invasive species increases the likelihood of
successful outcomes [16].
Replacing or upgrading existing lines is one method to mitigate impacts during project
design or replacing or double-circuiting an existing line rather than building a new line. [16]
There are so many advantages in double-circuiting an existing line. The most outstanding ones
are : Reducing cost with the design and implementation of a completely new transmission line;
little or no additional right of way clearing; Land use patterns may have already adapted to the
existing right of way; reduction of existing magnetic fields because new structures designs place
line conductors closer together , resulting in lower fields. There are also disadvantages in
upgrading an existing transmission line from single-circuit to double-circuit: The existing Right
of way is localized in a poor location; new residential areas have been built around the existing
line; Electricity use has grown more in other areas, so using the existing right of way reduces the
efficiency of the new line.
41
Vegetation control of transmission lines Right-of- way
Figure 1: Right of way zone
The vegetation within the wire zone must be cleared for safety reasons. The figure above
shows the regions that represent a transmission line pathway. Tall- growing trees or other similar
vegetation are possibly invasive species that might be prejudicial to the lines. The company
responsible for cleaning the area should make a previous study of the area in order to analyze the
constraints related with the cleaning process. For instance, the company should organize a
meeting with the owners near the lines, explain the reasons for the vegetation removal, and
discuss their opinions about the cleaning.
Vegetation occupies a considerable part of the domain limits of the power lines in certain
areas. Surveillance and monitoring of the right-of-ways in the territorial space that contains
transmission line paths, regarding the clearing and cleaning, must be periodically done through
field inspection or by using a helicopter. Nowadays, the most promising tolls for an efficient
surveillance of transmission systems are Satellite imaging and Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)
42
techniques along with the Airborne LASER Terrain Mapper. [19] These techniques are better
applied when considered the environment and its direct affect upon the continuous supply of
energy. The use of satellite images, obtained at some intervals can avoid out breakers caused by
growth of the vegetation, forest burning, erosion, etc, occurring near transmission lines.
Figure 2: Image forecast mapping of right of way
Satellite imaging technology contributes for the adaptation of vegetation control along
transmission lines. Particularly, such images are useful to perform with relative accuracy the
classification/identification of the type of vegetation present. It also helps to determine the area
needed to perform the clearing process. The necessity / cleaning priority is evaluated by
analyzing the vegetation-growing rate in the delimited area taking in account the weather
conditions, everything with the aid of computer analysis data systems. [20]
43
Figure 3: Analysis of right of way needs for cleaning.
Effects on local Species
Another concern that must be taken into account when one is designing a transmission line is
the effects on locally species. Animals nearby the transmission line can be directly affected by
the contact with the lines. The right of way occupies a huge area of the land, where potentially it
is the habitat of several animal species, trees and brushes. This can represent an enormous
problem if not monitored periodically. Bird electrocution for example, can cause power
interruptions, fires, and so on, threaten species close to transmission lines.
High voltage transmission lines are designed with large separations between energized
conductors. Distribution lines, unless constructed using avian-safe framing, have closer spacing
between conductors and may become a potential risk for bird electrocution [31]. Transmission
lines must be designed with adequate separation to protect large birds present in the area. It is
advisable that a study should be made to analyze the animal species that live close to the area of
the right-of-way path where KYLE substation is going to be placed.
44
Figure 4: How a bird can contact conductors
The schematic below shows two scenarios that represent the configurations where the bird is safe
and when it is in a dangerous situation.
If the potential difference across its body is zero, electricity will not flow through it and hence it
would not get an electric shock. A bird touching just one wire does not represent a dangerous
situation for them since there is no flow of electricity [32].
Characterization of Transmission line impacts
There are so many types of environmental impacts associated with electrical transmission
projects. Those environmental impacts must be taken into account when one is designing a
transmission line. An important consideration in the construction of a transmission line is the
land use changes. The construction and operation of transmission lines can lead to significant
land changes in the transmission right of way. [21] The implementation of new transmission
lines generates consequences in agriculture, transportation, commerce and so on. Therefore, it is
45
essential to address these problems and come up with solutions even in the design phase of the
project.
Forrest impacts: Permanent removal of wood, vegetation, conversion of strips of forest
ecosystem into bare land or land covered by completely different vegetation
communities.
Hydrologic changes: Alter hydrology by compacting soil, removing plant cover and
altering existing drainages or creating new ones.
Soil erosion: removal of vegetation cover, reduction of fertility, siltation which affects
water quality and productivity if aquatic wetland ecosystems.
Biodiversity: Habitat conversion and fragmentation change in hydrology, soil compaction
and erosion, pesticide use, harvesting enabled by right-of-way and construction roads.
