17.1a atmospheric characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 atmosphere characteristics 2 weather vs. climate...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
17.1 Atmospheric
Characteristics
3/12/2015
p. 476 - 482
![Page 2: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2
Weather vs. Climate
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at
any given time and place.
– (Is constantly changing.)
Climate is based on observations of weather
collected over many years.
– (Helps describe a place or region.)
![Page 3: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 3
Composition of Atmosphere
(The make-up of air can and has changed
through time.)
– (Gases from volcanoes)
– (Oxygen did not start till about 2.5 BYA.)
Major components today:
– Nitrogen (most) and Oxygen make up 99%
– Argon just less than 1% (0.93%)
![Page 4: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 4
![Page 5: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 5
Variable (means changing)
Components of Air
Water vapor makes up clouds and precipitation
– Varies from 0 to 4%.
Ozone – a form of Oxygen that forms in the air.
– (Located 10 to 50 km.)
– (UV light splits O2 into O, O3)
– Ozone absorbs UV light Too much UV would lead death for many organisms.
![Page 6: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 6
![Page 7: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 7
Human Influence
Primary Pollutants - toxic substances
released directly into the air.
Secondary Pollutants - toxic substances that
form when reactions take place among
primary pollutants.
– (Reactions that are triggered by strong sunlight
are called photochemical reactions.)
![Page 8: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 8
![Page 9: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 9
Height and Structure of the
Atmosphere
The atmosphere thins as you go up.
– (Less air above to push down creating pressure.)
– (½ of the atmosphere is 5.6 km or below.)
Temperature changes as you go up.
– Is divided vertically into four layers based on
temperatures changes.
![Page 10: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 10
![Page 11: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 11
Thermal Structure of Atmosphere
1. Troposphere – bottom thermal layer
• All weather occurs here.
• Temperature decreases with elevation.
• (Varies but on average is 0-12km.)
• Upper boundary called the tropopause.
2. Stratosphere
• Temperature increase
• Maximum ozone layer.
• Upper boundary called the stratopause.
• (20 – 50 km.)
![Page 12: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 12
(Cont.)3. Mesosphere
• Temperatures again decrease
• Temperatures can reach -90°C.
• Upper boundary the Mesopause.
• (Elevation from 50 – 80km.)
4. Thermosphere – uppermost layer.
• A layer that contains only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere’s mass.
• Oxygen and Nitrogen absorb radiation causing heating of this layer.
![Page 13: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 13
Earth – Sun Relationships
(Earth’s Motions)
– (Rotation – the spinning of Earth on its axis)
– (Revolution – the Earth orbiting around the sun.)
Earth’s Orientation causes seasonal
changes as Earth’s position relative to the
sun continually changes as it orbits.
![Page 14: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 14
(cont. Earth’s orientation)
Earth’s axis is tilted 23 1/2° from
perpendicular.
If the axis was not tilted we would not have
seasons.
![Page 15: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 15
![Page 16: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 16
![Page 17: 17.1A Atmospheric Characteristics...3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 2 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. –(Is constantly](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042613/5f945efcecd7071a0018eccc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3/12/2015 17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics 17
Solstices and Equinoxes
Summer solstice – first day of summer.
– Most daylight in northern hemisphere.
Winter solstice – first day of winter.
– Least daylight in northern hemisphere.
Spring and Autumnal Equinoxes are the
two times when the Sun’s rays strike Earth
at the equator.
– Equal daylight in both hemispheres (12 hours)