17 marmor ped seizures · 5/23/14 4 leafis’a2yo’boy’bib’ambulance’aftera’...

7
5/23/14 1 Andi Marmor, MD, MSEd Associate Professor, Pediatrics University of California, San Francisco Febrile seizures: Who need further workup? Afebrile seizures: Who needs imaging? Status epilepticus: Most effective treatments Tesla is a previously healthy 16 mo girl BIB ambulance after she “had a seizure” Fell to the ground while playing and became stiff and nonresponsive, eyes rolled back, for 30 seconds – 911 called No apnea or focal movements noted Sleepy but responsive in ambulance, T = 37.9 Febrile to 39.0, VS otherwise WNL Neuro: Moving all extremities, fussy but consolable by father Initially sleepy but becoming more and more alert as you observe her No source for fever is apparent on history/PE

Upload: others

Post on 28-Oct-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 17 Marmor Ped Seizures · 5/23/14 4 Leafis’a2yo’boy’BIB’ambulance’aftera’ generalized,’tonic’clonic’seizure’ Given’rectal’diazepam’ seizure’has’ceased’

5/23/14

1

Andi  Marmor,  MD,  MSEd  Associate  Professor,  Pediatrics  University  of  California,  San  Francisco  

  Febrile  seizures:  Who  need  further  workup?    Afebrile  seizures:  Who  needs  imaging?    Status  epilepticus:  Most  effective  treatments  

 Tesla  is  a  previously  healthy  16  mo  girl  BIB  ambulance  after  she  “had  a  seizure”    Fell  to  the  ground  while  playing  and  became  stiff  and  non-­‐responsive,  eyes  rolled  back,  for  30  seconds  –  911  called  

 No  apnea  or  focal  movements  noted     Sleepy  but  responsive  in  ambulance,     T  =  37.9  

  Febrile  to  39.0,  VS  otherwise  WNL    Neuro:  Moving  all  extremities,  fussy  but  consolable  by  father  

  Initially  sleepy  but  becoming  more  and  more  alert  as  you  observe  her  

  No  source  for  fever  is  apparent  on  history/PE  

Page 2: 17 Marmor Ped Seizures · 5/23/14 4 Leafis’a2yo’boy’BIB’ambulance’aftera’ generalized,’tonic’clonic’seizure’ Given’rectal’diazepam’ seizure’has’ceased’

5/23/14

2

A.  Obtain  blood,  urine  and  CSF  cultures  B.  Admit  for  neurologic  evaluation  C.  Obtain  a  head  CT  or  MRI  D.  Obtain  a  stat  EEG  E.  Discharge  when  at  neurologic  baseline  

  Etiology:     NOT  fever!  Cytokines!  

  “Simple”  Febrile  Seizure   Short,  generalized,  isolated   Generally  considered  benign  

  “Complex”  Febrile  Seizure   Longer  OR  focal  OR  recurrent   May  be  more  concerning?  

HHV-6: Roseola

  NO:  Rates  of  SBI  in  SFS  similar  to  age-­‐matched  febrile  children  

 Meningitis?     No  cases  of  meningitis  in  the  absence  of  focal  signs/symptoms  in  series’  of  SFS/CFS  

  However,  meningitis  can  present  with  fever  and  seizure….   Failure  to  return  to  normal  MS/Focal  neuro  exam   Febrile  convulsive  status  

Kimia,  2010;  Fletcher  2013

  Tesla  comes  back  within  24  hours  with  another  short,  generalized  seizure  

  Now  what  would  you  do?    Even  children  with  CFS  are  at  very  low  risk  for  SBI/meningitis  

  LP  can  be  done  in  select  children  with  concerning  features    Febrile  status,  focal/abnormal  neuro  exam,  recent  antibiotics  

Kimia,  2010;  Fletcher  2013

Page 3: 17 Marmor Ped Seizures · 5/23/14 4 Leafis’a2yo’boy’BIB’ambulance’aftera’ generalized,’tonic’clonic’seizure’ Given’rectal’diazepam’ seizure’has’ceased’

5/23/14

3

  EEG:  Not  useful  in  predicting  recurrence    or  epilepsy,  even  in  complex  febrile  seizures  

  Anticonvulsants/antipyretics  :  do  not  alter  course  

  Confirm  child  has  no  neurologic  abnormality      Identify  and  treat  source  for  fever,  by  age    Further  workup  based  on  H  and  P      

  LP  for  convulsive  status,  abnormal  neuro  exam    Consider  LP  for    

  Recent  antibiotics,  several  days  of  fever  before  sz    Consider  referral  to  neuro  for    

  Focal  seizure  or  recurrent  complex  seizure  

A.  Obtain  blood,  urine  and  CSF  cultures  B.  Admit  for  neurologic  evaluation  C.  Obtain  a  head  CT  or  MRI  D.  Obtain  a  stat  EEG  E.  Discharge  when  at  neurologic  baseline  

  Recurrence:  10-­‐50%      Younger  age,  family  history,  complex  seizure,  lower  temp  

  Treat  fevers  appropriately  for  comfort  only  

Page 4: 17 Marmor Ped Seizures · 5/23/14 4 Leafis’a2yo’boy’BIB’ambulance’aftera’ generalized,’tonic’clonic’seizure’ Given’rectal’diazepam’ seizure’has’ceased’

5/23/14

4

  Leaf  is  a  2  yo  boy  BIB  ambulance  after  a  generalized,  tonic  clonic  seizure    Given  rectal  diazepam  seizure  has  ceased  

  No  prior  seizures,  developmentally  normal    Deny  trauma,  recent  illness,  travel,  change  in  diet.    