Safety and Public Health: High voltage lines and equipment present a risk of
electrocution to the public, by direct contact and by induced voltages, especially in the
case of vehicles and farm machinery that transit beneath transmission lines. Inadequate
grounding can represent a serious threat to animals and humans.
Audible noise: Corona and induced electromagnetic fields from the operation of high
voltage lines can produce electromagnetic interference, or electrical noise. This affects
the functioning of electronic and telecommunications equipment.
Indigenous people and cultural sites: Removal and resettlement from ancestral homes,
destruction or damage of important cultural sites, and the opening of previously remote
areas to commerce and interactions with outsiders. Moreover, transmission lines
construction can affect cultural sites such as areas of archeological, historical or religious
significance. [21]
46
Effect of High voltage transmission Lines on Humans and Plants
By the constant increasing population of the world, many buildings and even cities are
being constructed near high voltage transmission lines. With the increasing population, the
power demand has also increased. Large transmission line configurations with high voltage and
current levels generate large values of electric and magnetic fields stresses, which can bring so
many effects to humans being and the nearby objects located at ground surfaces. [22]
The electricity system produces extremely low frequency electromagnetic field that comes
under non-ionizing radiations, which can cause health effects. It is also notable the effect on
plants and telecommunication equipment due electrostatic coupling and electromagnetic
interference. [24]
Another problem related with high voltage transmission lines and humans is that when a
person who is isolated from ground by some insulating material comes in close proximity to an
overhead transmission line, an electrostatic field is set in his body, having a resistance of about
2000 ohms. Once this touches a grounded object, it will discharge through his body causing a
large amount of discharge current to flow through the body. Discharge currents from 50-60 Hz
47
electromagnetic fields are weaker than natural currents in the body, such as those from the
electrical activity of the brain and heart, by the way, it can cause problems for the functionality
of some organs [24].
According to research and publications put out by the World Health Organization
(WHO), EMF such as those from power lines, can also cause:
1. Headaches.
2. Fatigue
3. Anxiety
4. Insomnia
5. Prickling and/or burning skin
6. Rashes
7. Muscle pain
There are also long-term problems related with the exposition to high voltage electric fields.
Following serious health Problems may be arise due to EMF effects on human Body.
Risk of damaging DNA.
Risk of Cancer
Risk of Leukemia
Risk of Neurodegenerative disease
Risk of Miscarriage:
EMF also can present effects on Plant life. From various practically study it was found that
the crop respond to EMF 110 KV and 230 KV power with variation in growth among
48
themselves. The result of the research was that the reduced growth parameter shown in the crop
plants would indicates that the EMF has exerted a stress on that plants, which leads to economic
losses. [22].
There are some ways to mitigate this problem and avoid biological species being affected by
EMF. One approach to mitigate this problem is the use of line shielding. Passive magnetic field
mitigation consists in rigid magnetic shielding with ferromagnetic and highly conductive
materials. The use of passive shield wires installed near transmission lines generates opposing
cancelation fields from electromagnetic induction. This technique uses two opposing 180-degree
out- of-phase magnetic fields of equal magnitude intersect, the resultant magnetic field is
completely cancelled. Line compaction also helps to mitigate the effects of EMF. Line
compaction consists in bringing the conductors close together keeping the minimum phase-to-
phase spacing constant, increasing the distance between phases by increasing the height of the
central phase conductor above the level of the other phase conductors leads to the reduction of
the peak value of the magnetic field [23].
Greenhouse Gas Emission
The placement of Kyle Aluminum to the area represents a great expansion of the local
economy. However, the environmental impact associated to that is massive. Environmental
impact should be considered in an engineering project and the solution for those impacts should
be a prior matter.
Greenhouse gas emissions are inherent in the aluminum-making process, particularly in
the energy-intensive smelting phase. The chemical process of smelting alumina into aluminum
can be described by the following reaction:
49
2𝐴𝑙2𝑂3 + 3𝐶 → 4𝐴𝑙 + 3𝐶𝑂2
The global aluminum industry, including associated power production, is responsible for
about 1% of all manufactured greenhouse gas emissions. The major product of aluminum
production is the carbon dioxide. This reaction creates 1.5 kg of Carbon Dioxide for every 1kg of
Aluminum metal produced. Considering the carbon dioxide from the electricity needed to the
aluminum production, previous research has been shown that each kilogram of aluminum
produces 13.6 kg of Caron Dioxide that are released into the atmosphere [29,26]. The break-
down of the energy sources for the generation of the electricity used in smelting is : hydro, 57%;
coal, 33%; nuclear, 5%; gas, 4%; oil, 1%o. In the U.S., about 30% of the energy for smelting and
17% of the energy for fabrication is hydroelectric [29].
