17-803/17-400 electronic voting fall 2004 copyright © 2004 michael i. shamos 17-803/17-400...
TRANSCRIPT
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
17-803/17-400 Electronic Voting
Session 3: Punched-Card Systems
Michael I. Shamos, Ph.D., J.D.Institute for Software Research International
Carnegie Mellon University
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Student Projects
• Internet voting review• Verifiability without paper• Voter privacy assessment• Code hiding
– Can code be hidden undetectably?
• Alternative voting systems– ATM, lottery
• Secure software distribution– Assure that software inside voting machines is genuine
• Voting security standards– What should they look like?
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Qualification/Certification
• The Federal Election Commission (FEC) published voluntary standards for voting systems
• Many states have made the standards mandatory• How to test against them?• The National Association of State Election Directors
(NASED) has authorized a small number of Independent testing authorities to qualify voting systems
• After qualification, most states have a certification process to verify that the system satisfies state law
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Qualification/Certification Problems
• The FEC standards are inadequate for software security
• The ITAs operate in secret– Don’t publish their testing protocols– Don’t publish their findings, just whether a system passed
• The ITAs are paid by the vendors• State certifications are cursory, usually not performed
by experts
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Help America Vote Act of 2002
• Payments to states to replace paper and level machines: $3 billion
• Establishes Election Assistance Commission• Reforms the standards process (National Institute of
Standards and Technology)• Provisional voting• Statewide registration systems• Complaint procedure
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Punch Card Voting• Will be used by about 14% of the U.S. in 2004• Will be used in 69 of 88 counties in Ohio (PA only
has 67 counties)• Began in the 1960s with the IBM Porta-Punch• By 2000 was used in 37% of the U.S., until Florida
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Votomatic Punched-Card System
SOURCE: DOUG JONES
312
228
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Votomatic Punched-Card System
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Votomatic Punch-Card System
VOTING BOOTH
BALLOT FRAME
VOTINGSTYLUS
BALLOTSEALS
VOTING SETUP
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Punched Card (14%)
CHAD
POSITIONS 4, 20, 60, 82, 117 ARE PUNCHED
NO CANDIDATE NAMES ON CARD
STUB FORWRITE-INS
REGISTRATIONHOLES
HOLES NOT ALWAYS RECTANGULAR
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Punched Card (14%)
SOURCE: MICHIGAN SOS
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Votomatic Punched-Card System
SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Issues
• Cards• Human Factors• Card Handling• Readers• Ballot Definition• Recounts
– What constitutes a vote?
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Card Manufacture
• Card stock– Humidity
• Prescored cards– Dies: depth, location of scoring
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Ballot Frames
• Card registration• Stylus• Punch pressure
SOURCE: PETER SHEERIN
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Ballot Frames
• Rubber backing• Chad jams
SOURCE: PETER SHEERIN
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Chads
SOURCE: PETER SHEERIN
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Hanging Chad
SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Datavote
• Uses a die to punch a clean hole• Employed in a small
fraction of punch cardcounties
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Human Factors
• Ballot pages• Ballot review• Spoiled ballot• Overvoting• “Butterfly ballot”• “No butterfly ballot may be used as an official ballot in
any referendum, primary, or other election.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §163-165.4B
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Palm Beach County “Butterfly” Ballot
SOURCE: SOUTH FLORIDA SUN-SENTINEL
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Buchanan Vote by County (Florida, 2000)
GRAPH COURTESY OF
PROF. GREG ADAMSCARNEGIE MELLON
&PROF. CHRIS FASTNOW
CHATHAM COLLEGE
SOURCE: PROF. GREG ADAMS
Broward (Fort Lauderdale)
Miami-Dade
Hillsborough (Tampa)
Pinellas (St. Petersburg-Clearwater)
Orange (Orlando)
LINEAR FIT WITHOUT PALM BEACH, BROWARD, MIAMI-DADE
(PURPLE ANNOTATIONS ADDED)
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Broward County Ballot Page
SOURCE: BROWARD COUNTY
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Counting Punched Cards
SOURCE: LOS ANGELES COUNTY
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Ballot “Programming”
• Inform the tabulation system of the correspondence between punch positions and candidate names
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Card Readers
• Manufacturer• Reading the card changes the card• Chads fall out, chads are replaced• Role of “chad teams”
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Counting Punched Cards
SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Recount
• When a ballot is handled, it can be changed• The voter’s intent must be determined• Suppose only one of four corners is detached. It is a
vote?• Dimpled chad, pregnant chad: how to count?
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
What Constitutes a Vote?
• “Each State shall adopt uniform and nondiscriminatory standards that define what constitutes a vote and what will be counted as a vote for each category of voting system used in the State.”
HAVA, 42 U.S.C. § 15481(a)(6)
• TABLE• PENNSYLVANIA
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Punched-Card Problems
• Can’t see whom you’re voting for• Registration of card in ballot frame• Must use stylus: no positive feedback on punch• Hanging chad: chad that is partially attached to the
card– How may corners?– Hanging chad causes count to differ every time
• Dimple: chad that is completely attached but shows evidence of an attempt to punch– Dimple can turn into a vote on multiple readings
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
QA&
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
What’s a Recount?
• Purpose: “verify” that the original tabulation was correct
• Three kinds of recounts:– A. Physical ballots exist: Count them again.– B. Computer records exist: Tabulate them again.– C. No physical ballots or computer records exist
(e.g. lever machines): Read the counters again
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17-803/17-400 ELECTRONIC VOTING FALL 2004
COPYRIGHT © 2004 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS
Votomatic Punched-Card System