  He  is  afebrile,  sleepy  but  arousable,  improving    Pushes  you  away  purposefully  and  symmetrically,  and  knows  his  name  and  age  

A.  Head  CT    B.  Head  MRI  C.  Complete  H  and  P  D.  CBC  and  electrolytes  E.  Lumbar  puncture  

  Yield  of  imaging  in  children  with  a  first-­‐time  afebrile  seizure  is  very  low    8%  in  one  study  (Sharma,  2003),  with  <  1%  requiring  immediate  management  

  Findings  requiring  intervention  can  be  predicted  by    Predisposing  factors  (trauma,  bleeding  disorder)    Age  <  6  months    Persistent  neurologic  abnormality  

A.  Head  CT    B.  Head  MRI  C.  Complete  H  and  P  D.  CBC  and  electrolytes  E.  Lumbar  puncture  

Page 5: 17 Marmor Ped Seizures · 5/23/14 4 Leafis’a2yo’boy’BIB’ambulance’aftera’ generalized,’tonic’clonic’seizure’ Given’rectal’diazepam’ seizure’has’ceased’

5/23/14

5

  Neuroimaging,  screening  labs  and/or  lumbar  puncture  should  not  be  routinely  performed  

  Consider  imaging  in  the  ED  (CT  or  MRI)  if    History  concerning  for  IC  abnormality    Persistent  neurologic  abnormality    <  6  mo  of  age  

  Schedule  pediatric/neurology  follow  up   May  include  EEG,  MRI  if  indicated  (eg:  focal  seizure,  <  3  years  of  age)  

Hirtz, 2000

  Your  resident  calls  you  back  in  because  Leaf  has  started  to  seize  again  

  The  seizure  is  generalized,  and  he  is  breathing  on  his  own  

  VS:  HR  150,  RR  30,  BP  110/75    You  are  concerned  that  Leaf  is  now  in  status  epilepticus  

  The  RN  mentions  that  the  IV  is  not  flushing  

A.  IV  lorazepam  B.  IM  lorazepam  C.  IM  midazolam  D.  Rectal  diazepam  E.  Buccal  midazolam  

  If  IV  access:  IV  lorazepam  (0.1mg/kg)  quickest  onset/  preferred  treatment  for  all  age  groups  

  Non-­‐IV  options:    Buccal  midazolam  (0.5mg/kg):  fastest  option  if  time  for  IV  access  included  

  Intranasal  midazolam/lorazepam:  requires  atomizer  

  Both  superior  to  rectal/IV  diazepam  in  RCT’s  

Page 6: 17 Marmor Ped Seizures · 5/23/14 4 Leafis’a2yo’boy’BIB’ambulance’aftera’ generalized,’tonic’clonic’seizure’ Given’rectal’diazepam’ seizure’has’ceased’

5/23/14

6

A.  IV  lorazepam  B.  IM  lorazepam  C.  IM  midazolam  D.  Rectal  diazepam  E.  Buccal  midazolam  

  Using  highest  concentration  solution  (5mg/ml)  

  1ml  syringe  without  needle  

  Administer  between  cheek  and  teeth    Half  on  each  side  

•  ½  in  each  nostril  •  Great  for  fentanyl  for  

painful  procedures  as  well!  

•  Must  use  atomizer  

  If  you  have  an  IV:  IV  lorazepam    If  you  don’t  have  an  IV:  buccal  midazolam    Other  options:  Intranasal  lorazepam  or  midazolam  

  After  2  doses  of  benzo,  start  fosphenytoin  (unless  <  1  mo)     IV  infusion  or  IM  

Page 7: 17 Marmor Ped Seizures · 5/23/14 4 Leafis’a2yo’boy’BIB’ambulance’aftera’ generalized,’tonic’clonic’seizure’ Given’rectal’diazepam’ seizure’has’ceased’

5/23/14

7

  Febrile  Seizures:    No  additional  studies  needed  for  SFS  or  CFS  if  neuro  exam  improving  at  30  min  and  normal  at  1  hour  

  Consider  LP  if:  <  12  mo  AND  previous  antibiotic  treatment,  seizure  late  in  illness  

  Afebrile  Seizures:    Imaging  rarely  indicated,  if  normal  exam  and  no  predisposing  factors  

  Treat  pediatric  status  epilepticus  with     IV  lorazepam  or  buccal  midazolam  x2    Then  fosphenytoin  

“LEAF” (Leading, Environmentally friendly, Affordable, Family car)

Tesla Roadster

Nikola Tesla