The smelting of aluminum is a very energy intensive process – and over 80 percent of
smelting greenhouse gas emissions are indirect (electricity-related) emissions. The remaining
emissions come from direct emissions and the emissions associated with the production of
aluminum [27]. The aluminum smelting process is a strong emitter of CO2 with three major
contributions: that arising from electrical energy generation and its utilization, the process
conversion contribution linked with anode consumption and anode production, and the
greenhouse gas equivalents of the intermittent perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions [28].
Indirect emissions also arise from the consumption of alumina in the smelting process, with
around two tons of alumina required to produce one ton of aluminum. At current rates, this is
equivalent to around 1.4 tons CO2 per ton of aluminum produced. With the advent of CO2 taxes,
50
however, reducing the CO2 footprint for the production of the metal is of renewed importance.
The overall CO2 footprint for production of liquid aluminum has four components:
That resulting from the refining of bauxite to smelter-grade alumina (not considered in this
manuscript);
That arising from the utilization of carbon anodes as a co-reductant;
That arising from perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions when the cell conditions get out of the
control band.
Where electrical energy is derived from fossil fuels, the CO2 emissions from the generation
of the electrical energy;
The literature [29] gives that the average electrical cost per ton of refined Aluminum is
15.4MW. If we assume that Kyle’s substation is over a steady-state operation load of 75% of
peak value (33.75 MW), producing 3 tons of refined Aluminum per hour, we can calculate the
yearly consumption:
(3 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐴𝑙
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ) ∗ (
1,000𝑘𝑔
1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ) ∗ (
13.6 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
1𝑘𝑔 𝐴𝑙) ∗ (
24 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦) ∗ (
365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 )
= 357.450 𝑇𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐶𝑂2 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
The energy to produce aluminum in the United States has been reduced by 64% over the past
45 Years. [25] This has come about by technical progress and by the growth of recycling.
Despite the significant progress, aluminum remains one of the energy-intensive materials to
produce. The U.S. aluminum industry directly consumes 42.3 x 109
KWh of electricity annually,
51
or 1.1 % of all the electricity consumed by the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors of
the U.S. economy [25].
Carbon credits represent a vital component of national and international emissions trading
strategies that have been planned to lessen global warming. The idea for carbon credits came
from the Kyoto Protocol of 1997. This is placing a monetary value on the cost of polluting the
air. A credit is a measure representing one megaton (a mass equal to 1,000 kilograms) of carbon
dioxide. This is either saved from being emitted or removed from the Earth's atmosphere. They
provide a way to reduce greenhouse effect emissions on an industrial scale. Credits can be
exchanged between national and international businesses. Credits may also be bought and sold in
international markets at the current market price. These credits can be used to finance carbon
reduction schemes between trading partners [30].
The market price of carbon credits can be found at Carbon Planet, one of the leading carbon
credit vendors. This company was purchasing credits for $13.21 per credit. They were reselling
them to companies at $21.25 per credit [30].
In case Kyle Aluminum Company and Metropole light and power company (MPL) wanted to
make this facility carbon neutral, the cost to purchase 357.45 tons of CO2
would be around $4.7
million. This adding in the substation revenue would be almost nothing compared to the total
environmental impact and lack of credibility that the company could gain in the future.
52
Aesthetic Effect The overall aesthetic effect of a transmission line can bring
some problems for the population living around the area,
especially when it comes close to building and residences.
The looks of the transmission line might not be compatible
with other buildings in the area, as well as trees, vegetation,
and natural landscapes. Landowners might find the
transmission lines particularly disruptive to scenic views. In
order to avoid future problems, it is need to be done a survey that comprehends an analysis of
how the population is going to receive the construction of a new transmission line in the area
[32]. It needs to be understood that the transmission lines are part of the infrastructure required to
support our lives. They represent economic, development and promote economic strength for not
the city but also for the country.
Economic Reflection
Establishing a new company, such as Kyle Aluminum Company requires analyzing the
economic impact in the area of this new corporation. Kyle Aluminum Company is committing to
building a new plant in the western portion of Metropolis [33]. Besides the huge amount of
energy that is necessary in aluminum production, a high degree of labor will also be required.
First, as the company is being built, it will create indirect jobs. It means that other business will
come into existence due to the economic growth of Kyle Aluminum Company. The new
substation KYLE 69 is an example. Second, once the company it is in operation, it will also
create direct jobs, which are full time job to operate the plant. It is estimated at least 450 full time
53
jobs will be created to run the company [34]. Therefore, the creation of this aluminum plant is
going to insert a huge amount of money into the economy of Metropolis.
There is no doubt that an aluminum company will promote constant growth in the city of
Metropolis. The following picture shows a breakdown of aluminum consumption.
Figure 1: Breaking down of aluminum consumption [35]
According to Figure 1, transportation is the sector with the most demand of aluminum.
Thus, having an aluminum company in Metropolis encourages companies of this sector to
establish their business here.
Over a 20-year period, the projected impact on the local economy is to be over $ 150
million per year. The construction of the plant itself will cost around $ 1.6 billion [36]. It
includes initial construction costs, salaries and benefits of at least 450 full time workers, and
other local economic benefits.
54
MLP Revenues
Metropolis Light and Power Company will have a very lucrative business over 5-year
period. However, the initial costs are going to be high in the first 5 years. According to figure
AVI.3, this undertaking will cost $ 5,824,280.00. It includes the installation of two new
transmission lines (from MORO 138, and AMANDA 69), one 138 𝐾𝑉/69 𝐾𝑉 transformer, one
new 69 𝐾𝑉 capacitor, and upgrade of existing 69 𝐾𝑉 capacitor. The agreement between MLP
and Kyle Aluminum Company is that MLP will provide 45 𝑀𝑊 to the plant with a price of
$ 55/𝑀𝑊ℎ. Therefore, over 5-year period it turns out a profit of:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
The income is the electricity that Kyle Aluminum Company will purchase every day in 5 years.
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 45 𝑥 55 𝑥 24 𝑥 365 𝑥 5 = $108,405,000.0
Outcome is the sum of the installation cost, and systems losses of the grid. Installation cost is
$ 3,608,000.00, and systems losses cost over 5-years period is 2,216,280.00, see figure AVI.3.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 3,608,000.00 + 2,216,280.00
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = $ 5,824,280.00
Thus:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 108,405,000.00 − 5,824,280.00
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = $ 102,580,720.00
55
Hence, the revenue during 5 years is enormous. However, these simple calculations do
not consider any fluctuation of system losses during this time. As time passes by, system losses
will increase due parameters such as shunt conductance, resistance, capacitance, inductance, and
so on, see [34]. If regular maintenance is conducted correctly, those losses might be reduced.
Finally, the impacts of having an aluminum company in Metropolis are great. The city will be in
the right way to growth over the years, also this project will catch attention of local citizens, and
local news.
Community Concerns Outreach
High voltage transmission lines are important to the overall growth of the Metropolis
community by supplying power to a new business. A business that will supply new jobs and help
stimulate the economy in the Metropolis area. Also the addition of the new system will allow for
new connections that can help reduce contingencies in the already existing system. The MLP
Company will have to go through the appropriate steps to receive approval from the state of New
York regulatory agency to build the proposed transmission line. The first step will be to provide
the state with the plans of building the two new transmission lines [39].
The second step in approval for the proposed transmission line is allowing the
community to share their opinion with the new transmission lines [39]. This is where MLP
Company should be prepared to hear some negative feedback from the community. Although
there are many positives that will come with the addition of the new Kyle Aluminum Company
citizens could be resilient in rejecting the negative impact that comes with transmission lines.
The community’s reason for upset could come from fear of strong EMFs, the impact of lines on
the environment, decrease in property value, and a reduced quality of life. The community’s
56
unwillingness to the new transmission lines is what MLP calls NIMBY (mot in my back yard)
syndrome [39]. Some of the issues the community may bring up are as follows.
A high voltage power line running through the back yard of some of the higher priced
homes in Metropolis could have people worried. One reason for their upset could be from the
belief that the high voltage lines could pose a threat to their health. This idea generates from the
electromagnetic fields generated from the line being strong enough to cause health problems.
This concern should not concern MLP at all because there is not enough evidence to support this
theory [37].
Another reason for their fear could be the idea that with the high voltage power line being
so close to their home; it could hurt the value of the property. This idea is in fact true, with the
addition of the high voltage transmission lines only citizens that are directly adjacent to the high
voltage transmission line will be affected. The addition of the new transmission lines will
actually have a dynamic effect on house value. Effecting price more with the initial installation
of the lines and decreasing through time. The maximum effect on some of the properties living
adjacent to the high voltage lines could see property values decrease by 6% their original value.
The further the property from the transmission lines the less effect you will see on property value
[37].
Other reasons are as follows. A proposal stating the proposed transmission line
installation was perhaps unnecessary. This is not the case for the Aluminum factory, the factory
needs two lines for redundancy because aluminum manufacturing is very sensitive to blackouts.
Also the already existing lines in the system would not be able to hold the additional load of the
aluminum factory. Another proposal could be some of the reduced quality of life impacts with
the installation of the substation. Reduced quality of life could be from loss of attractive views,
57
vibrational noise from transformer, light given off from lights in the substation, etc. MLP should
also make sure that it has the proper wetland permits for the few wetlands on the Kyle Amanda
right of way [38].
The third and final step is for the New York state regulatory agency to take into account
the need of the transmission line, the public opinion, the environmental impacts, and the quality
of life and make a final decision on whether to approve the proposed plan [39]. It is in MLPs best
interest to keep both the regulatory agency and the community as happy as possible without
completely rolling over on its well thought out initial proposal. Keeping these two groups happy
can help increase the speed of the proposal process [39]. This can be done in the following ways.
It could be MLPs best interest to hire a consultant that will help sell this idea to the community
and regulatory agency. It is a good idea to hire the consultant early on in the design in order to
properly prepare them for the community’s reaction [39]. Also it is MLPs best interest to
disclose the new project idea with the regulatory agency and the community during the design
process. MLP should try its best to take some of the community’s ideas into account and if they
are unpractical give a well suited explanation of how so [39].
If outrage due to the installation of the high voltage transmission lines does ignite in the
community the citizens may call in the Community and Environmental Defense Services. This
group supports the communities fight against the installation of our newly proposed transmission
lines. If this is the case it may be in MLPs best interest to hire a team of lawyers [38].
58
Ethical Concerns
Engineering ethics are a large part of what we at MLP strive to follow and uphold in all
the work that we do every day. Without a strong code of ethics to follow the health and safety of
the public as well as the integrity of our engineering designs would be in jeopardy. Both the
IEEE and the NSPE have formulated codes of ethics that must be followed in everything that we
do here at MLP. Throughout the design and construction processes for the KYLE69 addition we
intend to follow all of the ethical principles as highlighted below.
The first and most important ethical concern is the retention of health, safety, and welfare
of the public after the implementation of our engineering designs [40]. Through the
implementation of transmission lines through different right-of-ways we need to make certain
that they do not jeopardize the health or safety of residents living near the lines. It is also our
responsibility to make sure that the addition of the KYLE aluminum plant does not negatively
affect the welfare of the public in any way.
It is also very important to avoid conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose
them to those affected when they do exist [40]. Throughout the design process of the KYLE69
substation addition we must do our best to avoid conflicts of interest with public organizations or
other private companies.
We must also do our best to accommodate a safe working environment for our workers
during the construction of our design. Cutting corners is not an option when it comes to the
safety of our work force. In addition we must also reject bribery of any form [40]. If the KYLE
aluminum company offers any unfair advantage to MLP it is our ethical duty to reject such an
offer.
59
We must hold ourselves accountable for any mistakes we might make and at the same
time have the right to offer honest criticism to the work of others. In addition we must treat all
persons fairly and unremittingly avoid discrimination based on race, religion, gender, disability,
age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression [40].
If we can follow these basic guidelines of ethics and conduct ourselves in a moral,
accountable, and legal manner we will surely make a better name for MLP and enhance the
integrity, character, and efficacy of our profession [41].
Health and Safety
The health and safety of both the general public and our employees is of utmost
importance to us here at MLP. During the installation of transmission structures and transmission
lines there are many things to take into consideration when it comes to the safety of the worker
and residents nearby. Throughout the design and construction of the KYLE69 addition it is
important to keep in mind some of the most common threats of safety. There are different threats
for different groups of people, namely, the public and our employees and below will be a
discussion on some of these threats and efforts we can take to try and minimize their occurrence.
It is important that we emphasize to the public to keep as much clearance as possible
from our transmission lines. If proper clearance is not kept then arc flash can occur to members
of the public. Arc flash is a short circuit through the air from one conductor to another [3]. Since
people can act as conductors if proper clearance is not kept arc flashes can occur between
conductors on our transmission lines and pedestrians. This could produce severe burns and even
death so it is important that we properly label out transmission structures with warnings and
suggested clearances so as to avoid any major lawsuits.
60
Figure 1: Arc Flash on a tangent H-Frame tower
One example of an activity that can be dangerous around transmission lines is the pruning
of trees. The pruning of trees around transmission lines can be required to avoid fire hazards.
When pruning is required around a transmission line it is important that any work we do is
performed in a safe manner. This means that any workers do necessary pruning work should
have specialized training and have the proper insulated tools necessary to work around high
voltage power lines [4]. It is evidently required by the Occupational Health and Safety or OSHA
for people working within certain distances of overhead lines to have specialized training [43].
Another concern is for the operation of farm equipment and other machinery around
transmission lines. A clearance of at least 14 feet is necessary for such machinery required in
order for it to be operated in a safe manner [42]. Anything closer than 14 feet has the risk of
being subjected to arc flash. Any physical contact with a power line can be extremely hazardous
so no equipment should be operated under a power line that could cause near contact with the
equipment [42]. Another question that a pedestrian might have is if the fueling of vehicles or
equipment next to powerlines is safe. It is not recommended for fueling to occur around lines
however, if it is necessary then the fuel container and vehicle should be properly grounded to
avoid sparks [42].
61
Another worry that the public might have in terms of safety is whether or not EMF
coming from transmission lines can affect their health in a negative way. EMF fields are
strongest at the source and the farther away you are the less you are exposed [42]. Decades of
research has shown no cause and effect relationship between EMF from transmission lines and
public health. Despite this, we still recommend that pedestrians stay away from right of ways to
avoid exposure.
Once all of our lines are installed for the KYLE69 addition it will be important for MLP
to keep up with maintenance procedures. It is MLPs responsibility to keep the power lines as
safe as possible and that means following a strict maintenance schedule. It will be necessary for
us to inspect the power lines both by ground and by air to look for the following safety hazards
[42].
• Tall-growing trees within the right of way area [42].
• Equipment needing repair or replacement [42].
• Right of way encroachments which are hazardous to safety and reliable operation [42].
• Anything that might jeopardize safe, reliable operation of the line [42].
Another procedure that will be important for MLP to practice will be the monitoring of
hot spots in the system. We can do this with the use of thermal imaging from the vantage point of
a helicopter. The imaging will be able to show any hot or over heated spots in the system so that
it can be repaired and returned to safe operation. Below is an example of an infrared image of a
hotspot.
62
Figure 2: Hotspot shown through thermal imaging
We at MLP believe that the safety of the systems we design is of utmost importance. As a
frontrunner in the energy delivery business it is our duty to set the standard for safety in the
utilities industry. Whether that means warning the public of possible dangers around
transmission lines, providing our employees with world class training, or safely maintaining our
power system we will always put health and safety number one.
63
Appendix I – General Figures
Figure AI.1: Initial System Layout
Figure AI.2: Contingency Analysis for the existing design
64
Figure AI.3: Layout of 69 kV Tangent H-Frame Transmission Tower
Figure AI.4: Layout of 69 kV Tangent H-Frame Transmission Tower
65
Figure AI.5: Conductor type and all the information that has been retained
Figure AI.6: Conductor type, current ratings and prices
Figure AI.7: Right of ways to Kyle
66
Selected Design Calculation:
These calculation is based on how to find the right number for power world for each
transmission line that has been implemented and they appear as 𝑋𝐿, 𝑋𝐶, and𝑅. But to find them
the transmission tower calculation was also solved and it’s shown as below figure 3
Calculation for the transmission line from Moro 138 to Kyle138 using Lark:
Transmission tower calculation to find 𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 is shown below
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷12 = 15.5 𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷23 = 15.5 𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷31 = 31 𝑓𝑡
So
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = √𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷12𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷23𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷313
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = √15.5 ∗ 15.5 ∗ 313
= 19.5 𝑓𝑡
The next calculation is to find R where R= 0.259Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝐿 = 4𝜋𝑓 ∗ 10−7𝑙𝑛 (𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷
𝐺𝑀𝑅) ∗ 1609
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Where f=60 Hz 𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = 19.5 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 and GMR= 0.0278 feet
So
𝑋𝐿 = 4 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 60 ∗ 10−7𝑙𝑛(19.5
0.0278) ∗ 1609
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝐿 = .7951 Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝐶 =1
(1𝑓
) ∗ 1.779 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷
𝑟 )
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Here f =60 Hz 𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = 19.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑟 =𝑑
2 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 , d= .806𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠.
So r = 0.03358 ft.
67
𝑋𝐶 =1
(1𝑓
) ∗ 1.779 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷
𝑟 )
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝐶 =1
(1
60) ∗ 1.779 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (19.5
0.03358)
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝐶 = 5.2982𝑀Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Per Unit Calculation for Moro138 to Kyle 138
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = . 259
190.440∗ 8 = 0.010879 𝑝𝑢
𝑋𝑝𝑢 = . 795095
190.440∗ 8 = 0.033399 𝑝𝑢
𝐵𝑃𝑢 =5.298138
0.00525100∗ 8 = 0.008072 𝑝𝑢
Calculation for the transmission line from Kyle 69 to Amanda69 using Partridge:
Transmission tower calculation to find 𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 is shown below
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷12 = 10.5 𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷23 = 10.5 𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷31 = 21 𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = √𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷12𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷23𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷313
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = √10.5 ∗ 10.5 ∗ 213
= 13.2𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = 13.2 𝑓𝑡
The next calculation is to find R where R= 0.358 Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝐿 = 4𝜋𝑓 ∗ 10−7𝑙𝑛 (𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷
𝐺𝑀𝑅) ∗ 1609
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Where f=60 Hz 𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷 = 13.2 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 and GMR= 0.0217 ft.
𝑋𝐿 = 4 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 60 ∗ 10−7𝑙𝑛 (13.2
0.0217) ∗ 1609
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
68
𝑋𝐿 = .777 Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Now for 𝑋𝐶 =1
(1
𝑓)∗1.779∗106∗𝑙𝑛(
𝑁𝐸𝑇𝐷𝑟
)
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Where 𝑟 =𝑑
2 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 d = .642 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒.
So r = 0.02675 ft.
𝑋𝐶 = 1
(1
60) ∗ 1.779 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 (13.2
0.02675)
Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝐶 = 5.438𝑀Ω
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Per Unit Calculation for Amanda69 to Kyle69
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 0.384996
47.6100∗ 5.2 = 0.042048𝑝𝑢
𝑋𝑝𝑢 = . 7769975
47.6100∗ 5.2 = 0.084863 𝑝𝑢
𝐵𝑃𝑢 =5.436751
0.0210040∗ 5.2 = 0.001346 𝑝𝑢
Appendix II – Design 1 Figures
Solution 1 -𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝑴𝑾 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
Conductors
From KYLE to AMANDA (5.2 miles / Partridge Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 90,000.00 𝑥 5.2 = $ 468,000.00
From KYLE to LAUF (10 miles / Lark Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 100,000.00
Variable $ 170,000.00 𝑥 10 = $ 1,700,000.00
New Bus Work
New 69 𝐾𝑉 −
New 138/69 𝐾𝑉 $ 400,000.00 𝑥 1 = $ 400,000.00
Upgrade 69 𝐾𝑉 𝑡𝑜 138/69 𝐾𝑉 −
69
Transformers 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝑲𝑽/𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽
101 𝑀𝑉𝐴 $ 870,000.00 𝑥 1 = $ 870,000.00
187 𝑀𝑉𝐴 −
Capacitors
New 69 𝐾𝑉 $ 50,000.00 𝑥 1 = $ 50,000.00
Upgrade of existing 69 𝐾𝑉 −
25000 𝐾𝑉𝑎𝑟 $ 250 𝑥 250 = $ 62,500.00
Total of Installation Cost $ 3,700,500.00
Losses $ 2,794,440.00
Final Price
$ 6,494,940.00
Figure AII.1: The table above shows the cost analysis of proposed solution 1. The total cost of the project is
$6,494,940.00.
Figure AII.2: The figure above shows the proposed solution. There are two connections to KYLE one connects
KYLE138 to LAUF138. The second connects KYLE69 to AMANDA69. The total system losses are 11.86 MW.
.
70
Figure AII.3: The figure above shows the per unit values that were calculated using the same techniques as the
general solution. These values are placed into the Line Per Unit Impedance Calculator in Power World. These
calculations are for the Partridge line from KYLE69 to AMANDA69
Figure AII.4: The figure above shows the per unit impedances that were calculated by methods shown in the
general appendix. These values are placed into the Line Per Unit Impedance Calculator in power word. These were
calculated values for Lark on the KYLE138 to LAUF138 line.
71
Figure AII.5: The figure above shows that with the proposed solution all contingencies are taken care of and no
violations exist.
Figure AII.6:. The above figure shows the contouring for the Amp/Amp (maximum) on the lines and transformers.
Notice the lack of loading on all branches coming from AMANDA69
72
Figure AII.7: The figure above shows the contouring map for Amp/Amp (maximum) on lines and transformers for
the final solution. Notice the difference from figure 4 and increased loading on AMANDA69 and LAUF138.
73
Appendix III – Design 2 Figures
Figure AIII.1: Final design layout for Design 3
Figure AIII.2: Final design layout for Design 3
74
Design 2 -𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝑴𝑾 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
Conductors
From TIM to KYLE (10.5 miles / Rook Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 120,000.00 𝑥 10.5 = $ 1,260,000.00
From PETE 69 to KYLE 69 (6 miles / Rook Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 120,000.00 𝑥 6 = $ 720,000.00
From AMANDA 69 to KYLE 69 (5.2 miles / Rook Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $120,000.00 𝑥 5.2 = $ 624,000.00
From HISKY 69 to KYLE 69 (5 miles / Rook Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $120,000.00 𝑥 5 = $ 600,000.00
New Bus Work
New 69 𝐾𝑉 $ 250,000.00 𝑥 1 = $ 250,000.00
New 138/69 𝐾𝑉 −
Upgrade 69 𝐾𝑉 𝑡𝑜 138/69 𝐾𝑉 −
Transformers 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝑲𝑽/𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽
101 𝑀𝑉𝐴 −
187 𝑀𝑉𝐴 −
Capacitors
New 69 𝐾𝑉 $50,000.00
Upgrade of existing 69 𝐾𝑉 −
24 𝑀𝑉𝑎𝑟 $60,000.00
Total of Installation Cost $ 3,764,000.00
Losses $ 3,468,960.00
Final Price
$ 7,232,960.00
Figure AIII.3: Cost Calculation Table for Design 3
75
Figure AIII.3: Transmission parameter calculation example for Kyle to Amanda. Same method used here as
selected solution calculation.
76
Appendix IV – Design 3 Figures
Figure AIV.1: Design 3 layout showing 13.11 MW of system losses
Figure AIV.2: Contingency analysis showing 5 violations
77
Design 3 -𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑾 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
Conductors
From HISKY to KYLE (5 miles / Partridge Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 90,000.00 𝑥 5 = $ 450,000.00
From PETE 69 to KYLE 69 (6 miles / Partridge Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 90,000.00 𝑥 6 = $ 540,000.00
From AMANDA 69 to KYLE 69 (5.2 miles / Partridge Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 90,000.00 𝑥 5.2 = $ 468,000.00
New Bus Work
New 69 𝐾𝑉 $ 250,000.00 𝑥 1 = $ 250,000.00
New 138/69 𝐾𝑉 −
Upgrade 69 𝐾𝑉 𝑡𝑜 138/69 𝐾𝑉 −
Transformers 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝑲𝑽/𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽
101 𝑀𝑉𝐴 −
187 𝑀𝑉𝐴 −
Capacitors
New 69 𝐾𝑉 −
Upgrade of existing 69 𝐾𝑉 −
0 𝐾𝑉𝑎𝑟 −
Total of Installation Cost $ 1,858,000.00
Losses $ 5,805,690.00
Final Price
$ 7,663,690.00
Figure AIV.3: Cost of design 3
78
Figure AIV.4: Map showing the location of violations
Appendix V – Design 4 Figures
Figure AV.1: Kyle 69 Bus configuration design 4
79
Figure AV.2: Bus Flow case 4
Figure AV.3: New configuration with Kyle 69
80
Figure AV.4: Contingency Analysis for the new configuration case 4
Design 4 -𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑾 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
Conductors
From TIM 69 to KYLE (10.5 miles / Rook Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 120,000.00 𝑥 10.5 = $ 1,260,000.00
From UIUC 69 to KYLE 69 (13 miles / Rook Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 120,000.00 𝑥 13 = $ 1,560,000.00
From AMANDA 69 to KYLE 69 (5.2 miles / Rook Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 50,000.00
Variable $ 120,000.00 𝑥 5.2 = $ 624,000.00
New Bus Work
New 69 𝐾𝑉 $ 250,000.00 𝑥 1 = $ 250,000.00
New 138/69 𝐾𝑉 −
Upgrade 69 𝐾𝑉 𝑡𝑜 138/69 𝐾𝑉 −
81
Transformers 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝑲𝑽/𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽
101 𝑀𝑉𝐴 −
187 𝑀𝑉𝐴 −
Capacitors
New 69 𝐾𝑉 $50,000.00
Upgrade of existing 69 𝐾𝑉 −
32.6 𝑀𝑉𝑎𝑟 $250 x 326 = $ 81,500.00
Total of Installation Cost $ 3,825,500.00
Losses $ 3,396,690.00
Final Price
$ 7,372,190.00
Figure AV.5: Cost of design 4
Figure AV.6: Connnections with kyle design 4
82
Figure AV.7: load per unit
Figure AV.8: Current flow
83
Appendix VI – Design 5 Figures
Appendix VI.1: The system Layout of MLP with the system loss of 11.62 MW
Figure AVI.2: Contingency Analysis with no violations and 0 contingencies after the implementation for a new
solution
84
Solution 4 -𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝑨𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔
Conductors
From Moro 138 to Kyle 138KV (8 miles / Lark Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
Variable $ 𝟏𝟕𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟖 = $ 𝟏, 𝟑𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
From KYLE 69 to Amanda69 (5.2 miles / Partridge Conductor)
Fixed – Installation Line $ 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
Variable $ 𝟗𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟓. 𝟐 = $ 𝟒𝟔𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
New Bus Work
New 𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽 $ 𝟐𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏 = $ 𝟐𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
New 𝟏𝟑𝟖/𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽 $ 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏 = $ 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
Upgrade 𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟑𝟖/𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽 −
Transformers 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝑲𝑽/𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽
𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝑴𝑽𝑨 $ 𝟖𝟕𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏 = $𝟖𝟕𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝑴𝑽𝑨 −
Capacitors
New 𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽 $𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
Upgrade of existing 𝟔𝟗 𝑲𝑽 $𝟐𝟓, 𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟒 = $𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟎 𝑲𝑽𝒂𝒓 −
Total of Installation Costs $𝟑, 𝟔𝟎𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
Total Losses $𝟐, 𝟐𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
Final Price $ 𝟓, 𝟖𝟐𝟒, 𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
Figure AVI.3: Cost analysis for Design 5
85
Figure AVI.4: MLP’s original Current flow with the system loss of 10.70 MW
Figure AVI.5: Turing off Moro138 to Kyle 138 create more violations and contingencies
86
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